What is Chemistry?

Lecture 3
INTRODUCTION TO MATTER

Semester 2: 2024-2025
Instructor: Nguyen Thi Hoang Hai

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What
Whatisismatter?
matter?

Review: Chemistry is the study of the properties,

composition, and structure of matter, the changes it
undergoes, and the energy liberated or absorbed during
those changes.

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space

States of matter:

• Plasma
Temperature

• Gas
• Liquid
• Solid

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States
Statesof of
matter – Solids
– Solids
matter

The particles in a solid are:

▪ tightly packed close together (high density)
▪ fixed in position (can vibrate only)

➔retains a fixed volume and shape

➔not easily compressible

➔does not flow easily

• Plasma

Temperature
• Gas
• Liquid
• Solid
3 https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/character.html
States
Statesof of
matter – Solid:
– Solids:
matter Classification
Classification
Crystalline
Regular 3-D pattern
Particles arranged in an orderly geometric
pattern – we call these crystalline solids
(e.g., salt and diamonds)

Amorphous:
No regular pattern
Particles randomly distributed
without any long-range pattern –
we call these amorphous solids
(e.g., plastic, glass and charcoal)
Diamond
C (s, diamond)

Charcoal
4 C (s, amorphous)
States
Statesof of
matter – Liquids
– Liquids
matter

❑ The particles in a liquid

▪ are closely packed (medium density)
▪ have some ability to move around and slide
over each other

➔retains a fixed volume

➔takes the shape of the container
➔not easily compressible
➔flows easily
• Plasma

Temperature
• Gas
• Liquid
https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/character.html
• Solid
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States
Statesof of
matter – Gases (1)
– Gases
matter
The particles in the gas phase
▪ have complete freedom from each other
▪ are constantly flying around, bumping into each
other and the container
▪ There is a lot of empty space between the
particles (on average)

➔assumes the shape and volume of its container

➔Is compressible
➔flows easily
• Plasma

Temperature
• Gas
• Liquid
https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/character.html
• Solid
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States
Statesof of
matter – Plasma
– Plasma
matter

Nuclei Electrons

• Plasma

Temperature
• Gas
• Liquid
A plasma lamp
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)
• Solid
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What
Whatisismatter?
matter?

8 Source: Unknown
Atoms
Atomsand
andMolecules
Molecules

Atoms
▪ The smallest particle that an element can be subdivided
into and retain the chemical properties of that element

Molecules
▪ A bonded collection of two or more atoms of the
same or different elements.
▪ The smallest particle of a compound having the
properties of a compound.

Compound
▪ A subtance with constant composition that can be broken down into
elements by chemical processes
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Atoms
Atomsand
andMolecules
Molecules

Atoms of an Molecules of an Molecules of a Mixtures of elements

element element compound and a compound

Chemistry is the science that seeks to understand the behavior of

matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules

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Composition of Matter

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Composition of Matter

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Composition of Matter

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Physical
Physicalproperties/changes
Changes
Physical properties are the characteristics of matter that can be changed
without changing its composition
o characteristics that are directly observable

Changes that alter the state or appearance of the matter without

altering the composition

❑ State changes
✓ boiling / condensing
✓ melting / freezing
✓ Subliming

❑ Dissolving

The boiling of water: the water molecules

are separated from each other, but their
structure and composition do not change.
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Chemical
Chemical properties/changes
Changes
Chemical properties are the characteristics that determine how the
composition of matter changes as a result of contact with other
matter or the influence of energy
o characteristics that describe the behavior of matter
o composition change of the matter: the atoms that are present
rearrange into new molecules, but all of the original atoms are still
present

❑ Rusting The rusting of

iron: The iron
❑ Processes that release lots of atoms in the nail
energy (e.g., burning) combine with
oxygen atoms
from O2 in the air
to make a new
substance, rust,
with a different
composition.

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Chemistry
Chemistry = Matter andand
= Matter its changes
its changes

Two important characteristics about matter and change.

Mass is conserved.

Energy is required to affect change

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Law
LawofofConservation
Conservationof Mass
of Mass

▪ Antoine Lavoisier

▪ “Matter is neither created nor destroyed

in a chemical reaction”

▪ The total amount of matter present

before a chemical reaction is always the
same as the total amount after.

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Energy

❑There are things that do not have mass and volume

➔ A category of such things is called energy.

❑Energy is anything that has the capacity to do

work or generate heat.

❑Although chemistry is the study of matter, matter is

effected by energy.

✓ It can cause physical and/or chemical changes in

matter.

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Law of Conservation
ConservationofofEnergy
Energy

❑ “Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.”

❑The total amount of energy in the universe is

constant. There is no process that can increase or
decrease that amount.

❑However, we can transfer energy from one place in

the universe to another, and we can change its form.

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Law of Conservation of Matter-Energy

The combined amount of matter and energy in

the universe is constant.

E = mc2
(by Albert Einstein)

E: energy
m: mass
c: speed of light (~3x108m/s)

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 Types of
Types ofEnergy
Energy – Potential and Kinetic (Main)
– Potential

Potential energy is energy that is stored

by virtue of position above ground (≡
reference point)
▪ Water flows because gravity pulls it
downstream.
▪ However, the dam won’t allow it to move, so it
has to store that energy.
▪ Potential energy (due to gravity) = m*g*h
✓ g: gravitational constant, 9.81 m/s2

Chemical potential energy: energy is due to chemical

interaction (bonding/nonbonding: nuclei-nuclei, nuclei-
electrons, electrons-electrons)

21 Potential energy: thế năng; reference point: điểm tham chiếu

 Types of
Types ofEnergy
Energy – Potential and Kinetic (Main)
– Kinetic

Kinetic energy is energy of motion, or

energy that is being transferred from
one object to another.

▪ When the water flows over the dam, some of

its potential energy is converted to kinetic
energy of motion.
▪ Kinetic energy = ½*m*v2
▪ m: mass
▪ v: velocity

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Units
UnitsofofEnergy
Energy

Calorie (cal) is the amount of energy needed to

raise one gram of water by 1°C.
▪ kcal = energy needed to raise 1000 g of water 1°C.

Energy Conversion Factors

▪ 1 calorie (cal) = 4.184 joules (J)
▪ 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3.60 x 106 joules (J)

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Temperature
Temperature & Measurement
& measurement

Q: Since we’re on the subject of heat gain or loss, how

do we tell if something got hot or cold?

▪ Temperature = a measure of the average kinetic

energy of the particles that make up the system.

See/feel: temperature vs. not see/feel: atom/molecule movement

▪ Thermometer = device for the measurement of

temperature.
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Temperature
Temperature Scales
Scales

© 2011 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

Fahrenheit scale, °F. Celsius scale, °C. Kelvin scale, K.
✓ Used in the U.S. ✓ Used in all other countries ✓ Absolute scale.

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Energy
Energyand
andChange - Exothermic
Change Processes
- Exothermic Processes

❑ When a change results in the release of energy it is

called an exothermic process.

❑ An exothermic chemical reaction occurs when the

reactants have more chemical potential energy
than the products.

❑ The excess energy is released into the surrounding

materials, adding energy to them.
✓ Often the surrounding materials get hotter from
the energy released by the reaction.

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An exothermic reaction

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Endothermic
Endothermic processes
processes

❑ When a change requires the absorption of energy it

is called an endothermic process.

❑ An endothermic chemical reaction occurs when the

products have more chemical potential energy
than the reactants.

❑ The required energy is absorbed from the

surrounding materials, taking energy from them.
✓ Often the surrounding materials get colder due
to the energy being removed by the reaction.

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An
Anendothermic
endothermicreaction
reaction

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Heat
HeatGain
Gainor or
Loss by an
Loss byObject
an Object

The amount of heat energy gained or lost by an object

depends on 3 factors:
▪ how much material there is
▪ what the material is
▪ how much the temperature changed.

Amount of Heat = (Mass)x(Specific Heat Capacity)x(Temperature Change)

q = m x C x ΔT

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Heat
HeatCapacity
Capacity

Heat capacity is the amount of heat a specific substance

must absorb to raise its temperature by 1 °C.
▪ cal/°C or J/°C.
▪ Metals have low heat capacities; insulators have high heat
capacities.

Specific heat (capacity) = heat capacity of 1 gram of the

substance.
▪ cal/g°C or J/g°C.
▪ Water’s specific heat = 4.184 J/g°C for liquid.
• Or 1.000 cal/g°C.
• It is less for ice and steam.

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Specific
SpecificHeat
HeatCapacity
Capacity

▪ Specific heat is the amount of energy required to

raise the temperature of one gram of a substance
by 1 °C.
▪ The larger a material’s specific heat is, the more
energy it takes to raise its temperature a given
amount.

▪ Like density, specific heat is a property of the type

of matter.
✓ It doesn’t matter how much material you have.
✓ It can be used to identify the type of matter.

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Specific
SpecificHeat
heatCapacities for Common
capacities Substances
for common subtances

Water’s high specific heat is the

reason it is such a good cooling
agent.
✓ It absorbs a lot of heat for a
relatively small mass

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Problems

Q: Calculate the heat absorbed by 15.0 g of water to raise

its temperature from 20.0oC to 50.0oC (at constant
pressure). The specific heat of water is 4.18 J/(g-oC)
Note: pay attention on the number of significant figures

Answer:

Q: How about ethanol?

The specific heat of ethanol is 2.42 J/(g-oC)
Note: pay attention on number of significant figures

Answer:

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