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Chapter Five:
Slab Design
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5.1 INTRODUCTION
 A slab is structural element whose thickness is small compared to its own length and
width.
 Slabs are usually used in floor and roof construction.
 There are many types of slab. from these the followings are common.
1. Solid slab
2. Ribbed slab
3. Flat slab
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Types of Slab

Ribbed slab
Solid slab
1. One way&
1. One way & Flat slab
2. Two way (Waffle slab)
2. Two way
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 According to the way loads are transferred to supporting beams
and columns, Solid slabs are classified into two types .These are:
1. One way solid slab and
2. Two way solid slab.
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One way solid slab

• Either supported on two opposite sides out of
Two way solid slab
four sides or the ratio of longer span to shorter • The ratio of longer span to shorter span is
span greater than to 2. less than or equal to 2.
• The bending is assumed typically in short
direction.
• The bending is assumed both in short and
longer direction .
• Main reinforcements are provided parallel to
short direction. • Main reinforcements are provided parallel
• Secondary reinforcements are provided paralleled to both shorter and longer direction.
to long direction.
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1.5m
1.5m

3m

4m
3m

3m
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Types of Ribbed slab

1. One way 2. Two way

- Ribs runs only in one direction - Ribs runs on two orthogonal
direction and are called waffle slab .
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1. strength of concrete used for slab.
 It depends on the exposure classes like that of beam.
 Most of the time minimum grade of concrete used for slab is
C20/25.
2. Concrete cover for slab
 It is determined like that of beam.
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3. Depth Determination for solid slab :
A. Serviceability requirement (Refer ES EN 1992 Section 7)
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 The same like that of beam. But in solid slab ρ= 0.5%=0.005.

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 For Fyk=500Mpa and C30/37 concrete, l/d values are as follows :

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d-effective depth and (l-shorter span length in case of solid slab

L-is longer span in case of flat slab)
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 L is shorter span length (Lx) in solid slabs.
B. For Fire Design Requirement.
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4. Minimum and Maximum area of reinforcement For solid slab
4.1 For main reinforcements

 The same as like that of beam. The only difference is bt=width of beam considered
during design of beam, bt=1000 mm in Solid slabs.
 As max =0.04 Ac
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4.2 For Secondary Reinforcements
 Secondary transverse reinforcement of not less than 20% of the
principal reinforcement should be provided in one way solid slabs.
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 Longer span length (Ly) of the solid slab is AA’ or BB’.
 Shorter span length (Lx) of the solid slab is AB or A’B’.
 If Ly/Lx >2 , it is one way solid slab. But if Ly/Lx <=2 , it is two
way solid slab.
 If the slab is one way solid slab main reinforcement were
provided parallel to short direction and secondary reinforcements
were provided parallel to longer direction .
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 If the slab is two way solid slab main reinforcement were
provided parallel both in shorter and longer direction at tension
region.
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Spacing of bars
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Loads Assigned to Slabs
1. Own weight of the slab(Self weight)
 The weight of the slab per unit area is estimated by
multiplying the thickness of the slab h by the density of the
reinforced concrete(γc).
2. Weight of slab covering materials (Finishing loads):
 Calculated by multiplying Unit weight of finishing material by
thickness of finishing material (If the finishing material is
common and provided throughout of panel area) .
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 Sometimes more than one finishing materials are provided in
single panel. In this case Load due to finishing material is
calculated by using the following formula
𝑡𝑓1𝐴1γf1+𝑡𝑓2𝐴2γf2 tfi∗Ai∗γf𝑖
Finishing Load= =
𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
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3. Partition( Wall loads)
If the partition exists on the panel but not on beams, the partition
load is considered as distributed areal load. But if the partition
exists on the beam, the partition on load is considered as it is on the
beam.

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 Calculated by using the following formula.

Wall volume=tw*hw*LW
4. Live load
 It depends on the purpose for which the floor is constructed.
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Table
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 Analysis of One-Way Slab
One-way simply supported slab
• Analysis and design of the slab similar to design of simply supported
beam as indicate in the previous chapter. For 1m slab width,

• Moment, w L2 Shear Force,  wL

M m ax
 V
max
8 2
One-way Continuous slab
• For continuous slab, moment and shear force can be obtained from Table 3.12: BS 8110 if
the following conditions applied.

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

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 Design of One-Way Slab
Requirements for using coefficient method
• The ratio of characteristic imposed load to characteristic dead load does not exceed 1.25.
• The characteristic imposed load does not exceed 5 kN/m2
excluding partitions.
• Equal spans or not more than 15% difference.
• Three or more spans
• Are of each bay exceeds 30 sqm

• If the above conditions are not satisfied, the slab can be analyzed using
elastic analysis as performed for continuous beams.
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 Design of Flexural
Reinforcement
 The calculations for flexural reinforcement Follow a similar procedure to that use
in beam design.

1) Calculate

2) If K ≤ Kbal (= 0.167), compression is not reinforcement

required, and

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General procedures for one way solid slab design
Step-1 Determination of minimum depth for Serviceability and fire design.
Step-2 Determination of Design load by taking 1m strip width.
Step-3 Analysis (Determination of Action effects i.e Design moment and
Design shear)
Step -4 Determine Design constants.
Step-5 Check depth a adequacy
a) For Flexure
b) For Shear
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Step-6 Reinforcement Design.
 Determination of As main and As secondary.
 Determination of spacing of main and secondary
reinforcements.
6.1 Check minimum provision
6.1.1 Minimum area of reinforcement area (Asmin ) both for main
and secondary reinforcements.
6.1.1.1 For main reinforcements
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6.1.1.2 For Secondary reinforcements.
 Asmin =0.2 AS main reinforcement
6.1.2 Check maximum spacing of reinforcements
6.1.2.1 For main Reinforcements

6.1.2.2 For secondary reinforcement

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Step -7 Determine Anchorage length
7.1 Basic Anchorage length (lb)
7.2 Design Anchorage length(lbd)
Step -8 Reinforcement Layout (Detailing)
8.1 Overlapping length (lo) if any.
8.2 Number of bars.
 n=(Ln/s)+1,Ln is width of considered strip
8.3 Length of each bar.
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Reinforcement in slabs near supports
 Where partial fixity occurs along an edge of a slab, but is not taken
into account in the analysis, the top reinforcement should be capable
of resisting at least 25% of the maximum moment in the adjacent
span. This reinforcement should extend at least 0,2 times the length
of the adjacent span, measured from the face of the support. It
should be continuous across internal supports and anchored at end
supports. At an end support the moment to be resisted
may be reduced to 15% of the maximum moment in the adjacent
span.
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Design of one way ribbed slab
Introduction
 Hollow block floors are formed typically using blocks made of
concrete with light weight aggregate.
 The void in blocks reduces the total weight of the slab significantly.
 The main advantages of using hollow blocks is the reduction in
weight by removing the part of the concrete bellow the neutral axis.
 Hollow block floors proved economical for spans of more than 5m
with light or moderate live loads, such as hospitals, office or residential
buildings.
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Requirements
 The c/c rib spacing doesn’t exceed 1500mm.
 The depth of the rib bellow the flange doesn’t exceed 4
times it’s width.
 The depth of the flange is at least 1/10 of the clear
distance between ribs or 50 mm.
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Procedures
1. Shear force and moments for continuous rib slabs can be obtained
by elastic analysis by considering live load variation.
2. The mid span section is designed as a T- beam with flange width
equal to the distance between ribs. The support section is
designed as a rectangular beam.
3. The shear verification is carried out for the critical section of the rib
with the same procedure as in a rectangular beam section.
4. As topping >= Atopping
Smax <= 0.5 *c/c distance b/n ribs
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Load transfer mechanisms in ribbed slab system
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Two way slab system
Introduction
 Depending on the load transfer mechanism slabs can be classified as
one way and two way slab systems, as discussed in the previous lesson.
 The analysis and design of one way slabs, especially for beam
supported and one way ribbed slab system, was discussed in the previous
lesson.
 Analysis and design of two way slab system is a lot more complex as
load transfer is in two orthogonal directions and computing the design
actions is not straight forward as in one way slab.
 For rectangular slabs with standard edge conditions and subjected to
uniformly distributed load, normally the bending moments are obtained
using tabulated coefficients are provided later in this section
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 In many cases rectangular slabs are of such proportions
and are supported in such away that two way actions
results. when loaded, such a slab bend in two a dished
surface rather than a cylindrical one.
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Analysis of rectangular panels with restrained edge
 Panels must had restrained edge in order to prevent
lifting.
in order to prevent lifting reinforcement continuity must be
present between the slab and the supporting element.
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 The above rectangular slab is simply supported or
unrestrained edge slab b/c it is simply rest on supporting
wall without reinforcement continuity b/n wall and slab.
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Approximate methods of analysis of two way edge restrained solid slab
1. Coefficient method
2. Yield line method and
3. Strip method.
A. Analysis by using coefficient method
Requirements for using coefficient method
1. The ratio of characteristic live load (Qk) to characteristic dead load (Gk) should
be less than 1.25 or (Qk/Gk)<=1.25.
2. The characteristic live load (Qk) should be less than or equal to 5KN/m^2 or
Qk<=5KN/m^2.
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3. The load should be uniformly distributed.
4. The slab should be rectangular.
5. The slab hadn't large opening.
6. The slab should be Supported by beam in all edges.
Determination of support and field moment
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 Mi=αi*Pd*Lx^2 i.e.
Mxf= αxf*Pd*Lx^2.
Mxs= αxs*Pd*Lx^2
Myf= αyf *Pd*Lx^2
Mys= αys *Pd*Lx^2
Where as
 f stands for field or span and s stands for support.
 αxf and αyf stands for coefficient of field or span moment along x and y
direction respectively.
 αxs and αys stands for coefficient of support moment along x and y
direction respectively.
 Pd stands for factored design load in one meter strip width of slab
 Lx stands for shorter span length of the slab.
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The Values of αxf and αxs, were depend on Ly/Lx and
supporting condition or continuity of the panel but the values
of αyf and αys were depend on only supporting conditions. .
 Values of αxf, αyf, αxs and αys were obtained from the
following table.
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Restrained slab with unequal conditions at adjacent
panel
 In some cases, the bending moments at a common
support, obtained by considering the two adjacent panels in
isolation, may differ significantly because of the differing
edge condition at the far supports or differing span lengths
or loading.
 Consider panel 1 and 2 in figure bellow.
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Moment Adjustment
Support moment
 Distributing of the moment by considering the stiffness of the two adjacent
panels.
Span moment
 when the support moment decrease ,the span moments Mxf and Myf are
then increased to allow for the changes of support moments. This increase is
calculated as being equal to the change of the support moment multiplied by
the factors given in table A-2.If a support moment is increased ,no adjustment
shall be made to the span moments.
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Minimum area of reinforcements( Asmin)

Maximum spacing
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General procedures for two one way solid slab design
Step-1 Determination of minimum depth for Serviceability and fire design.
Step-2 Determination of Design load by taking 1m strip width.
Step-3 Analysis (Determination of field and support moment and shear transferred in
to supporting beams ) by using coefficient method.
Step-4 Adjusting support and field( span moments)
Step -5 Determine Design constants.
Step-6 Check depth a adequacy
a) For Flexure
b) For Shear
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Step-7 Reinforcement Design.
 Determination of AS both in x and y direction.
 Determination of spacing reinforcements.
7.1 Check minimum provision
7.1.1 Minimum area of reinforcement (Asmin )
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7.1.2 Check maximum spacing of reinforcements

Step -8 Determine Anchorage length

8.1 Basic Anchorage length (lb)
8.2 Design Anchorage length(lbd)
Step -9 Reinforcement Layout (Detailing)
9.1 Overlapping length (lo) if any.
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9.2 Number of bars.
 n=(Ln/s)+1
9.3 Length of each bar.
E.g. A monolithic reinforced concrete floor is composed of
rectangular panels whose dimensions are shown bellow. The
floor shall carry a service love load of 5KN/m^2 . Determine the
design bending moment of all panels and design the panels
when the materials used are C25/30 concrete and S-300 steel.
Determine also the load transferred to each beams from the
slabs. Assume beam width (bw=250mm).
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Panel
s Msd fcd fyd d μsd ω AS Scal Spro
24.8 14.2 261 139 0.09 0.1 724 156 150
s-1 18.42 14.2 261 139 0.07 0.07 528 214 210
17.18 14.2 261 127 0.08 0.08 545 208 200
14.03 14.2 261 127 0.06 0.06 434 260 260
11.63 14.2 261 139 0.04 0.04 324 349 340
s-2 10.72 14.2 261 127 0.05 0.05 331 342 340
8.21 14.2 261 127 0.04 0.04 255 443 400
286 395 390
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