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DIRECT ANALYSIS AND ITS
IMPLENTATION IN STAAD.PRO
Applies To
Product(s): STAAD.Pro
Version(s): All
Environment: N/A
Area: Technotes
DIRECT ANALYSIS PER THE AISC 360‐05 AND ITS
Subarea:
IMPLEMENTATION IN STAAD
Original
Biswatosh Purkayastha, TSG (Structural), Bentley Kolkata
Author:
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DIRECT ANALYSIS PER THE AISC 360‐05 AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN STAAD
Stability of a Structure
The AISC 360‐05 Chapter‐C specifies that the stability shall be provided for the structure as a whole
and for each of its elements.
That means the stability needs to be maintained for the individual members, connecĕons, joints
and other building elements as well as the structural system as a whole.
The code recommends using any method that ensures the stability of the structure as a whole and
for individual building elements, and meets with all the following requirements are permiĥed.
1. Flexural, shear and axial member deformaĕons and all other deformaĕons that contribute to
displacements of the structure.
2. Second‐order effects (both P‐∆ and P‐ Ϩ effects)
3. Iniĕal geometric imperfecĕons
4. Sĕffness reducĕon due to inelasĕcity
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5. Uncertainty in sĕffness and strength
AISC suggests adopĕng the Direct Analysis Method (DAM) which saĕsfies all the aforemenĕoned
condiĕons.
Stability Design Approaches :
From stability consideraĕon of a structure, AISC chapter C suggests the three approaches for
determining the required flexural and axial strength of a member in the structure.
(1) Effecĕve Length Factor method (ELM ) (C.2.2a ) : Unless the First –Order to Second Order driᄀ爀
ra汬懹o is not greater than 1.1 , this method demands the determinaĕon of actual “K” value of
compression members . It is a convenĕonal method which has been adopted by engineers for
designing steel columns for a long ĕme. Determinaĕon of the Effecĕve Length factor “K”of a
member is the cornerstone of this method. The K value accounts for the contribuĕon of boundary
condiĕons to the axial load carrying capacity of a steel column. Since the ELM approach is based on
several assumpĕons on geometry, boundary condiĕon, and material properĕes of columns,
someĕmes this approach may be very conservaĕve and inappropriate for the design of
compression members.
(2) First Order Analysis per C2.2b : This method suggests to perform the first‐order elasĕc
analysis using nominal geometry and nominal sĕffness . Although the method is derived from the
DAM , it is only applicable when the sidesway amplificaĕon factor B2 <1.5
Detailed explanaĕon is covered in chapter C2.2 of AISC 360‐05.
Following are the few limitaĕons of this method
(a) Structure supports gravity loads primarily through nominally verĕcal columns, walls or frames.
(b) Second‐order effects must be limited.
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(c) Inelasĕc effect must not be significant.
(3) Direct Analysis Method (DAM) :
The Appendix‐7 of the AISC 360‐05 introduced the DAM which is a new method addressing all the
necessary stability requirements suggested by the code. Performing the rigorous Direct Analysis is
an advanced approach of stability analysis which considers both geometric and material non‐
linearity and is far more accurate when compared with the other approximate methods.
Three basic parameters addressed by the DAM.
(1) Considera孉⍔on of the P‐∆ and P‐ Ϩ effect
To address the geometric non‐linearity, this method strictly demands the consideraĕon of P‐∆ and
P‐ Ϩ effect in a member and the overall structure .
The AISC chapter C2.1 specifies using the Second Order analysis to address those effects.
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The AISC 360‐05 code states that any second order method that includes the P‐∆ and P‐ Ϩ effect
may be used , but the following two methods are mostly used .
(a) Moment Magnifica汬懹on factor method per C‐1b
This is a second order analysis done by magnifying the moments determined in the first order
elasĕc analysis. This is an approximate method which is also popularly known as B1 ‐ B2 method
as the code specifies the equaĕons eqn‐ C2‐2 and C2‐3 to determine the amplificaĕon factors for a
member’s internal deformaĕon (B1) and for the dri├ (B2) respecĕvely and use them to calculate
the second order flexural and axial strength of the member by eqn‐ C2‐1a and C2‐1b .
(b) Direct , Rigorous Second order analysis . Due to the iteraĕve process involved in
determining the actual value of forces and displacements on account of the second order effect, it
is mostly performed by the computer programs.
(2) Geometric Imperfec孉⍔on . Any column used in real life situaĕon never follows the ideal column
straightness. Presence of crookedness, iniĕal deformiĕes or out of plumbness are very much
feasible.
To account for these pragmaĕc consideraĕons, AISC came up with the concept of noĕonal load.
No孉⍔onal Load is a pseudo lateral load to imitate the iniĕal crookedness and out of plumbness of
a member . The magnitude of Noĕonal Load at each level is Ni = 0.002Yi , where Yi is the gravity
load acĕng on the ith level . The 0.002 factor is equivalent to the allowable tolerance for iniĕal
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out of plumbness of each story ( 1/500 ĕmes of story height) .
(3) S孉⍔ffness reduc孉⍔on due to the material Non‐Linearity .
Sĕffness of the members needs to be reduced to account for the inelasĕc effects due to residual
stress and the uncertainty in strength and sĕffness. Inelasĕc effect which is caused by residual
stress include stresses due to temperature , as some elements of the hot rolled cross‐secĕon
cools faster than others, and also due to the effects of straightening that must be done to meet
ASTM A6 tolerances. Areas with residual stress yields prior to the overall yielding of the secĕon,
causing some elements to so├en in‐elasĕcally prior to reaching their design strength. The loss of
sĕffness due to residual stresses also increases the frame and member deformaĕons. And this
effect is addressed in the DAM by the reducĕon of Axial Sĕffness (EA ) and Flexural Sĕffness (EI) .
The reduced Axial Sĕffness is EA* = 0.8 EA
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The reduced Flexural Sĕffness is EI* = 0.8 EI τb
The calculaĕon of τb which is dependent on the level of axial stress is elaborated in chapter 7.3.3 of
the AISC 360‐05 .
However, τb can be assumed 1.0 if the addiĕonal noĕonal load of 0.001 ĕmes of gravity load is
applied.
The other advantages of DAM :
(a) Plain, direct and simple approach.
(b) Eliminates the ambiguity and the intricacy involved in calculaĕon of effecĕve buckling length
factor as required by ELM. An engineer needs to assume K=1 in the DAM.
(c ) Can be used for all types of steel structures like Braced frame , moment frame and combined
frame system.
(d) Convenient and safe design approach with stability consideraĕon.
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(e) Performs accurate and exact analysis considering both the geometric and material non‐
linearity.
The scope of the DAM in Staad .
Staad.pro performs the direct analysis based on the rigorous second order analysis method.
However, the moment magnificaĕon factor approach is not implemented in Staad.
Staad forms the (K+Kg) matrix which accounts for the Geometric non‐linearity, is the combinaĕon
of the Global sĕffness matrix and the Global Geometric Sĕffness matrix. For the material non
linearity, program reduces the axial and flexural sĕffness in accordance to the code guidelines.
The DAM in Staad, which addresses the overall geometric and material non‐linearity effect,
performs the P‐Delta analysis in the background ‐rigorous second order analysis‐.
This is an iteraĕve process as the Flexural sĕffness coefficient τb is dependent on the axial force
developed in the member.
Procedures to define and perform DAM in Staad are as follow.
Defining DAM parameters .
Go to COMMANDS ‐> LOADINGS ‐> DEFINITIONS ‐> DIRECT ANALYSIS.
Now in the dialogue box,
(1) FLEX PARAMETER: This parameter represents τb involved in reduced flexural sĕffness
calculaĕon (0.8* τb *EI) .The default value of τb is 1.0 but user can define the iniĕal approximate τb
value (Refer to chapter 7‐3‐(3)).
(2) FYLD PARAMETER: Its default value is 36 ksi but user can input the desired yield strength value.
(3) AXIAL PARAMETER : As the code does not specify any variable reducĕon coefficient for
reduced axial sĕffness , the constant 0.8 is taken for reduced axial sĕffness determinaĕon (
0.8*EA)
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(4) “Noĕonal Loads”: Although the default factor is 0.002, but the program allows user to specify
different noĕonal load factor values.
Please note that as the Flexural sĕffness coefficient τb is dependent on the magnitude of the axial
stress developed on the member, it also implies that the material starts showing inelasĕcity as the
member force increases
If the defined noĕonal load factor is greater than 0.00299, the program sets the iteraĕon limit to 1
and does not perform any further iteraĕons.
Running the Direct Analysis .
Before running the direct analysis, the load combinaĕons are to be created where the noĕonal
loads against the corresponding gravity loads need to be added for every frame levels.
Being a non‐ linear analysis, the combinaĕon should be done by the REPEAT LOAD opĕon. Once
the noĕonal load is called in the combinaĕon case, Staad automaĕcally applies the lateral loads at
each level as the factored proporĕon of the gravity load that is being applied on that level.
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Once the modeling is completely done, go to COMMANDS ‐>PERFORM DIRECT ANALYSIS.
A dialogue dox will appear which allows the user to select the Design Method.
If the ASD is selected then as per chapter 7.3 of the AISC 360‐05 , Staad automaĕcally mulĕplies
the loads internally by 1.6 and the results are subsequently divided by 1.6 to obtain the design
forces. The user must ensure of defining the correct ASD load combinaĕon.
Addiĕonally, user can specify the tolerance of Tau and displacement values.
The program runs iteraĕons in each step, changing the member characterisĕcs unĕl the maximum
change in any τb is less than the specified Tau tolerance. If the maximum change in any τb is less
than 100 ĕmes the τ tolerance and the maximum change in any displacement degree of freedom is
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less than the specified displacement tolerance; then the soluĕon has converged for this case.
The beauty of the Direct Analysis feature in Staad is that, program performs the iteraĕons for both
the geometric and material nonlinearity to capture the real effect. Effect of the actual geometric
non‐linearity is determined by the P‐Delta analysis and the material inelasĕcity by iteraĕon of τb
value.
Validaĕon Staad DAM with Benchmark problem ,Case‐2 (page‐16.1‐435) in the AISC 360‐05
Input data
B=d = 5 inch , L = 500 inch , P =4 Kips , H = 2 Kip , E = 29732 Ksi , Py = 50 ksi
In Staad
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A├er performing the Direct Analysis in Staad , the maximum moment and maximum displacement
reported are 1290.392 Kip‐in and 72.588 inch repecĕvely .
The Hand‐Calculaĕon
REFERENCES
(1) AISC 360-05, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
(2) AISC Stability Analysis handouts
Related
(3) Structural Steel Design by Jack .C Mormac
Multiple Direction Time History Analysis
(4) Steel Design by William .T. Segui in Staad.Pro V8i
ASCE 7-10 ch.16 requires ground motion time
(5) Benchmark Problems histories be applied in pairs, one...
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