UPSC CSE 2025

PRELIMS REVISION
PROGRAMME

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

By Dr. Shivin Chaudhary
 Science and
Quick Revision Notes Technology
for Prelims 2025
Cell > Basic unit
(fundamental) of life
.

capableofindependentexistea
structural and .
functional unit of life
>
I characteristics >
(i) Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane
(ii) Cytoplasm
(iii) Genetic Material >DNA/RNA .
what is
living ? te essential
features >
Reproduction
Growth
Metabolism

Response to stimuli
cell
theory cells and
all
living organisms products of cells
·

all cells alise

from ple existing cells .
·

Nucleus Brain
-

- S function
controls cellular .

O information about
the cell running
&
· und I cell
Membrane/plasma membrane.
.

⑤
cell Mitochondria
organelles
< ex :

Single ell cytoplasm -

fluid matrix
.
RM
Kingdom classification of living things
Whittaker <s

Cells
on the basis

organisation
nuclear
of
L

Pro-Karyotic
cancient nucleus)
Ev-Karyotic
(true nucleus

compartmentalisation
show
Membrane Bound ,
organelles
·
Cell Membrane
·

fluid mosaic model

-integral
Phospholipidbilayet prot peripheral
as
:

selectively permeable
·
.

Transport active
(energy)
·
s

(gradient)
S

passive
osmosis (water)
 Cell wall

· Nonliving
rigid w but made various matisa
of
shape to cell cell to cell interaction
protection
·

, ,

Cell
organelles
Mitochondria
alrobic
respirationAp
>
-

< Powerhouse >

-

circulal DNA molecule .

formation
>Single
Double membrane bound.

Chloroplast in
only plants
>
-

contains
chlorophyle
>
-

Photosynthesis
-

Small circular DNA

>

Other cell
organelles
 Plant v/s animal cells

L
S

cell wall +
plasmodesmate centrioles
centrosomes
chloroplasts
Bigger vacuoles smaller vacuoles .
·

NUCLEUS
Brain
of the cellNuclear
>
-

Nucleoplasm +
envelope (only eukaryotes)
>
-

Nucleolus VRNA
synthesis
>
- -

>
Chromatin > Condensed DNA

Genetic Material -

DNA/RNA
characteristics
(i) Replication
(ii) Stable
Chemically/structurally
-

(iii)Scope for Mutation

(iv) Expression as Mendelian Characters.

DNA-droxyribo Nucleic acid

-

D
-A
structure
·
Double Helix Structure

· Sugal(droxybustPhosphate Backa o

Puline's
b
Syrimidines
Adenia cytosine
Thymine
=
 DNA structure.

DND
coiling fit
molecule Needs
very long
- .
-
2 2 m .-
.

to into cells .

DNA >
Chromatin > Chromosomes

witing
Histone
·
at time
of cell division
Histone chromosomal
proteins Non
proteins
.
·
·

Stores
>
genetic information
DNA-function > found in all cells

mRNA
Helps in formation of
 RND =
Ribonucleic acid
- Reactive

single stranded Less stable more

catalytic
.
,

Uracil instead
of thymine vustable,
faster mutation
·

Ribose Has extra OH

&

.
group
· -

desfor
proteinal
a
·
directly
Enzymes
that
catalysts help in completion
·

activation
of reaction
by reducing
energy
do NOT in reactions themselves·
partake
·

Central Genetics
Dogma of
DNA TRANSCRIPTION <RNA TRANSLATION I PROTEIN

Cenzymess
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