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Random Sampling 2025

The document outlines the concept of random sampling in statistics, detailing various sampling techniques such as simple random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. It explains the relationship between population and sample, provides formulas for calculating sample size, and includes procedures for each sampling method. The document also includes examples and illustrations to clarify the application of these techniques.

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Markus Ty
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28 views27 pages

Random Sampling 2025

The document outlines the concept of random sampling in statistics, detailing various sampling techniques such as simple random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. It explains the relationship between population and sample, provides formulas for calculating sample size, and includes procedures for each sampling method. The document also includes examples and illustrations to clarify the application of these techniques.

Uploaded by

Markus Ty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
RANDOM
SAMPLING
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the learner shall be
able to:

1. illustrate random sampling;


2. distinguish between parameter and
statistic; and
3. Identify sampling distribution of sample
means.
Relationship between population and sample
Sampling Techniques
Probability Sampling (Random Sampling)
The sampling method in which all the members of the
population has a pre-specified and an equal chance to
be a part of the sample.

Non-probability Sampling (Non-random Sampling)


When all the individuals of the population are not
given an equal opportunity of becoming a part of the
sample, the method is said to be Non-probability
sampling.
Formula in finding the sample size 𝒏
Slovin’s Formula
𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2

where
𝑛 = sample size
𝑁 = population size
𝑒 = margin of error
Types of Probability Sampling

1. Simple Random Sampling


A sampling technique in which every element of
the population has the same probability of being
selected for inclusion in the sample.
Types of Probability Sampling
2. Systematic Random Sampling
A sampling technique in which a list of elements of
the population is used as a sampling frame and
every k th element of the population is selected
until the desired number of elements in the sample
is obtained.
Procedure: Systematic Random Sampling

Step 1: Divide the population size by the sample


size and round the result down to the
nearest whole number, 𝑚.

Step 2: Use a random-number table or a similar


device to obtain a number, 𝑘, between 1
and 𝑚.

Step 3: Select for the sample those members of the


population that are numbered
𝑘, 𝑘 + 𝑚, 𝑘 + 2𝑚, …
3. Stratified Random Sampling
A random sampling technique in which the
population is first divided into groups (strata)
and then samples are randomly selected
separately from each stratum.
Procedure: Stratified Random Sampling

Step 1: Divide the population into subpopulations


(strata).

Step 2: From each stratum, obtain a simple random


sample of size proportional to the size of the
stratum; that is, the sample size for a stratum
equals the total sample size times the stratum
size divided by the population size.

Step 3: Use all the members obtained in Step 2 as the


sample.
3. Stratified Random Sampling
A random sampling technique in which the
population is first divided into groups (strata)
and then samples are randomly selected
separately from each stratum.
Example
You want to interview students in your school from
the 5 sections of Grade 11 STEM to determine their
opinion on the Online Learning Modality. How are
you going to choose your sample by using stratified
sampling if there are 44 students in Fibonacci; 43
students in Heisenberg, 43 in Leeuwenhoek; 46 in
Newton; and 49 in Pythagoras.
4. Cluster Sampling
A sampling technique in which population is
divided into groups called clusters by some means
such as geographic area or schools in a large
school district, etc. Then the researcher randomly
selects some of these clusters and uses all members
of the selected clusters as the subjects of the
samples.
Procedure: Cluster Sampling

Step 1: Divide the population into groups (clusters).

Step 2: Obtain a simple random sample of the


clusters.

Step 3: Use all the members of the clusters


obtained in Step 2 as the sample.
Summary of Random Sampling
Simple Random Subjects are selected by random numbers.
Systematic Subjects are selected by using every 𝑘 th
number after the first subject is randomly
selected from 1 through 𝑘.

Stratified Subjects are selected by dividing up the


population into groups (strata), and subjects
are randomly selected within groups.

Cluster Subjects are selected by using an intact group


that is representative of the population.
Illustration 1
A. Classify each sample as simple random, systematic,
stratified, or cluster.

1. In a large school district, all teachers from two buildings


are interviewed to determine whether they believe the
students have less homework to do now than in
previous years.

2. Every seventh customer entering a shopping mall is


asked to select her or his favorite store.
3. Nursing supervisors are selected using random
numbers to determine annual salaries.

4. Every 100th hamburger manufactured is checked to


determine its fat content.

5. Mail carriers of a large city are divided into four groups


according to gender (male or female) and according
to whether they walk or ride on their routes. Then 10
are selected from each group and interviewed to
determine whether they have been bitten by a dog in
the last year.
Illustration 2

You want to interview students in your school to


determine their opinion on the new school uniform.
How are you going to choose your sample by using
stratified sampling if there are 1,200 students in
Grade 7; 1,100 in Grade 8; 940 in Grade 9; 940 in
Grade 10; 900 in Grade 11; and 810 in Grade 12.
Illustration 1
A. Classify each sample as simple random, systematic,
stratified, or cluster.

1. In a large school district, all teachers from two buildings


are interviewed to determine whether they believe the
students have less homework to do now than in
previous years.
CLUSTER
2. Every seventh customer entering a shopping mall is
asked to select her or his favorite store.
SYSTEMATIC
3. Nursing supervisors are selected using random
numbers to determine annual salaries.
SIMPLE
4. Every 100th hamburger manufactured is checked to
determine its fat content.
SYSTEMATIC
5. Mail carriers of a large city are divided into four groups
according to gender (male or female) and according
to whether they walk or ride on their routes. Then 10
are selected from each group and interviewed to
determine whether they have been bitten by a dog in
the last year.
CLUSTER
GRADE LEVEL POPULATION SAMPLE
G7 1200 73
G8 1100 67
G9 940 58
G10 940 58
G11 900 55
G12 810 50
TOTAL 5890 361

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