MERN Stack Training Course

Section 1: Intro to MongoDB :-

1. Concepts :-

● MongoDB is a NoSQL database designed for high

availability, scalability, and performance.
● It stores data in BSON (Binary JSON) format, offering
flexibility compared to traditional relational databases.

Core concepts:
● Collection: Equivalent to a table in SQL.
● Document: Equivalent to a row in SQL, stored as JSON-like objects.
● Field: Similar to columns in SQL.
● Indexing: Enhances query performance by creating indexes on fields.

2. Scaling :-
● Vertical Scaling: Increasing the hardware capacity of a single server
(e.g., more CPU, RAM).
● Horizontal Scaling: Distributing data across multiple servers using
sharding.
○ MongoDB supports horizontal scaling with built-in sharding.
○ Data is divided into smaller chunks based on a shard key.
3. SQL and Complex Transactions:-
● Unlike SQL databases, MongoDB supports:
○ No fixed schema.
○ Documents with nested structures.
● Transactions:
○ MongoDB supports multi-document transactions since version
4.0.
○ Allows ACID-compliant operations on multiple collections.

4. Documents Overview :-
● MongoDB uses documents to store data.
● Example:
{

"name": "John Doe",

"age": 29,

"skills": ["Node.js", "MongoDB"],

"address": {

"city": "San Francisco",

"zip": "94107"

● Advantages:
○ Flexibility to store nested data.
○ Schema-less design.
5. Installing MongoDB (Windows) :-
● Download MongoDB from the official website.
● Install by running the .msi file.
● Configure the environment variable for the bin directory.

Start MongoDB:

● Run mongod in Command Prompt.

Access MongoDB shell:

● Use the mongo command.

6. Installing MongoDB (Linux) :-

● Add the MongoDB repository:

wget -qO - https://www.mongodb.org/static/pgp/server-6.0.asc |

sudo apt-key add -

echo "deb [ arch=amd64 ] https://repo.mongodb.org/apt/ubuntu

focal/mongodb-org/6.0 multiverse" | sudo tee
/etc/apt/sources.list.d/mongodb-org-6.0.list

● Install MongoDB:

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install -y mongodb-org

 ● Start MongoDB :

sudo systemctl start mongod

● Verify the installation:

mongo --version

7. JSON :-
● MongoDB stores data in BSON format, a binary-encoded version of
JSON.
● Example JSON document
{

"id": 1,

"name": "Alice",

"hobbies": ["reading", "cycling"]

8. Dynamic Schema :-

● Unlike SQL databases, MongoDB does not require a predefined

schema.
● Documents in the same collection can have different fields
● Example:
{ "name": "Alice", "age": 25 }
{ "name": "Bob", "skills": ["Java", "Python"] }

9. Mongoimport :-

● A tool for importing data into MongoDB.

 ● Usage:

mongoimport --db <database_name> --collection <collection_name>

--file <file_path> --jsonArray

● Example:

mongoimport --db test --collection users --file users.json --jsonArray

10. Cursors Introduction :-

● Cursor: A pointer to the result set of a query.

● Used for retrieving documents in MongoDB.
● Example:
var cursor = db.users.find();
while (cursor.hasNext()) {
printjson(cursor.next());
}

11. Query Language: Basic Concepts :-

● MongoDB queries are expressed as JSON objects.
● Example:-
db.collection.find({ field: value });

● Operators:
○ $eq: Equal
○ $gt: Greater than
○ $lt: Less than
12. Query Language: Projection :-
● Controls which fields are returned in the query result.
● Syntax:-

db.collection.find({ query }, { field1: 1, field2: 1 });

● Example:-

db.users.find({ age: { $gt: 25 } }, { name: 1, age: 1 });

13. Query Language: Advantages of a Dynamic

Schema :-
● No predefined schema allows:
○ Faster prototyping.
○ Easier handling of changes in data structure.
○ Nested data representation.

14. Shell: Queries :-

● MongoDB provides an interactive shell for executing queries.
● Common commands:
○ show dbs: Lists databases.
○ use <database_name>: Switches to the specified database.
○ show collections: Lists collections in the current database.

15. Sorting :-
● MongoDB allows sorting query results using sort().
● Example:-
db.users.find().sort({ age: 1 }); // Ascending order db.users.find().sort({
age: -1 }); // Descending order
16. Query Language: Cursors :-
● Cursors can be manipulated using methods:
○ limit(n): Limits the number of documents returned.
○ skip(n): Skips the first n documents.
○ Example:-
db.users.find().limit(5).skip(10);

Section 2: CRUD and Admin Commands :-

1. Insertion :-
● Insert a Single Document:
db.collection.insertOne({ name: "Alice", age: 25, city: "New York" });
● Insert Multiple Documents:
db.collection.insertMany([

{ name: "Bob", age: 30 },

{ name: "Charlie", age: 28 }

]);

2. Update :-
● Update a Single Document:
db.collection.updateOne( { name: "Alice" }, // Filter

{ $set: { age: 26 } } // Update );

 ● Update Multiple Documents:
db.collection.updateMany(

{ city: "New York" }, // Filter

{ $set: { status: "Active" } } // Update

);

3. save() Command :-
● Saves a document:
○ If the _id field exists, it updates the document.
○ If _id does not exist, it inserts the document.
● Example
db.collection.save({ _id: 1, name: "Alice", age: 27 });

4. Partial Updates & Document Limits :-

● Partial Updates: Update specific fields without overwriting the
entire document

db.collection.updateOne({ name: "Alice" }, { $set: { city: "Boston" }

});
● Document Limits: A MongoDB document can be up to 16 MB in size.

5. Removing Documents:-
● Remove Single Document:-

db.collection.deleteOne({ name: "Alice" });

● Remove Multiple Documents:-

db.collection.deleteMany({ city: "New York" });

6. Multi Update :-
● Update multiple documents in one operation

db.collection.updateMany(

{ status: "Inactive" },

{ $set: { status: "Active" } }

);

7. Upsert :-
● Combines Update and Insert. If no document matches the query, a new document
is created

db.collection.updateOne( { name: "David" }, // Filter

{ $set: { age: 32 } }, // Update

{ upsert: true } // Option

);

8. Wire Protocol :-
● MongoDB's Wire Protocol handles communication between the
MongoDB server and the client.
● It is a low-level binary protocol.
● Enables operations like query execution, updates, and administrative
commands.

9. Bulk() Operations and Methods :-

● Perform multiple write operations in a single batch.
● Bulk API:-
 var bulk = db.collection.initializeOrderedBulkOp();

bulk.insert({ name: "Eve", age: 22 });

bulk.find({ name: "Bob" }).updateOne({ $set: { age: 31 } });

bulk.execute();

● Unordered Bulk Operations (executed in parallel):

var bulk = db.collection.initializeUnorderedBulkOp();

10. Common Commands :-

● Basic Database Commands:
○ show dbs: List all databases.
○ show collections: List all collections in the current database.
○ db.createCollection("collectionName"): Create a new
collection.
● Data Manipulation Commands:
○ db.collection.find(): Retrieve documents.
○ db.collection.insertOne(): Insert a document.

11. runCommand() :-
● Executes a MongoDB command.
● Syntax:
db.runCommand({ commandName: value });
● Example:-

db.runCommand({ collStats: "users" }); // Get stats for the "users" collection

12. isMaster() :-
 ● Checks if the current server is the primary in a replica set.
● Example:-
db.runCommand({ isMaster: 1 });

13. serverStatus() :-
● Provides an overview of the server's current status.
● Includes metrics like memory usage, connections, and operations.
● Example:-

db.runCommand({ serverStatus: 1 });

14. currentOp() & db.killOp() :-

● currentOp(): Displays currently running operations
db.currentOp();
● db.killOp(): Terminates a long-running operation.

db.killOp(opId);

15. stats() & collection.drop() :-

● stats(): Provides statistics for a specific collection

db.collection.stats();

● collection.drop(): Deletes an entire collection and its indexes.

db.collection.drop();

16. Review of Commands :-

● CRUD operations:
○ Insert: insertOne(), insertMany().
○ Read: find(), findOne().
 ○ Update: updateOne(), updateMany(), save().
○ Delete: deleteOne(), deleteMany().
● Administrative commands:
○ serverStatus(): Server metrics.
○ isMaster(): Replica set information.
○ runCommand(): Execute custom commands.
○ stats(): Collection statistics.