CLASS XI (2024-2025)

MATHEMATICS
GIST – Functions & Graphs

Functions (Mapping)
A relation 𝑓 from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is said to be a function from 𝐴 to 𝐵, denoted 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵,
if
1. For every 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, there exists a 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 such that (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑓.
2. If (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑓 and (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑓, then 𝑏 = 𝑐.
That is, 𝑓 associates every element of 𝐴 to a unique element of 𝐵.
If (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑓, we say that 𝑏 is the image of 𝑎 under 𝑓 or the value of 𝑓 at 𝑎, and
write 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑏.
Note that if 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵, then
Domain(𝑓) = 𝐴, Codomain(𝑓) = 𝐵, Range(𝑓) ⊆ 𝐵
✓ Real Functions
A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called a
a. real valued function, if 𝐵 ⊆ ℝ
b. real function, if 𝐴 ⊆ ℝ and 𝐵 ⊆ ℝ

✓ Domain and Range of a Real Function:

If a real function 𝑓 is given by a formula, its domain is the set of all real
numbers 𝑥 for which the formula for 𝑓(𝑥) is meaningful.
For example, if 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 − 𝑥 2 , then since √𝑎 is defined only for 𝑎 ≥ 0, we
must have 1 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 0, or −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1. Therefore
Domain(𝑓) = [−1,1].
As usual, the range is the set of values taken by the function at points of its
domain. In this example, Range(𝑓) = [0,1]
✓ Even and odd functions
A function 𝑓 is said to be an
1. even function, if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓.
2. odd function, if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓.
 ✓ IDENTICAL FUNCTIONS
Two functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are said to be identical if
(i) Domain(𝑓) = Domain(𝑔)
(ii) Range(𝑓) = Range(𝑔)
(iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) for all 𝑥 ∈ Domain(𝑓)

✓ Some standard functions:

1. Constant function:
𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is said to be a constant function if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴,
where 𝑐 is a constant.
Domain (as a real function): ℝ, Range: A singleton set {𝑘}

2. Identity function:
The identity function of any set 𝐴, denoted by id𝐴 , is defined as the function
id𝐴 : 𝐴 → 𝐴 defined by id𝐴 (𝑥) = 𝑥 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴.
Domain: ℝ, Range: ℝ
3. Square function:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
Domain: ℝ, Range: Set of all non-negative real numbers [0, ∞)
4. Cube function: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3
Domain: ℝ , Range: ℝ
5. Square root function: 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥
Domain: [0, ∞) , Range: [0, ∞)
1
3
6. Cube root function: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 = √𝑥
Domain: ℝ, Range: ℝ
1
7. Reciprocal function: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥≠0
𝑥
Domain: ℝ − {0}, Range: ℝ − {0}

8. Polynomial function:
A polynomial function of degree 𝑛 (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}) is a function of the
form
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎0 ≠ 0

Domain: ℝ, Range: some subset of ℝ. (If 𝑛 is odd, then the range is ℝ)

9. Rational function:
𝑃(𝑥)
A rational function is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = where 𝑃(𝑥) and
𝑄(𝑥)
𝑄(𝑥) are polynomials.
2𝑥+3 5
Example: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥≠−
5𝑥+6 6

Domain: The set of all real values except the points at which the polynomial
in the denominator vanishes.
Range: The set of all values that the function takes.

10.Modulus function/absolute value function:

𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|
Domain: ℝ, Range: [0, ∞)

11.Exponential function:
An exponential function is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥 where a is a
positive real number not equal to 1
1 𝑥
Example: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 10𝑥 , ℎ(𝑥) = ( )
2
Domain: ℝ, Range: The set of positive real numbers ℝ+

12.Logarithmic function:
Logarithmic function is the “inverse” of exponential function, given by
𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0 , 𝑎 > 0 , 𝑎 ≠ 1
Domain: ℝ+ , Range: ℝ

13.Dirichlet’s Function :
1, if 𝑥 ∈ ℚ
𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, if 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − ℚ
Domain: ℝ, Range: {0,1}
Graph: cannot be drawn.

14.Signum function:
The signum function is defined as
|𝑥| 0, if 𝑥 = 0
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 , if 𝑥 ≠ 0 = {1, if 𝑥 > 0
0, if 𝑥 = 0 −1, if 𝑥 < 0
Domain: ℝ, Range: {−1, 0, 1}
 15. Greatest integer function:
f(x) = [x]
Domain: ℝ, Range: ℤ
16. Fractional parts:
f(x) = {x} = x – [x]
Domain: ℝ, Range: [0,1)
✓ Few properties of G.I.F and Fractional Part functions:
(i) [𝑥] = 𝑛 if 𝑛 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑛 + 1, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
(ii) [𝑥] ≤ 𝑥
(iii) [𝑥] = 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ ℤ
(iv) [𝑥] < 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∉ ℤ
(v) [𝑥 + 𝑛] = [𝑥] + 𝑛 if 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
(vi) [𝑥] + [−𝑥] = 0 if 𝑥 ∈ ℤ
(vii) [𝑥] + [−𝑥] = −1 if 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − ℤ
(viii) 0 ≤ {𝑥} < 1
(ix) {𝑥} = 𝑥 if 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
(x) {𝑥} = 0 if 𝑥 ∈ ℤ
(xi) {𝑥} + {−𝑥} = 1 if 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − ℤ
{𝑥} + {−𝑥} = 0 if 𝑥 ∈ ℤ

✓ Algebra of Functions:

Sum, difference, and product:

If we have two funtions f and g we can create three new functions 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 −

𝑔, and 𝑓𝑔 such that
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
(𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)

Domain: 𝐷𝑓+𝑔 = 𝐷𝑓−𝑔 = 𝐷𝑓𝑔 = 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔

Quotient:
𝑓
If we have two funtions f and g we can create new function such that
𝑔
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
(𝑥) = , 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = 𝐷𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑔 − {𝑥: 𝑔(𝑥) = 0}

𝑔
 Graphs of some standard functions
1. Constant function:
𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is said to be a constant function if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴,
where 𝑐 is a constant.
Domain (as a real function): ℝ
Range: A singleton set {𝑘}
Graph: Any straight-line parallel to x – axis through (0, 𝑘).

2. Identity function:

The identity function of any set 𝐴, denoted by id𝐴 , is defined as the

function id𝐴 : 𝐴 → 𝐴 defined by id𝐴 (𝑥) = 𝑥 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴.
Domain: ℝ
Range: ℝ
Graph: A straight line of slope 1 passing through the origin.
3. Square function:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
Domain: ℝ
Range: Set of all non-negative real numbers [0, ∞)

4. Cube function:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3
Domain: ℝ
Range: ℝ
5. Graph of 𝒙𝒏 , 𝒏 ∈ ℕ, even function

6. Graph of 𝒙𝒏 , 𝒏 ∈ ℕ, 𝒏 > 𝟏, odd function

7. Square root function:
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥
Domain: [0, ∞)
Range: [0, ∞)

8. Cube root function:

1
3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥3 = √𝑥
Domain: ℝ
Range: ℝ

`
 9. Reciprocal function:
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥≠0
𝑥
Domain: ℝ − {0}
Range: ℝ − {0}

10. Polynomial function:

A polynomial function of degree 𝑛 (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}) is a function of the
form
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎0 ≠ 0
Domain: ℝ
Range: some subset of ℝ. (If 𝑛 is odd, then the range is ℝ)

11. Rational function:

𝑃(𝑥)
A rational function is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = where 𝑃(𝑥) and
𝑄(𝑥)
𝑄(𝑥) are polynomials.
2𝑥+3 5
Example: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥≠−
5𝑥+6 6
Domain: The set of all real values except the points at which the
polynomial in the denominator vanishes.
Range: The set of all values that the function takes.
12. Modulus function/absolute value function:
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|Domain: ℝ
Range: [0, ∞)

13. Exponential function:

An exponential function is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥 where a
is a positive real number not equal to 1
1 𝑥
Example: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 10𝑥 , ℎ(𝑥) = ( )
2

Domain: ℝ
Range: The set of positive real numbers ℝ+
14. Logarithmic function:

Logarithmic function is the “inverse” of exponential function, given

by 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0 , 𝑎 > 0 , 𝑎 ≠ 1

Domain: ℝ+

Range: ℝ

15. Dirichlet’s Function :

1, if 𝑥 ∈ ℚ
𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, if 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − ℚ
Domain: ℝ
Range: {0,1}
Graph: cannot be drawn.
16. Signum function:

The signum function is defined as

|𝑥| 0, if 𝑥 = 0
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 , if 𝑥 ≠ 0 = {1, if 𝑥 > 0
0, if 𝑥 = 0 −1, if 𝑥 < 0
Domain: ℝ
Range: {−1, 0, 1}