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Answers Ue 2024

The document outlines the differences between microcontrollers and microprocessors, emphasizing their specific applications and functionalities. It discusses interrupt handling, device drivers, concurrency, and the role of RTOS in embedded systems, along with unique characteristics and power consumption reduction strategies. Additionally, it presents designs for a real-time burglar alarm system, smart home embedded systems, fire alarm systems, and drone mapping applications, detailing hardware requirements, communication protocols, and embedded programming examples.

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Francis Lubango
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13 views5 pages

Answers Ue 2024

The document outlines the differences between microcontrollers and microprocessors, emphasizing their specific applications and functionalities. It discusses interrupt handling, device drivers, concurrency, and the role of RTOS in embedded systems, along with unique characteristics and power consumption reduction strategies. Additionally, it presents designs for a real-time burglar alarm system, smart home embedded systems, fire alarm systems, and drone mapping applications, detailing hardware requirements, communication protocols, and embedded programming examples.

Uploaded by

Francis Lubango
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANSWERS UE 2023/24

Difference between a microcontroller and a microprocessor:


A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit with a processor, memory, and I/O peripherals
in a single chip, used for specific tasks like controlling devices.
A microprocessor is the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, requiring external memory
and peripherals for operation.
Similarity: Both execute instructions and process data in digital systems.
Interrupt handling in embedded systems:
The processor identifies an interrupt request (IRQ) from peripherals.
It saves the current execution state.
It uses an interrupt priority mechanism to determine which to handle first.
It executes the corresponding interrupt service routine (ISR).
After handling, it restores the previous execution state.

Microcontroller interface with motor and potentiometer (with sketch):


A microcontroller can control a DC motor using a motor driver (H-bridge circuit) and receive input
from a potentiometer to vary speed.
The potentiometer acts as a voltage divider, providing an analog signal to the ADC pin of the
microcontroller.
The microcontroller reads the analog input, processes it, and adjusts the motor speed via PWM
output.
Device driver in an embedded system:
A device driver is software that enables the OS to communicate with hardware components.
It interacts with the hardware via registers, memory-mapped I/O, or system calls.
It ensures smooth operation and compatibility between software and embedded hardware.

Concurrency in embedded systems:


Concurrency allows multiple tasks to execute simultaneously or in an interleaved manner.
It improves efficiency and real-time performance.
Methods: Multithreading, interrupt-driven execution, task scheduling (RTOS).
Role of RTOS in embedded systems:
RTOS ensures timing constraints are met.
Features:
Task scheduling (preemptive, cooperative)
Inter-task communication (message queues, semaphores)
Resource management (mutex, priority inversion handling)

Memory mapping and processor access to peripherals:


Memory-mapped I/O assigns hardware registers an addressable memory location.
The processor can read/write to peripherals like memory operations.

Testing techniques in embedded system development:


Unit testing – Testing individual modules.
Integration testing – Testing combined modules.
System testing – Validating the entire system.
Stress testing – Checking performance under extreme conditions.

Unique characteristics of embedded systems:


Dedicated function with real-time operation.
Resource-constrained (limited memory, processing power).
Low power consumption.
Highly reliable and robust.

Ways to reduce power consumption in embedded systems:


Low-power processors and energy-efficient components.
Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS).
Sleep modes and power gating.
Optimized software algorithms.
Qn2: Real-time Burglar Alarm System

(a) Suggested sensors and actuators:

 Sensors: PIR (Passive Infrared) motion sensors, door/window magnetic contact sensors,
glass break sensors.
 Actuators: Alarm siren, LED lights, GSM module (for calling police).

(b) Design algorithms for stimulus processing and response generation:

1. Continuously monitor input from sensors.


2. If a sensor detects motion or break-in, trigger the following:
o Turn on lights around the affected area.
o Activate the alarm siren.
o Send an alert to the police via a GSM module.
3. Reset the system after a defined period or manual intervention.

(c) Embedded program to run the system (Pseudocode in C-like syntax):

c
CopyEdit
void setup() {
pinMode(SENSOR_PIN, INPUT);
pinMode(ALARM_PIN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LIGHTS_PIN, OUTPUT);
GSM.begin();
}

void loop() {
if (digitalRead(SENSOR_PIN) == HIGH) {
digitalWrite(LIGHTS_PIN, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ALARM_PIN, HIGH);
GSM.sendSMS("Intruder detected! Call Police.");
delay(60000); // Wait 1 minute before rechecking
} else {
digitalWrite(LIGHTS_PIN, LOW);
digitalWrite(ALARM_PIN, LOW);
}
}

Qn3: Embedded System for Smart Home

(d) Communication protocols and technologies:

 Frequencies: 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Bluetooth), Sub-GHz (LoRa).


 Technologies: Wi-Fi (ESP8266/ESP32), Zigbee (Xbee), LoRa (for long-range).

(e) Data size and data rate considerations:


 Small data packets: Sensor data (~ few KB).
 Data rate: Low (~ 250 Kbps for Zigbee, up to 54 Mbps for Wi-Fi).

(f) Protocols and standards for seamless communication:

 Protocols: MQTT (lightweight IoT messaging), HTTP/HTTPS (for web-based control),


WebSockets.
 Standards: IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi).

(g) Encryption and authentication methods for security:

 Encryption: AES-128/256, TLS/SSL for data transmission.


 Authentication: Token-based authentication, two-factor authentication.

(h) Securing transmitted data and preventing unauthorized access:

 Data security: Hashing (SHA-256), end-to-end encryption.


 Access control: Role-based access control (RBAC), secure device pairing.

Fire Alarm System for High-Rise Office

(a) Hardware and software requirements:

 Hardware: Smoke detectors, flame sensors, temperature sensors, microcontroller


(ESP32/Arduino), fire suppression relay.
 Software: Real-time monitoring algorithm, notification system.

(b) Block diagram:


(Should include sensors, microcontroller, alert system, suppression system, and power supply.)

(c) Automatic activation of fire suppression system:

1. Monitor sensor data continuously.


2. If smoke or high temperature is detected:
o Alert building occupants via alarms and notifications.
o Trigger fire suppression system.
3. Allow manual override if needed.

(d) Embedded program (Pseudocode in C-like syntax):

c
CopyEdit
void setup() {
pinMode(SMOKE_SENSOR, INPUT);
pinMode(FIRE_ALARM, OUTPUT);
pinMode(SUPPRESSION_SYSTEM, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
if (analogRead(SMOKE_SENSOR) > THRESHOLD) {
digitalWrite(FIRE_ALARM, HIGH);
digitalWrite(SUPPRESSION_SYSTEM, HIGH);
sendAlert("Fire detected! Evacuate immediately.");
} else {
digitalWrite(FIRE_ALARM, LOW);
digitalWrite(SUPPRESSION_SYSTEM, LOW);
}
}

Embedded System for Drone Mapping and Surveying

(i) Hardware platform choice:

 Raspberry Pi 4 / NVIDIA Jetson Nano (for high processing power).


 ESP32 / STM32 (for low-power applications).

(j) Configuring and customizing the OS:

 Use Linux-based OS (Raspberry Pi OS/Ubuntu) with optimized drivers.


 Implement real-time processing using ROS (Robot Operating System).

(k) Enabling communication with remote server:

 Use LoRa (for long-range, low power).


 Use 4G LTE / Wi-Fi for high-speed data transmission.
 Implement MQTT/HTTP protocols for data transfer.

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