DBMS ASSIGNMENT #1

Submitted By: AFRA RASHEED (SE-21007) (Sec A)

Q1. Organizations have a vital need for quality information. Discuss how the
following database roles
relate to each other.
(a) Data Administrator
(b) Database Administrator
(c) Database Designer
(d) Application Developer
(e) End-Users

Ans: In any organization, the efficient management of data is crucial for making
informed decisions and achieving business objectives. The following are the roles
involved in ensuring the quality of data in a database system:

(a) Data Administrator: The data administrator is responsible for the overall
management of the organization's data assets. They oversee the design,
implementation, and maintenance of the organization's data architecture and ensure
that data is secure, available, and accurate. They work closely with other
stakeholders to establish policies, procedures, and standards for data management.

(b) Database Administrator: The database administrator (DBA) is responsible for

the installation, configuration, maintenance, and monitoring of the database
management system (DBMS). They ensure the availability, reliability, and
performance of the database system, and they are responsible for backup and
recovery procedures. DBAs work closely with application developers and end-
users to ensure that the database system meets the organization's requirements.

(c) Database Designer: The database designer is responsible for creating the
conceptual, logical, and physical designs of the database system. They work
closely with the data administrator and application developers to ensure that the
database design is optimized for performance, scalability, and maintainability. The
database designer also ensures that the database schema is well-documented and
that it conforms to industry best practices and standards.
(d) Application Developer: The application developer is responsible for designing,
developing, testing, and deploying applications that interact with the database
system. They work closely with the database designer and DBA to ensure that the
application is optimized for performance, security, and reliability. The application
developer also ensures that the application conforms to the organization's policies,
procedures, and standards.

(e) End-Users: End-users are the individuals who interact with the database system
to perform their daily tasks. They are responsible for inputting, retrieving, and
analyzing data. End-users work closely with the application developer and DBA to
ensure that the application meets their requirements and that the data they are
working with is accurate and up-to-date.

In summary, these roles work closely together to ensure that the database system
meets the organization's requirements for quality data. The data administrator
oversees the management of the organization's data assets, while the database
administrator ensures the availability, reliability, and performance of the database
system. The database designer creates the conceptual, logical, and physical designs
of the database system, while the application developer designs and deploys
applications that interact with the database system. Finally, end-users interact with
the database system to perform their daily tasks and ensure that the data they are
working with is accurate and up-to-date.

Q2. A database approach uses different data models. Common database models
include the relational model, the network model and the hierarchical model. Which
data model should be chosen under which circumstances and why?

Ans: The choice of a data model for a database system depends on several factors,
including the nature of the data, the complexity of the relationships between data
entities, and the requirements of the system.

Here are some guidelines for choosing a data model:

1. Relational model: The relational model is the most widely used data model in
modern database systems. It is suitable for managing structured data that can be
represented as tables with rows and columns. This model is well suited for systems
that require ad-hoc querying, reporting, and data analysis. It is also ideal for
transaction processing systems that need to manage large volumes of data with
high concurrency.

2. Network model: The network model is useful for representing complex

relationships between data entities. This model is best suited for systems that
require sophisticated querying and data retrieval capabilities. It is also well suited
for systems that need to handle large volumes of data with high concurrency.

3. Hierarchical model: The hierarchical model is suitable for representing data in a

tree-like structure, where each entity has a single parent and multiple children. This
model is best suited for systems that require fast data retrieval and storage,
particularly for hierarchical data structures like organizational charts, family trees,
and file systems.

In general, the relational model is the most widely used data model because of its
simplicity, flexibility, and support for ad-hoc querying. However, for complex data
structures with many-to-many relationships, the network model may be a better
choice. The hierarchical model is best suited for systems with well-defined
hierarchical relationships, such as file systems or organizational charts.

Q3. Compare and contrast the two-tier client–server architecture for traditional
DBMSs with the three-tier client–server architecture. Why is the latter architecture
more appropriate for the Web?

Ans: The two-tier client-server architecture is a traditional architecture used in

database management systems (DBMSs). In this architecture, the client
communicates directly with the database server. This approach has some
advantages, such as high performance and low latency since there is no
intermediary between the client and the database server. However, this architecture
also has some limitations, such as scalability and maintainability issues.

On the other hand, the three-tier client-server architecture is a more modern

approach that separates the client, application server, and database server into
distinct layers. In this architecture, the client communicates with the application
server, which in turn communicates with the database server. This approach has
several advantages, such as better scalability, improved maintainability, and
increased security.

The three-tier architecture is more appropriate for the web because it allows for
greater scalability and flexibility. In a web-based application, multiple clients can
access the same application server, which communicates with a centralized
database server. This approach makes it easier to manage and scale the application,
as the application server can be distributed across multiple machines, and load
balancing can be used to ensure that the application remains available even under
high traffic loads. Additionally, the three-tier architecture allows for better security
since sensitive information can be stored on the database server, which is protected
by firewalls and other security measures. This approach also makes it easier to
update and maintain the application since the logic is contained in a separate layer,
which can be updated independently of the client and database layers.