Unit I

Elementary Concepts and DC Circuits

(06 Hours) (14 Marks)

Elementary concepts: Resistance, EMF, current, potential difference, Ohm’s

law. Overview of elementary power system showing stages such as Generation,
Transmission, and Distribution of electrical energy.

DC Circuits: Classification of electrical networks, simplifications of networks

using series-parallel combinations and star delta transformation technique,
Kirchhoff’s Laws and their applications for network solutions using loop
analysis, Superposition theorem

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 Elementary Concepts and DC Circuits
for 06 Hours
Lecture Lecture Plan
No.
1 Elementary Concepts
Resistance, EMF, current, potential difference, Ohm’s law.
Overview of elementary power system showing stages such as Generation, Transmission, and
Distribution of electrical energy (Theory Q).
2 DC Circuits…
Classification of electrical networks (Theory)
Simplifications of networks using series-parallel combinations (Numerical)
3 DC Circuits…
Star -Delta/ Delta-Star transformation technique (Theory + Numerical)
4 DC Circuits...
Kirchhoff’s Laws and their applications for network solutions using loop analysis
(Theory + Numerical) (2 loop n/w, loop directions need to be mentioned)
5 DC Circuits…
Superposition theorem (Theory + Numerical, only voltage sources, two loop, two sources)
6 DC Circuits
Numerical Practice

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 Lecture 1: Elementary Concepts

Resistance, EMF, current, potential difference, Ohm’s law.

➢ Explain basic concepts of resistance, EMF,

current, potential difference and Ohm’s law.
➢ Interdisciplinary Solutions
➢ Project Integration
➢ Practical Awareness

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 Lecture 1: Elementary Concepts
Overview of elementary power system showing stages such as
Generation, Transmission, and Distribution of electrical energy
(Theory Q).

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 Process of Power Supply System

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 Power Plants in Supply System

Thermal Power Plant Hydroelectric Power Plant

Nuclear Power Plant Renewable Power Plant

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 Branch of Electrical Engineering which deals with the technology of…..

• Generation
Plants Main Components
• Thermal
• Hydroelectric • Generators (AC/DC) (3 Ph, AC, 50Hz, 11 KV-22 KV)
• Renewable • Prime mover
• Nuclear
• Transmission
• Transformers (11KV to 220 KV/ 500 KV)
• Transmission Lines
• Substations (HV)

• Distribution • Transformers
(220 KV to 132 KV, 132 KV to 11KV, 11KV to 400V)
• Transmission Lines
• Substations (LV)
• Loads
• Electrical load: Motors, household applications, lighting etc.
• Mechanical load: Pulleys, fans, flooring machines, blowers etc.

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 Generation, Transmission and Distribution Voltage Levels

Generation Networks- EHV AC

• Generates @ 11kV to 12kV AC

Transmission Networks- EHV AC or HVDC

• Operates @765kV / 400kV / 220kV AC or 500kV DC

AC Sub-Transmission Networks
• Operates @132kV / 110kV / 66kV /33kV AC

AC Distribution Networks
• Operates @ 11kV primary and 400 V secondary

AC Household
• Operates @ 230V, 50 Hz, single phase

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 Lecture 2: DC Circuits…
Classification of Electrical Network

The behaviour of the entire network depends on the behaviour and characteristics of its
elements. Based on such characteristics electrical network can be classified as below :

1.Linear Network :
A circuit or network whose parameters i.e. elements like resistances, inductances and capacitances are
always constant irrespective of the change in time, voltage, temperature etc. is known as linear
network. The Ohm’s law can be applied to such network. The mathematical equations of such network
can be obtained by using the law of superposition.
2.Non linear Network :
A circuit whose parameters change their values with change in time, temperature, voltage etc. is known
as non linear network . The Ohm’s law may not be applied to such network. Such network does not
follow the law of
3.Bilateral Network :
A circuit whose characteristics, behavior is same irrespective of the direction of current through various
elements of it, is called bilateral network. Network consisting only resistances is good example of
bilateral network.
4.Unilateral Network :
A circuit whose operation, behaviour is dependent on the direction of the current through various
elements is called unilateral network. Circuit consisting diodes, which allows flow of current only in
one direction is good example of unilateral circuit.
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 Classification of Electrical Network………

5.Active Network :
A circuit which contains a source of energy is called An energy source may be a voltage or current
source.
6.Passive Network :
A circuit which contains no energy source is called passive. There are two forms of circuits in which
two types of voltages are used. One alternating i.e. ac. while second is direct i.e. d.c. The alternating
current (a.c.) circuits contains voltages which are periodically varying and hence the currents also
vary periodically. The direct current circuits (d.c) contains fixed voltage sources having polarities
+ve and — ve.
7.Lumped Network :
A network in which all the network elements are physically separable is known as lumped network.
Most of the electric networks are lumped in nature.
8.Distributed Network :
A network in which the circuit elements like resistance, inductance etc. cannot be physically
separable for analysis purposes, is called distributed network. The best example of such a network is
a transmission line where resistance, inductance and capacitance of a transmission line are
distributed all along its length and cannot be shown as a separate elements, any where in the circuit.

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Simplifications of networks using series-parallel combinations
(Numerical)
➢ Concept of Series Circuit
➢ Concept of Parallel Circuit
➢ Concept of Current and Voltage division
➢ Comparison between Series and Parallel Circuit
➢ Numerical based on Series and Parallel Circuit

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Simplifications of networks using series-parallel combinations
(Numerical)
Concept of Current and Voltage division

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Simplifications of networks using series-parallel combinations
(Numerical)

A A

B B

A A

B B

1. Find current passes through battery?

2. Find current passes through 7 ohm resistor?
3. Find voltage across 7 ohm resistor?
4. Find power consumed by 7 ohm resistor?
5. Find power consumed by 4 ohm resistor?
6. Find voltage across 6 ohm and 4 ohm resistor?
7. Find voltage across 10 ohm resistor?
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 Lecture 3: DC Circuits…

Star -Delta/ Delta-Star transformation technique

(Theory + Numerical)

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 Need of Star-Delta Conversion technique

Star Connection Delta Connection

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 Star-Delta Conversion technique

Delta to star

Star to Delta

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 Star-Delta Conversion technique

5
4

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 Lecture 4: DC Circuits…

Kirchhoff’s Laws and their applications

for network solutions using loop analysis
(Theory + Numerical)
(2 loop n/w, loop directions need to be mentioned)

Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s Current Kirchhoff’s Voltage

Law (KCL) Law (KVL)

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• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• Statement: Algebraic sum of currents meeting at any junction point in an electric circuit is always zero.
i.e. ∑I=0
In other words, at any junction or node in an electric circuit, sum of incoming currents is equal to sum of
outgoing currents.
i.e. at any node, ∑ Incoming Currents=∑ Outgoing Currents

Four branches meet at junction or node A. By KCL,

I2 + I4 = I1 + I3
where I2 and I4 are incoming currents
and I1 and I3 are outgoing currents

• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

• Statement: In any electrical network, algebraic sum of voltage drops across various elements around
any closed loop or mesh is equal to algebraic sum of emf’s in that loop.

∑IR=∑E
In other words, if we trace any closed path or loop in an electrical network an algebraic sum of branch

voltages is always zero.

∑V=0

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 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Sign Conventions :

Potential Drop Potential Rise

Using KVL, ∑V=0

-I R1- I R2 + V=0,
V=I(R1+R2)
I= (V/(R1+R2))

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 Loop Current Analysis
(2 loop n/w only, loop directions need to be mentioned)
2 4
𝑅11 𝐼1 + 𝑅12 𝐼2 +.......+ 𝑅1𝑛 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑉1
𝑅21 𝐼1 + 𝑅22 𝐼2 +.......+ 𝑅2𝑛 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑉2
20 10 15 ..............................................
𝑅𝑛1 𝐼1 + 𝑅𝑛2 𝐼2 +.......+ 𝑅𝑛𝑛 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑉𝑛
6 8
For loop 1: 𝑅11 𝐼1 + 𝑅12 𝐼2 = 𝑉1 For loop 2: 𝑅21 𝐼1 + 𝑅22 𝐼2 = 𝑉2

(2+10+6) 𝐼1 -10 𝐼2 = 20… … (1) -10 𝐼1 + (4 + 10 + 8) 𝐼2 = -15 … … (2)

18 𝐼1 -10 𝐼2 = 20… … (1) -10 𝐼1 + 22 𝐼2 = -15 … … (2)

Solve the equations to get value of I1 and I2

𝐼1 = 0.9797 𝐴𝑚𝑝 𝐼2 = −0.2364 𝐴𝑚𝑝 Current through 10 ohm is (I1-I2 )Amp
(I1-I2 )= 0.9797+0.2364=1.2161Amp
1. Find current passes through 15 V battery?
2. Find current passes through 10 ohm resistor?
3. Find voltage across 10 ohm resistor?
4. Find power consumed by 4 ohm resistor?
5. Find power consumed by 8 ohm resistor?
6. Find voltage across 6 ohm and 8 ohm resistor?
6 January 2025 7. Find voltage across 2 ohm resistor? 21
 Lecture 5: DC Circuits…

Superposition Theorem
(Theory + Numerical)
(Only voltage sources, two loop, two sources)

• Statement:
In a linear, bilateral network containing two or more than two energy sources,
the current through a particular branch is the algebraic sum of the currents that
would flow through that branch or element, when each source is considered
separately at a time, while remaining sources are replaced by their respective
internal resistances, if any.

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 Superposition Theorem
(Only voltage sources, two loop, two sources)
Steps to be followed while using Superposition Theorem

Hence the current flowing through R2 when both the sources are acting is…
I=I’+I”

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 Superposition Theorem
(Only voltage sources, two loop, two sources)

Considering Source V1 Considering Source V2

I1 I2 I1 I2
’ ’ ’’ ’’

(R1+R2) 𝐼1 ’-R2 𝐼2 ′ = 𝑉1 (R1+R2) 𝐼1 ’’-R2 𝐼2 ’’ = 𝟎

-R2 𝐼1 ′+(R2+R3) 𝐼2 ’=0 -R2 𝐼1 ’’+(R2+R3) 𝐼2 ’’= -𝑉𝟐

Solve to get 𝐼1 ’ and 𝐼2 ′ Solve to get 𝐼1 ’’ and 𝐼2 ′′

𝑰′=𝐼1 ’- 𝐼2 ′ 𝑰′′=𝐼1 ’’- 𝐼2 ′’

Hence the current flowing through R2 when both the sources are acting is…
I=I’+I”
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 Numerical on Superposition Theorem
1. Find current passes through 20 V battery?
2. Find current passes through 5 ohm resistor?
3. Find voltage across 4 ohm resistor?
4. Find power consumed by 5 ohm resistor?
5. Find power consumed by 4 ohm resistor?
6. Find voltage across 2 ohm and 4 ohm resistor?
7. Find voltage across 5 ohm resistor?

𝑰′ 𝑰′′
𝐼1′ 𝐼2′ 𝐼1′′ 𝐼2′′

2 + 5 𝐼1′ − 5𝐼2′ = 20 𝟕𝑰′𝟏 − 𝟓𝑰′𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎 … . (𝟏) 2 + 5 𝐼1′′ − 5𝐼2′′ = 0 𝟕𝑰′′ ′′

𝟏 − 𝟓𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎 … . (𝟑)

−5 𝐼1′ + (4 + 5)𝐼2′ = 0 ′′ ′′
−𝟓 𝑰′𝟏 + 𝟗𝑰′𝟐 = 𝟎 … . (𝟐) −5 𝐼1 + (4 + 5)𝐼2 = 0 −𝟓 𝑰′′ ′′
𝟏 + 𝟗𝑰𝟐 = −𝟏𝟎 … . (𝟒)

𝑰′𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟑 𝑨𝒎𝒑 𝑰′𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟑 𝑨𝒎𝒑 𝑰′′ 𝑰′′

𝟐 = −𝟏. 𝟖𝟒 𝑨𝒎𝒑
𝟏 = −𝟏. 𝟑𝟏 𝑨𝒎𝒑

𝐼′ = 𝑰′𝟏 -𝑰′𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟑 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝟏 𝑨𝒎𝒑 𝟏 -𝑰𝟐 = −𝟏. 𝟑𝟏 + 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝑨𝒎𝒑

𝐼′′ = 𝑰′′ ′′

𝑰 = 𝑰′ + 𝑰′′ = 2.1 A+ 0.53A = 2.63 Amp

Use all concepts studied before to solve numerical using this theorem,
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such as series − parallel, KCL − KVL, Star − Delta and vice versa etc.
 Lecture 6: DC Circuits…

Numerical Practice

Numericals
1. KVL using loop equation (6-8 marks)
2. Equivalent resistance, Series-parallel circuit simplification
(6 marks)
3. Star - Delta circuit simplifications (6-8 marks)
4. Superposition theorem (6-8 marks)

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 Questions may ask on Unit No.1
Numerical
1. KVL using loop equation (6-8 marks)
2. Superposition theorem (6-8 marks)
3. Star - Delta circuit simplifications (6-8 marks)
4. Series-parallel circuit simplification (6-8 marks)

Derivations
1. Delta- Star conversion and vice versa (6-8 marks)

Theory Questions
1. Electrical Power System block diagram ( Including in detail explanation
of voltage levels, etc.) (6-8 marks)
2. Network Classification (1 mark each)
3. KCL/ KVL with detail explanation (4 marks)
4. Superposition theorem with explanation (6 - 8 marks)

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