Program: MCA Online PARUL UNIVERSITY

Course: : JAVA Programming

Name : Rahul Teli
Roll Number: 24227521010066
Semester: 1st
Internal Assignment: 1

Theory Questions
1. Explain the different primitive data types available in Java and their respective sizes.
How do Java’s data types differ from those in other programming languages like C++
or Python?

->
Primitive Data Types in Java and Their Sizes

Java provides eight primitive data types, which are predefined by the language and serve as
the building blocks for data manipulation. These data types, along with their sizes and default
values, are:

Data
Size (in bytes) Default Value Range
Type

byte 1 0 -128 to 127 (-2^7 to 2^7 - 1)

short 2 0 -32,768 to 32,767 (-2^15 to 2^15 - 1)

-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 (-2^31 to 2^31 -

int 4 0
1)

-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to
long 8 0L
9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (-2^63 to 2^63 - 1)

Approximately ±3.4 × 10^38 (Single precision,

float 4 0.0f
32-bit IEEE 754)

Approximately ±1.8 × 10^308 (Double precision,

double 8 0.0d
64-bit IEEE 754)
Data
Size (in bytes) Default Value Range
Type

'\u0000' (null
char 2 0 to 65,535 (Stores a single Unicode character)
character)

1 (JVM true or false (No size explicitly defined in Java

boolean false
dependent) specification)

Comparison with C++ and Python

Java’s data types have several differences compared to C++ and Python:

Feature Java C++ Python

Strongly typed but allows

Type Safety Strongly typed Dynamically typed
implicit conversions

Varies based on system

Fixed (e.g., int is Arbitrary precision (int
Integer Sizes architecture (e.g., int could
always 4 bytes) has no limit)
be 2 or 4 bytes)

boolean (only true or bool (internally treated as 0 bool (subclass of int,

Boolean Type
false) or 1) True is 1, False is 0)

char (2 bytes, char (1 byte, ASCII or No char type, uses

Character Type
Unicode) extended ASCII) single-character strings

IEEE 754 (float = 4 IEEE 754 (float, double, Uses float (≈ 8 bytes,
Floating-Point
bytes, double = 8 and long double with IEEE 754 double
Precision
bytes) varying precision) equivalent)

Memory Automatic (Garbage Automatic (Garbage

Manual (new and delete)
Management Collection) Collection)

Key Takeaways

 Java has fixed primitive data type sizes, unlike C++, where sizes depend on the
architecture.

 Java is strictly type-safe, preventing implicit type conversions that C++ allows.

 Python does not have primitive data types, instead, all data types are objects, leading
to more flexibility but higher memory usage.

 Boolean values in Java and Python are strict, whereas C++ treats 0 as false and any
nonzero value as true.
2. What is the difference between a class and an object in Java? Describe how to define
a class and create an object from it. Provide an example of a simple class definition and
object instantiation.

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Difference Between a Class and an Object in Java

1. Class

 A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects.

 It defines attributes (fields/variables) and methods (behaviors/functions) that objects

will have.

 It does not consume memory until an object is created.

2. Object

 An object is an instance of a class.

 When a class is instantiated (using the new keyword), an object is created.

 Each object has its own copy of instance variables and can invoke methods defined in
the class.

Defining a Class in Java

To define a class, use the class keyword followed by the class name. It typically contains:

 Instance variables (fields): Store object data.

 Methods: Define object behavior.

 Constructors (optional): Initialize objects.

Example: Defining a Simple Class

// Defining a class named 'Car'

class Car {

// Attributes (Instance variables)

String brand;

int speed;

// Constructor to initialize object properties

Car(String brand, int speed) {
 this.brand = brand;

this.speed = speed;

// Method to display car details

void displayInfo() {

System.out.println("Car Brand: " + brand);

System.out.println("Speed: " + speed + " km/h");

Creating an Object from the Class

 Use the new keyword to allocate memory and call the constructor.

 Access object properties using the dot (.) operator.

Example: Creating an Object and Using Methods

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating an object of the Car class

Car myCar = new Car("Tesla", 200);

// Calling a method using the object

myCar.displayInfo();

Output:

Car Brand: Tesla

Speed: 200 km/h
Key Takeaways

Feature Class Object

Definition A blueprint for creating objects An instance of a class

Memory Memory is allocated when new is

No memory is allocated
Allocation used

Example class Car {} Car myCar = new Car("Tesla", 200);

Defines properties and

Purpose Represents a real-world entity
behaviors
3. Describe how Java's control flow statements work. Provide examples of the usage of
if, else, switch, case, and default statements in controlling the flow of a Java program.

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Java Control Flow Statements

Control flow statements in Java determine the execution order of statements in a program.
These include decision-making statements (if, if-else, switch) that allow the program to
execute specific code blocks based on conditions.

1. if Statement

The if statement executes a block of code only if a specified condition is true.

Example: Using if

public class IfExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int num = 10;

if (num > 5) { // Condition is true

System.out.println("Number is greater than 5");

}
}

Output:

Number is greater than 5

2. if-else Statement

The if-else statement provides an alternative block of code that runs when the condition is
false.

Example: Using if-else

public class IfElseExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int num = 3;
 if (num > 5) {

System.out.println("Number is greater than 5");

} else {

System.out.println("Number is 5 or less");

Output:

Number is 5 or less

3. if-else if-else Statement

When multiple conditions need to be checked, if-else if-else can be used.

Example: Using if-else if-else

public class IfElseIfExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int num = 0;

if (num > 0) {
System.out.println("Positive number");

} else if (num < 0) {

System.out.println("Negative number");

} else {

System.out.println("Zero");

}
}

Output:

Zero
4. switch Statement

The switch statement allows selecting a block of code to execute from multiple options based
on a variable's value.

Syntax:

switch(expression) {

case value1:

// Code block

break;

case value2:

// Code block

break;

default:

}
 Each case represents a possible value of the variable.

 break is used to exit the switch after a case executes.

 default is executed when no matching case is found.

Example: Using switch-case

public class SwitchExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int day = 3; // 1 = Monday, 2 = Tuesday, etc.

switch (day) {

case 1:

System.out.println("Monday");

break;

case 2:

System.out.println("Tuesday");

break;

case 3:
 System.out.println("Wednesday");

break;

case 4:

System.out.println("Thursday");

break;

case 5:

System.out.println("Friday");

break;

case 6:

case 7:

System.out.println("Weekend");

break;
default:

System.out.println("Invalid day");

Output:

Wednesday
Key Differences Between if-else and switch

Feature if-else switch

Used for Checking conditions Checking fixed values

Supports relational (>, <, ==, Works with int, char, String, enum, byte,
Data types
etc.) short

Faster for large cases (compiles to jump

Performance Slower if many conditions
table)

Flexibility Supports complex conditions Limited to exact matches

4. Discuss the purpose of loops in Java. Explain the differences between for, while, and
do-while loops, and provide examples of when to use each type of loop.

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Loops in Java

Loops in Java repeat a block of code until a specific condition is met. They help automate
repetitive tasks and reduce code duplication.

Java provides three types of loops:

1. for loop – Best for loops with a known number of iterations.

2. while loop – Best when the number of iterations is unknown (runs as long as a
condition is true).

3. do-while loop – Similar to while, but executes the loop at least once before checking
the condition.

1. for Loop

 Used when the number of iterations is known.

 Contains initialization, condition, and update in a single line.

Syntax:

for(initialization; condition; update) {

Example: Printing numbers from 1 to 5

public class ForLoopExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { // i starts at 1, runs until 5

System.out.println("Number: " + i);

} }}

Output:

Number: 1

Number: 2

Number: 3

Number: 4
Number: 5
2. while Loop

 Used when the condition is checked before execution.

 Ideal for cases where the number of iterations is unknown.

Syntax:

while(condition) {

// Code block to execute

Example: Printing numbers from 1 to 5 using while

public class WhileLoopExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int i = 1;
while (i <= 5) { // Condition is checked before execution

System.out.println("Number: " + i);

i++; // Increment to avoid infinite loop

Output:
Number: 1

Number: 2

Number: 3

Number: 4

Number: 5
3. do-while Loop

 Executes the loop at least once, even if the condition is false initially.

 The condition is checked after the first iteration.

Syntax:

do {

// Code block to execute

} while(condition);

Example: Printing numbers from 1 to 5 using do-while

public class DoWhileLoopExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int i = 1;

do {
System.out.println("Number: " + i);

i++; // Increment

} while (i <= 5); // Condition is checked after the first run

Output:

Number: 1
Number: 2

Number: 3

Number: 4

Number: 5
Key Differences Between for, while, and do-while

Feature for loop while loop do-while loop

Condition Before each

Before each iteration After each iteration
Check iteration

Known iteration Ensures at least one

Use Case Unknown iteration count
count execution

Common Iterating arrays, User input validation, event- Menu-driven

Usage counters based execution applications
5. What are getter and setter methods in Java? Explain their purpose and provide an
example of how to implement and use these methods within a class.

->

Getter and Setter Methods in Java

Purpose

In Java, getter and setter methods are used to access and modify private fields in a class. They
help encapsulate data by restricting direct access and allowing controlled modification.

Why Use Getters and Setters?

 Encapsulation – Protects data by making fields private.

 Data Validation – Ensures valid values before updating fields.

 Flexibility – Allows changes in logic without affecting external code.

 Read-Only or Write-Only Fields – Limits access based on requirements.

How Getters and Setters Work

1. Getter (Accessor) Method

o Retrieves the value of a private field.

o Named as getVariableName().

o Returns the value.

2. Setter (Mutator) Method

o Updates the value of a private field.

o Named as setVariableName(value).

o May include validation before assignment.

Example: Using Getters and Setters

class Person {

private String name;

private int age;

// Constructor
 public Person(String name, int age) {

this.name = name;

this.age = age;

// Getter for name

public String getName() {

return name;

// Setter for name

public void setName(String name) {

this.name = name;

// Getter for age

public int getAge() {

return age;

// Setter for age with validation

public void setAge(int age) {

if (age > 0) {

this.age = age;

} else {

System.out.println("Invalid age");
}

}
public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating an object

Person person = new Person("Alice", 25);

// Using getters

System.out.println("Name: " + person.getName());

System.out.println("Age: " + person.getAge());

// Using setters

person.setName("Bob");
person.setAge(30);

// Displaying updated values

System.out.println("Updated Name: " + person.getName());

System.out.println("Updated Age: " + person.getAge());

// Trying to set an invalid age

person.setAge(-5);

Expected Output

Name: Alice

Age: 25

Updated Name: Bob

Updated Age: 30

Invalid age

Comparison of Getters and Setters

Feature Getter Setter

Purpose Retrieve field value Modify field value

Naming getVariableName() setVariableName(value)

Return Type Field type Usually void

Example getName() setName("Bob")

When to Use?

 Use getters to provide controlled access to private fields.

 Use setters to modify values safely with validation.

Practical Problems
1. Write a Java program that demonstrates the use of different primitive data types.
Include examples of int, float, char, and boolean. Perform basic operations using these
data types and print the results.

Code :

public class PrimitiveDataTypesExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Integer type

int a = 10, b = 5;

int sum = a + b; // Addition

int product = a * b; // Multiplication

// Floating-point type

float x = 5.5f, y = 2.2f;

float division = x / y; // Division

// Character type

char letter = 'A';

char nextLetter = (char) (letter + 1); // Getting next character

// Boolean type

boolean isJavaFun = true;

boolean isCodingHard = false;

// Output results
System.out.println("Integer Operations:");

System.out.println("Sum of " + a + " and " + b + " = " + sum);

System.out.println("Product of " + a + " and " + b + " = " + product);

System.out.println("\nFloating-point Operations:");
 System.out.println("Division of " + x + " by " + y + " = " + division);

System.out.println("\nCharacter Operations:");

System.out.println("Current Letter: " + letter);

System.out.println("Next Letter: " + nextLetter);

System.out.println("\nBoolean Values:");

System.out.println("Is Java fun? " + isJavaFun);

System.out.println("Is coding hard? " + isCodingHard);

Output :
+
2. Create a Java class named Person with private fields for name and age. Implement
getter and setter methods for these fields. Write a main method to create an instance of
Person, set its properties using the setter methods, and retrieve them using the getter
methods.

Code :

// Person.java

public class Person {

// Private fields

private String name;

private int age;

// Getter method for name

public String getName() {

return name;

// Setter method for name

public void setName(String name) {

this.name = name;
}

// Getter method for age

public int getAge() {

return age;

// Setter method for age

public void setAge(int age) {

if (age > 0) { // Ensuring age is positive

this.age = age;
 } else {

System.out.println("Age must be a positive number.");

// Main method to demonstrate the usage

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating an instance of Person

Person person = new Person();

// Setting values using setter methods

person.setName("John Doe");
person.setAge(25);

// Retrieving and displaying values using getter methods

System.out.println("Person Details:");

System.out.println("Name: " + person.getName());

System.out.println("Age: " + person.getAge());

OUTPUT :
3. Develop a Java program that uses control flow statements. Include examples of if-else
and switch statements. For instance, create a program that takes a numeric grade as
input and prints the corresponding letter grade using a switch statement.

Code :

// GradeEvaluator.java

import java.util.Scanner;

public class GradeEvaluator {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

// Taking numeric grade input

System.out.print("Enter the numeric grade (0-100): ");

int grade = scanner.nextInt();

// Using if-else to check for valid range

if (grade < 0 || grade > 100) {

System.out.println("Invalid grade! Please enter a number between 0 and 100.");

} else {

// Convert numeric grade to letter grade using switch

String letterGrade;

switch (grade / 10) {

case 10: // 100

case 9:

letterGrade = "A";
break;

case 8:

letterGrade = "B";

break;

case 7:

letterGrade = "C";
 break;

case 6:

letterGrade = "D";

break;
default:

letterGrade = "F";

break;

// Display the result

System.out.println("The letter grade is: " + letterGrade);

scanner.close();
}

Output :
4. Write a Java program that demonstrates the use of different types of loops. Create a
for loop to print numbers from 1 to 10, a while loop to print even numbers from 2 to 20,
and a do-while loop to print numbers from 10 to 1 in descending order.

Code :

// LoopDemo.java

public class LoopDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// For loop: Print numbers from 1 to 10

System.out.println("For Loop - Numbers from 1 to 10:");

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

System.out.print(i + " ");

System.out.println("\n");

// While loop: Print even numbers from 2 to 20

System.out.println("While Loop - Even numbers from 2 to 20:");

int num = 2;
while (num <= 20) {

System.out.print(num + " ");

num += 2;

System.out.println("\n");

// Do-while loop: Print numbers from 10 to 1 in descending order

System.out.println("Do-While Loop - Numbers from 10 to 1:");

int count = 10;

do {

System.out.print(count + " ");

count--;

} while (count >= 1);

System.out.println();
 }

Output :
5. Create a Java class with a method that overrides a method from its superclass. Define
a superclass named Animal with a method makeSound(). Create a subclass named Dog
that overrides the makeSound() method. In the main method, instantiate a Dog object
and call the makeSound() method.

Code :

// MethodOverriding.java

class Animal {

// Superclass method

public void makeSound() {

System.out.println("The animal makes a sound.");

}
// Subclass Dog that overrides makeSound()

class Dog extends Animal {

@Override

public void makeSound() {

System.out.println("The dog barks: Woof! Woof!");

// Main class

public class MethodOverriding {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating a Dog object

Dog myDog = new Dog();

// Calling the overridden method

myDog.makeSound();

}
Output :