Lesson 1: Machine Learning

A subset of artificial intelligence known as machine learning focuses primarily on the creation of algorithms that enable a computer
to independently learn from data and previous experiences.
Arthur Samuel first used the term "machine learning" in 1959.
Machine learning algorithms create a mathematical model that, without being explicitly programmed, aids in making predictions or
decisions with the assistance of sample historical data, or training data. A machine can learn if it can gain more data to improve its
performance.
How does Machine Learning work?
A machine learning system builds prediction models, learns from previous data, and predicts the output of new data whenever it
receives it.
Input pass data - Machine Learning Algorithm - Building Logical Model - Output
3 Types of Classification of Machine Learning:
1. Supervised Learning - sample labeled data are provided to the machine learning system for training, and the system then
predicts the output based on the training data. Supervised learning can be grouped further in two categories of algorithms:
Classification and Regression
2. Unsupervised Learning - a learning method in which a machine learns without any supervision. The training is provided to the
machine with the set of data that has not been labeled, classified, or categorized, and the algorithm needs to act on that data without
any supervision. It can be further classifieds into two categories of algorithms: Clustering and Association
3. Reinforcement Learning - is a feedback-based learning method, in which a learning agent gets a reward for each right action
and gets a penalty for each wrong action.
HISTORY:
1834: Charles Babbage, the father of the computer, conceived a device that could be programmed with punch cards.
1936: Alan Turing gave a theory that how a machine can determine and execute a set of instructions.
1940: the first manually operated computer, "ENIAC" was invented, which was the first electronic general-purpose computer.
1950: Alan Turing published a seminal paper, "Computer Machinery and Intelligence," on the topic of artificial intelligence. In his
paper, he asked, "Can machines think?"
1959: the term "Machine Learning" was first coined by Arthur Samuel.
APPS: Alexa, Google assistant, Siri and Cortana
Application of Machine Learning
1. Image recognition - one of the most common applications of machine learning. It is used to identify objects, persons, places,
digital images, etc.
2. Speech Recognition - a process of converting voice instructions into text, and it is also known as "Speech to text", or "Computer
speech recognition."
3. Traffic prediction - It predicts the traffic conditions such as whether traffic is cleared, slow-moving, or heavily congested.
4. Product recommendations - whenever we search for some product on Amazon, then we started getting an advertisement for
the same product while internet surfing on the same browser and this is because of machine learning.
5. Self-driving cars - Tesla is the most popular car manufacturing company is working on self-driving car. It is using unsupervised
learning method to train the car models to detect people and objects while driving.
6. Email Spam and Malware Filtering - whenever we receive a new email, it is filtered automatically as important, normal, and
spam. We always receive an important mail in our inbox with the important symbol and spam emails in our spam box, and the
technology behind this is Machine learning.
7. Virtual Personal Assistant - These assistant record our voice instructions, send it over the server on a cloud, and decode it using
ML algorithms and act accordingly.
8. Online Fraud Detection - Machine learning is making our online transaction safe and secure by detecting fraud transaction.
Whenever we perform some online transaction, there may be various ways that a fraudulent transaction can take place such as fake
accounts, fake ids, and steal money in the middle of a transaction.
9. Stock Market trading - In the stock market, there is always a risk of up and downs in shares, so for this machine learning's long
short term memory neural network is used for the prediction of stock market trends.
10. Medical Diagnosis - With this, medical technology is growing very fast and able to build 3D models that can predict the exact
position of lesions in the brain.
It helps in finding brain tumors and other brain-related diseases easily.
11. Automatic Language Translation - Learning that translates the text into our familiar language, and it called as automatic
translation. The technology behind the automatic translation is a sequence to sequence learning algorithm, which is used with
image recognition and translates the text from one language to another language.
Machine learning life cycle involves seven major steps:
1. Gathering Data: The goal of this step is to identify and obtain all data-related problems.
2. Data preparation: A step where we put our data into a suitable place and prepare it to use in our machine learning training.
3. Data Wrangling: The process of cleaning and converting raw data into a useable format.
4. Data Analysis: To build a machine learning model to analyze the data using various analytical techniques and review the
outcome.
5. Train Model - We train our model to improve its performance for better outcome of the problem.
We use datasets to train the model using various machine learning algorithms.
6. Test Model - Once our machine learning model has been trained on a given dataset, then we test the model. In this step, we
check for the accuracy of our model by providing a test dataset to it.
7. Deployment - The last step of machine learning life cycle is deployment, where we deploy the model in the real-world system. If
the above-prepared model is producing an accurate result as per our requirement with acceptable speed, then we deploy the model
in the real system.

Lesson 2: Natural Language Processing

NLP stands for Natural Language Processing, which is a part of Computer Science, Human language, and Artificial
Intelligence.
Natural Language Processing is a technology that is used by machines to understand, analyse, manipulate, and interpret human's
languages. It helps developers to organize knowledge for performing tasks such as translation, automatic summarization, Named
Entity Recognition (NER), speech recognition, relationship extraction, and topic segmentation.
HISTORY:
1940: The NLP started in this year.
1948: The first recognisable NLP application was introduced in Birkbeck College, London.
1960-1980, the key developments were:
- Augmented Transition Networks (ATN) is a finite state machine that is capable of recognizing regular languages.
- Case Grammar was developed by Linguist Charles J. Fillmore in the year 1968.
SHRDLU is a program written by Terry Winograd in 1968-70. It helps users to communicate with the computer and moving
objects.
LUNAR is the classic example of a Natural Language database interface system that is used ATNs and Woods' Procedural Semantics.
It was capable of translating elaborate natural language expressions into database queries and handle 78% of requests without
errors.
2 Components of NLP
1. Natural Language Understanding - It helps the machine to understand and analyze human language by extracting the
metadata from content such as concepts, entities, keywords, emotion, relations, and semantic roles.
2. Natural Language Generation - It acts as a translator that converts the computerized data into natural language
representation. It mainly involves Text planning, Sentence planning, and Text Realization.
NLU - the process of reading and interpreting language.
NLG - the process of writing or generating language.
Application of NLP:
1. Question Answering - focuses on building systems that automatically answer the questions asked by humans in a natural
language.
2. Spam Detection - is used to detect unwanted e-mails getting to a user's inbox.
3. Sentiment Analysis - also known as opinion mining. It is used on the web to analyse the attitude, behaviour, and emotional state
of the sender. (positive, negative, or natural), (happy, sad, angry, etc.)
4. Machine Translation - is used to translate text or speech from one natural language to another natural language.
5. Spelling correction - Microsoft Corporation provides word processor software like MS-word, PowerPoint for the spelling
correction.
6. Speech recognition - is used for converting spoken words into text. It is used in applications, such as mobile, home automation,
video recovery, dictating to Microsoft Word, voice biometrics, voice user interface, and so on.
7. Chatbot - is used by many companies to provide the customer's chat services.
8. Information extraction - is one of the most important applications of NLP. It is used for extracting structured information from
unstructured or semi-structured machine-readable documents.
9. Natural Language Understanding (NLU) - It converts a large set of text into more formal representations such as first-order
logic structures.
Steps on how to build a NLP pipeline:
Step 1: Sentence Segmentation - the first step for building the NLP pipeline. It breaks the paragraph into separate sentences.
Step 2: Word Tokenization - is used to break the sentence into separate words or tokens.
Step 3: Stemming - is used to normalize words into its base form or root form.
Step 4: Lemmatization - Lemmatization is quite similar to the Stamming. It is used to group different inflected forms of the word,
called Lemma.
Step 5: Identifying Stop Words - In English, there are a lot of words that appear very frequently like "is", "and", "the", and "a".
NLP pipelines will flag these words as stop words. Stop words might be filtered out before doing any statistical analysis.
Step 6: Dependency Parsing - is used to find that how all the words in the sentence are related to each other.
Step 7: POS tags - POS stands for parts of speech, which includes Noun, verb, adverb, and Adjective.
Step 8: Named Entity Recognition (NER) - is the process of detecting the named entity such as person name, movie name,
organization name, or location..
Step 9: Chunking - is used to collect the individual piece of information and grouping them into bigger pieces of sentences.
Phases of NLP
1. Lexical Analysis and Morphological - this phase scans the source code as a stream of characters and converts it into
meaningful lexemes. It divides the whole text into paragraphs, sentences, and words.
2. Syntactic Analysis (Parsing) - is used to check grammar, word arrangements, and shows the relationship among the words.
3. Semantic Analysis - is concerned with the meaning representation. It mainly focuses on the literal meaning of words, phrases,
and sentences.
4. Discourse Integration - depends upon the sentences that proceeds it and also invokes the meaning of the sentences that follow
it.
5. Pragmatic Analysis - it helps you to discover the intended effect by applying a set of rules that characterize cooperative
dialogues.
Natural Language - has a very large vocabulary. It is easily understood by humans. It is ambiguous in nature.
Computer language - has a very limited vocabulary. It is a easily understood by the machines. It is unambiguous.

Lesson 3: Computer Vision on AI

Computer vision means the extraction of information from images, text, videos, etc.
Input - sensing device - machine - output
Image processing - studies image to image transformation. The input and output of image processing are both images.
Computer vision - is the construction of explicit, meaningful descriptions of physical objects from their image.
HISTORY:
1959: The first experiment with computer vision was initiated in 1959, where they showed a cat as an array of images.
1960: Artificial intelligence was added as a field of academic study to solve human vision problems.
1963: This was another great achievement for scientists when they developed computers that could transform 2D images into 3-D
images.
2000: In this year, scientists worked on a study of object recognition.
2001: The first real-time face recognition application was developed.
Task Associated with Computer Vision
a. Object classification: is a computer vision technique/task used to classify an image, such as whether an image contains a dog, a
person's face, or a banana.
b. Object Identification/detection: uses image classification to identify and locate the objects in an image or video.
c. Object Verification: the system processes videos, finds the objects based on search criteria, and tracks their movement.
d. Object Landmark Detection: the system defines the key points for the given object in the image data.
e. Image Segmentation: not only detects the classes in an image as image classification; instead, it classifies each pixel of an
image to specify what objects it has. It tries to determine the role of each pixel in the image.
f. Object Recognition: the system recognizes the object's location with respect to the image.
Applications of Computer Vision
1. Facial recognition: Computer vision has enabled machines to detect face images of people to verify their identity. Initially, the
machines are given input data images in which computer vision algorithms detect facial features and compare them with databases
of fake profiles.
2. Healthcare and Medicine: Traditional approaches for evaluating cancerous tumors are time-consuming and have less accurate
predictions, whereas computer vision technology provides faster and more accurate chemotherapy response assessments; doctors
can identify cancer patients who need faster surgery with life-saving precision.
3. Self-driving vehicles: Computer vision technology has also contributed to this to make sense of their surroundings by capturing
video from different angles around the car and then introducing it into the software.
4. Optical character recognition (OCR): It helps us extract printed or handwritten text from visual data such as images. Further, it
also enables us to extract text from documents like invoices, bills, articles, etc.
5. Machine inspection: Computer vision is vital in providing an image-based automatic inspection. It detects a machine's defects,
features, and functional flaws, determines inspection.
6. Retail: Computer vision is also being implemented in the retail industries to track products, shelves, wages, record product
movements into the store, etc.
7. 3D model building: A technique to generate a 3D digital representation of any object or surface using the software. In this field
also, computer vision plays its role in constructing 3D computer models from existing objects.
8. Medical imaging: Computer vision helps medical professionals make better decisions regarding treating patients by developing
visualization of specific body parts such as organs and tissues.
9. Automotive safety: Computer vision has added an important safety feature in automotive industries.
10. Surveillance: It is one of computer vision technology's most important and beneficial use cases.
11. Fingerprint recognition and biometrics: Computer vision technology detects fingerprints and biometrics to validate a user's
identity.

Lesson 4: Robotics
Robotics is a branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI), it is mainly composed of electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and
computer science engineering for construction, designing and application of robots.
Robots are multifunctional, re-programmable, automatic industrial machine designed for replacing human in hazardous work.
The word "Robotics", was coined accidentally by the Russian-born, American scientist, Issac Asimov in 1940s .
Laws of Robotics:
- Zeroth Law - is not allowed to injured humanity, or, through inaction it allows humanity to come to harm.
- First Law - can not injure a human being, or, through inaction it allows a human being to come to harm.
- Second Law - should follow the orders given it by human
- Third Law - allowed to protect its own existence
Components of Robots
1. Power Supply - the working power to the robot is provided by batteries.
2. Actuators - the energy conversion device used inside a robot.
3. Electric motors (DC/AC)- are electromechanical component used for converting electrical energy into its equivalent mechanical
energy.
4. Sensors - provide real time information on the task environment.
5. Controller - a part of robot that coordinates all motion of the mechanical system
Robot Locomotion is the mechanism that makes a robot capable of moving in its environment.
Type of Robot Locomotion:
1. Wheeled Locomotion - It requires less number of motors for accomplishing a movement. It is little easy to implement as there
are lesser stability issues in case of more number of wheels.
2. Legged Locomotion - It requires more number of motors for accomplish a movement. It is suited for rough as well as smooth
terrain where irregular or too smooth surface makes it consume more operational power.
3. Slip/Skid Locomotion - The vehicles use tracks as available in a tank. The robot is steered by moving tracks with different
speeds in the same or opposite direction.
Types of Robots
1. Mobile robots - are able to move from one location to another location using locomotion. It is an automatic machine that is
capable of navigating an uncontrolled environment. Mobile Robots are of two types:
(a) Rolling robots - require wheels to move around. They can easily and quickly search. But they are only useful in flat areas.
(b) Walking robots - Robots with legs are usually used in condition where the terrain is rocky.
2. Industrial robots - perform same tasks repeatedly without ever moving.
3. Autonomous robots - are self-supported.
4. Remote controlled robots - used for performing complicated and undetermined tasks.
Types of Robot Sensors:
1. Light sensor - is a transducer used for detecting light and creates a voltage.
2. Proximity sensor - can detect the presence of nearby object without any physical contact.
3. Sound sensors - a microphone used to detect sound and return a voltage equivalent to the sound level.
4. Temperature sensors - used for sensing the change in temperature of the surrounding.
5. Acceleration sensor - used for measuring acceleration and tilt.