Unit VI1

Applications of ANN

Recognition of Olympic games symbols

Pattern classification is a subfield of machine learning that focuses on identifying

patterns in data and classifying new examples based on those patterns. One
application of pattern classification is the recognition of symbols, such as the
symbols used for the Olympic games.

To recognize Olympic games symbols, we can use a convolutional neural

network (CNN) architecture. The CNN takes as input an image of the symbol and
outputs a probability distribution over the possible classes (i.e., the different
Olympic games symbols).

The CNN architecture consists of several convolutional layers, followed by a

pooling layer, and several fully connected layers. The convolutional layers extract
features from the input image by applying a set of learned filters to the image.
The pooling layer reduces the size of the feature maps by taking the maximum or
average value in each subregion of the feature maps.

The output of the final pooling layer is flattened and passed through several fully
connected layers, which map the features to the output classes. The final layer
uses a softmax activation function to produce the probability distribution over the
classes.

To train the CNN, we need a labeled dataset of images of the Olympic games
symbols. We can use data augmentation techniques, such as random rotations
and translations, to increase the size of the dataset and improve the
generalization performance of the model.

Once the CNN is trained, we can use it to classify new images of Olympic games
symbols. We can evaluate the performance of the model using metrics such as
accuracy, precision, and recall.

1
Prof. P. B. Koli,Assistant Professor,SNJB COE,Chandwad
Recognition of printed characters is a common application of pattern recognition
and computer vision. This task involves recognizing the characters in a scanned
or photographed image of a document, such as a book or a printed page, and
converting them into machine-readable text.

To recognize printed characters, we can use a combination of image processing

techniques and machine learning algorithms. One popular approach is to use a
convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture, similar to the one used for
recognizing Olympic games symbols.

The CNN architecture for character recognition consists of several convolutional

layers, followed by a pooling layer, and several fully connected layers. The
convolutional layers extract features from the input image by applying a set of
learned filters to the image. The pooling layer reduces the size of the feature
maps by taking the maximum or average value in each subregion of the feature
maps.

The output of the final pooling layer is flattened and passed through several fully
connected layers, which map the features to the output classes (i.e., the possible
characters). The final layer uses a softmax activation function to produce the
probability distribution over the classes.

To train the CNN, we need a labeled dataset of images of printed characters. We

can use data augmentation techniques, such as random rotations and
translations, to increase the size of the dataset and improve the generalization
performance of the model.

Once the CNN is trained, we can use it to classify new images of printed
characters. We can evaluate the performance of the model using metrics such as
accuracy, precision, and recall.

Other techniques that can be used in combination with CNNs for character
recognition include optical character recognition (OCR) algorithms and feature
extraction techniques such as histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) and
scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT).
Neocognitron – Recognition of handwritten character

Neocognitron is a type of neural network that was developed by Kunihiko

Fukushima in the 1980s for the recognition of handwritten characters. It is a
hierarchical neural network architecture that is inspired by the organization of the
visual cortex in the brain.

The neocognitron consists of a series of layers, each of which consists of a set of

processing units. The processing units in each layer are connected to the
processing units in the previous layer and the next layer. The connections
between the processing units are weighted, and the weights are adjusted during
training to optimize the performance of the network.

The neocognitron has two types of processing units: S-cells and C-cells. The
S-cells perform simple operations such as convolution and thresholding on the
input image, while the C-cells perform more complex operations such as
non-linear filtering and pooling.

To recognize handwritten characters using a neocognitron, we would train the

network on a dataset of labeled images of handwritten characters. During
training, the weights of the connections between the processing units are
adjusted using a backpropagation algorithm to minimize the difference between
the predicted output of the network and the true label for each image.

Once the network is trained, we can use it to classify new images of handwritten
characters. The image is passed through the network, and the output of the final
layer indicates the predicted class of the character.

While the neocognitron was one of the first successful neural network
architectures for the recognition of handwritten characters, it has since been
largely superseded by convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which have shown
superior performance on a wide range of image recognition tasks. CNNs are also
inspired by the organization of the visual cortex in the brain, but they use a more
flexible architecture that allows for the extraction of features at multiple scales
and orientations.
NET Talk is a neural network architecture developed in the 1980s by Terry
Sejnowski and Charles Rosenberg for the conversion of English text to speech. It
is a type of recurrent neural network (RNN) that uses a combination of
feedforward and feedback connections to produce a time-varying output signal.

The NET Talk architecture consists of two main components: an encoder network
and a decoder network. The encoder network takes as input a sequence of
phonemes (the basic units of sound in English) and produces a set of hidden
state activations. The decoder network takes as input the hidden state activations
and produces a time-varying output signal that represents the corresponding
speech waveform.

During training, the network is presented with pairs of input phoneme sequences
and output speech waveforms. The weights of the network are adjusted using a
backpropagation algorithm to minimize the difference between the predicted
output waveform and the true output waveform for each input sequence.

Once the network is trained, we can use it to convert English text to speech by
first converting the text to a sequence of phonemes using a separate
text-to-phoneme conversion algorithm. The phoneme sequence is then fed into
the encoder network, and the resulting hidden state activations are used as input
to the decoder network, which produces the corresponding speech waveform.

While NET Talk was one of the first successful neural network architectures for
the conversion of text to speech, it has since been largely superseded by more
advanced approaches such as deep neural networks and end-to-end speech
synthesis systems. These systems can produce more natural-sounding speech
and can be trained directly from text without the need for a separate
text-to-phoneme conversion algorithm.
Recognition of consonant vowel (CV) segments is an important task in speech
processing and recognition. The CV segments are the basic building blocks of
speech and are the fundamental units that convey meaning in many languages.

One popular approach for recognizing CV segments is to use a combination of

signal processing techniques and machine learning algorithms. The first step is
to preprocess the speech signal to extract relevant features, such as the
frequency content and duration of each segment. This is typically done using
techniques such as spectral analysis, short-time Fourier transforms, and linear
predictive coding.

Once the features have been extracted, they can be used as input to a machine
learning algorithm such as a hidden Markov model (HMM) or a neural network.
HMMs are a popular choice for speech recognition because they can model the
temporal structure of the signal and capture the transitions between different CV
segments. Neural networks, on the other hand, can learn complex patterns in the
data and can be trained to recognize CV segments directly from the raw signal.

During training, the machine learning algorithm is presented with a set of labeled
CV segments and learns to recognize the different types of segments based on
their features. Once the algorithm has been trained, it can be used to recognize
CV segments in new speech signals.

In recent years, deep learning techniques such as convolutional neural networks

(CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have shown promising results for
speech recognition tasks, including CV segment recognition. These techniques
can learn more complex representations of the speech signal and can be trained
end-to-end, directly from the raw signal without the need for feature extraction.
Texture classification and segmentation are important tasks in computer
vision and image processing. Texture refers to the visual patterns and structures
that repeat across an image, such as the grain of wood or the texture of fabric.

Texture classification involves grouping similar textures into categories based on

their visual characteristics. This is typically done using a combination of feature
extraction and machine learning algorithms. The first step is to extract features
from the texture image, such as the local binary pattern (LBP) or the gray-level
co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). These features capture the statistical properties of
the texture and can be used to represent it in a low-dimensional feature space.

Once the features have been extracted, they can be used as input to a machine
learning algorithm, such as a support vector machine (SVM) or a convolutional
neural network (CNN). The algorithm learns to classify the different types of
textures based on their features, and once it has been trained, it can be used to
classify new texture images.

Texture segmentation involves dividing an image into regions based on the

texture properties of the underlying pixels. This is typically done using a
combination of feature extraction and clustering algorithms. The first step is to
extract features from the image, such as the texture descriptors mentioned
earlier. These features are then clustered using an algorithm such as k-means or
mean shift, which groups similar features into clusters. Each cluster corresponds
to a region of the image with a similar texture.

Once the image has been segmented into regions, these regions can be further
analyzed and processed as needed. For example, they can be used to identify
objects in the image, track their motion over time, or enhance the texture
properties of the image for visualization or other purposes. Texture classification
and segmentation are widely used in applications such as remote sensing,
medical imaging, and quality control in manufacturing.