See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/346906150

History, Structure And Types Of Microprocessors

Article in The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research · November 2020
DOI: 10.37547/tajiir/Volume02Issue11-08

CITATION READS
1 5,685

1 author:

Zohid A Hakimov
Urgench branch of Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad al-Khwarizmi
5 PUBLICATIONS 17 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Zohid A Hakimov on 15 July 2021.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research IMPACT FACTOR
(ISSN–2642-7478) 2020: 5. 498
Published: November 16, 2020 | Pages: 39-46
Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/Volume02Issue11-08 OCLC - 1091588944

History, Structure And Types Of Microprocessors

Hakimov Zohid Abdullayevich
Assistant Department of “Information Technology” Urgench branch of Tashkent University of
Information Technologies, Uzbekistan

Journal Website:
http://usajournalshub.c
om/index,php/tajiir

Copyright: Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons attributes
4.0 licence.

ABSTRACT

This article gives you a brief overview on microprocessor types, performance, and computer
hardware. The article also provides basic concepts about Microprocessors. Learn about
microprocessor types, Intel, Intel Celeron, VIA, NVIDIA, Elbrus, Philips, Hitachi, Sun, AMD Athlon and
more. You will learn about the functional parts of the microprocessor, the block diagram of the
microprocessor, the command register of the microprocessor.

KEYWORDS

Computer and technology, Microprocessor, Intel, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, PentiumIII,
Intanium 2 McKinely.

INTRODUCTION

As the first President of the Republic of along with information technologies.

Uzbekistan Islam Karimov noted, “XXI century Especially in fifteen to twenty years,
is the century of information technologies”, technology has evolved rapidly. Modern
world development is rapidly developing information and communication media have a

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 11-2020 39

 The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research IMPACT FACTOR
(ISSN–2642-7478) 2020: 5. 498
Published: November 16, 2020 | Pages: 39-46
Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/Volume02Issue11-08 OCLC - 1091588944

permanent place in our lives. The potential of • A printer, “mouse” can be connected
computer technology has increased several to common ports.
times. The capabilities of mobile devices,
There are 2 types of common ports:
optical devices, global Internet technologies
parallel - LPT1 - LPT4 and serial - COM1 - COM3.
can hardly be overestimated. It is important to
Parallel ports perform I / O faster than serial
note that cutting edge technology has
ports. A central processing unit (CPU) is an
embraced all aspects of community life.
important part of every computer. The CPU
Computers and technology have become an
sends signals to control the other parts of the
integral part of human life, and computer
computer, almost like how a brain controls a
devices and equipment are evolving from year
body. Microprocessors are classified into five
to year. Examples include a microprocessor, a
types, namely: CISC-Complex Instruction Set
system unit, RAM, and so on.
Microprocessors, RISC-Reduced Instruction
A microprocessor (also known as a CPU) Set Microprocessor, ASIC- Application Specific
is a CPU. The processor mainly consists of the Integrated Circuit, Superscalar Processors,
following devices: DSP’s-Digital Signal Microprocessors.
Mikroprotsessor (MP). It is the central block
• Microprocessor - controls the
on the PC, designed to control the work
computer and performs all
performed by all blocks of the machine, as
calculations.
well as to perform arithmetic and logic
• The microprocessor has the ability to
operations with information. The
perform various operations quickly. Its
microprocessor consists of: control unit (CU) -
speed can be 100 million operations
transmits the results of previous operations
per second and more.
and certain control signals (control pulses)
• Random access memory stores
arising from the simultaneous execution of
programs and data required by the
the operation to all machine blocks at the
processor.
right time; generates addresses of memory
• When the computer is turned off, the
slots used in work and transfers them to the
data in RAM is erased.
corresponding blocks of the computer; this
• The hard disk always stores software
control device receives the main pulse train
and data.
from the clock generator; arithmetic logic
• Electronic circuits (or controllers)
device (ALD) - designed to perform all
control the operation of various
arithmetic and logical operations with
devices that enter the computer
numerical and symbolic information (in some
(monitors, keyboards, etc.).
PC models, to speed up operations, an
• Communicates with the processor
additional mathematical coprocessor is
through the I / O port.
connected to the ALD); microprocessor
• There are special ports and common
memory (MPM) - machine work is used for
ports for data exchange with internal
short-term recording and display
devices.
(transmission) of information used in
accounting work performed on the air. This is

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 11-2020 40

 The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research IMPACT FACTOR
(ISSN–2642-7478) 2020: 5. 498
Published: November 16, 2020 | Pages: 39-46
Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/Volume02Issue11-08 OCLC - 1091588944

because a main memory device (MMD) cannot component of a computer that performs the
always provide the speed of writing, arithmetic and logic operations provided by a
searching, and computing the information program, controls the computation process,
needed for a fast microprocessor to work and coordinates the operation of all devices in
efficiently; registers - fast memory slots that the computer.
can vary in length (different from MMD slots,
In November 1971, Intel announced the
where the standard length is 1 byte and the
creation of the world’s first 4004
operating speed is much lower);
microprocessor, developed by several
microprocessor interface system - connects to
companies and intended for commercial
other computer devices and provides
distribution. This microprocessor, which by
communication; includes the internal interface
today's standards is very simple, contains only
of the MP and memory buffer registers, as
2,300 transistors and performs only 60,000
well as input-output ports (ICPs) and the
computational operations per second.
system bus control circuit; a set of tools
designed to ensure effective collaboration. An Today’s microprocessors are highly complex
I / O port is a connecting device that allows a mass-produced products containing over 5.5
microprocessor to connect another computer million transistors and hundreds of millions of
device. operations per second. Research in this area is
gaining momentum. There are also many
THE MAIN FINDINGS AND RESULTS
types of microprocessors. As an example, Intel
Microprocessor, also known as CPU (MzP). microprocessors are given in this table (table
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the main 1).

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 11-2020 41

 The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research IMPACT FACTOR
(ISSN–2642-7478) 2020: 5. 498
Published: November 16, 2020 | Pages: 39-46
Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/Volume02Issue11-08 OCLC - 1091588944

Table 1

Development of Intel Microprocessors: 1971 to 2012

Manufacturer Processor Date of Number of Process Area[m

introduct transistors m2]
ion

Intel4004 1971 2,300 10μm 12

Intel8008 1972 3,500 10 μm 14

Intel8080 1974 4,400 6 μm 20

Intel8085 1976 6,500 3 μm 20

Intel8086 1978 29.000 3 μm 33

Intel80286 1982 134,000 1.5 μm 44

Intel80386 1985 275,000 1.5 μm 104

Intel80486 1989 1,180,235 1 μm 173

Intel Pentium 1993 3,100,000 1,8 μm 294

Pentium Pro 1995 5,500,000 0,5 μm 307

Pentium II 1997 7,500,000 0,35 195

μm

PentiumIII 1999 9,500,000 0,25 128

μm

Pentium4 2000 42,00,000 180nm 217

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 11-2020 42

 The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research IMPACT FACTOR
(ISSN–2642-7478) 2020: 5. 498
Published: November 16, 2020 | Pages: 39-46
Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/Volume02Issue11-08 OCLC - 1091588944

Intanium 2 2002 220,000,000 180nm 421

McKinely

Core 2 Duo 2006 291,000,000 65nm 143

Core i7 (Quad) 2008 731,000,000 45nm 263

Six- Core Core i7 2010 1,170,000,000 32nm 230

Six- Core Core 2011 2,270,000,000 32nm 434

i7/8-Core Xeon E5

8-CoreItanium 2012 3,100,000,000 32nm 544

Poulson

The control device is the most functional All microprocessors can be divided into 3
device of a personal computer. It processes groups:
control signals sent to all units of the machine.
 MP with CISC type (Complex Instruction
Command register is a register where the
Set Command) complete set of command
command code is stored. Here is the address
systems;
of the operation and operands to be
 MP with abbreviated set of commands of
performed. The command register is located
RISC type (Redused Instruction Set
in the interface part of the microprocessor. It
Command);
is called the command register block.
 MISC type (Minimum Instruction Set
Operations decoder - this logical block selects
Command) with a minimum set of
the output path corresponding to the
command systems and a sufficiently high
operation code coming from the command
speed MP (these models are currently
register. Permanent Firmware (PZU) - stores
under development).
control signals in Google cells. These impulses
control the processing of information that The microprocessor’s memory consists of
takes place in the blocks of the computer. The high-speed registers with a discharge rate of
pulse operations correspond to the operation at least one machine word. The number and
code selected by the decoder. size of registers vary from microprocessor to

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 11-2020 43

 The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research IMPACT FACTOR
(ISSN–2642-7478) 2020: 5. 498
Published: November 16, 2020 | Pages: 39-46
Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/Volume02Issue11-08 OCLC - 1091588944

microprocessor, and microprocessor registers computing device). In 1971, Intel produced the
differ from general-purpose registers and first microprocessor 4004 with 2250
special registers. Custom registers are used to transistors. A control device that performs
store various addresses (for example, arithmetic and logic operations. Each program
command addresses), tokens of operations consists of a sequence of commands. The
performed, computer operating modes (for processor executes these commands.
example, flag registers), and so on. General Processors are built on very large integrated
purpose registers are universal registers that circuits. Processor speed is determined by the
can be used to store any information. number of operations performed in 1 second
and is measured in Hz (hertz). How many bits
A CPU is a device that performs arithmetic and
a processor can run at one time determines its
logic operations. It includes an arithmetic logic
discharge. 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 bit processors are
device and a control device. Typically, an MP
widely used today[1. 34].
consists of one or more microprocessors,
ranging from 4 to 64 bits. In computers, the Let’s take a look at the first two versions of
number of bits of the microprocessor plays an the Intel Microprocessor. The Intel 4004 is a 4-
important role, and the more it is, the more bit microprocessor developed by Intel
powerful the computer. The number of Corporation and released on November 15,
discharges is the number of binary discharges 1971. This chip is considered the world’s first
that can be processed at one time. Currently, commercially available single-chip
there are 4-, 8-, 16-, 32- 64-bit computers. microprocessor. (Figure 1)
Central processing unit (CPU, central

(Figure 1) Intel 4004 is a 4-bit microprocessor.

The Intel 8080 is an 8-bit microprocessor tenfold increase in performance compared to

released by Intel in April 1974. It is an the Intel 8008 microprocessor.( Figure 2)
improved version of the Intel 8008 processor.
Intel claims that this processor provides a

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 11-2020 44

 The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research IMPACT FACTOR
(ISSN–2642-7478) 2020: 5. 498
Published: November 16, 2020 | Pages: 39-46
Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/Volume02Issue11-08 OCLC - 1091588944

(Figure 2) Intel 8080 is an 8-bit microprocessor.

CONCLUSION REFERENCES

In conclusion, the 21st century is the age of 1. Fundamentals of microprocessor and

modern technology, information and computer technology (textbook),
communication. Especially in fifteen to twenty Bukhara: 2016.
years, technology has developed rapidly. 2. Mathivanan N. Microprocessors,
Modern media and communication take a Computer Hardware and Interfaces.
permanent place in our life. The potential of Delhi: PHI Learning, 2003.
computer technology has increased several 3. Ayala, Kennet J. 8051 mikrokontroller.
times. The capabilities of mobile devices, Boston: Cengage, 2004.
optical devices, global Internet technologies 4. Xuang, Xan-Way. PIC Microcontroller:
can hardly be overestimated. It is important to Introduction to Software and
note that cutting edge technology has Hardware Interface Boston: Cengage,
embraced all aspects of community life. As 2005.
technology advances, so do its devices. A 5. Rafiquzzaman Muhammad. System
microprocessor is a device that performs the design based on microprocessors and
most basic functions in a computer. It’s hard microcomputers. Boca Raton: CRC
to imagine a computer without a Press, 1990.
microprocessor. It is divided into two types: 6. Balashov E.P., Puzankov D.V
microarchitecture and macroarchitecture. The Microprocessors and microprocessor
microarchitecture consists of a systems. - M., 1981.
microprocessor, a device that performs the 7. Korolev L.N. Microprocessors, micro-
above operations, that is, devices that add, and mini-computers. Moscow: 1988.
multiply, reverse, and reverse signals. In the 8. Koledov L.A. Technology and designs
macroarchitecture, there are devices that of microcircuits, microprocessors and
transmit control signals to other devices, that microassemblies. Moscow: Soviet
is, in turn, set the mode of operation of other radio, 1989 .-p. 400 - 20,000
devices. 9. E. Klingman Designing microprocessor
systems. Moscow: Mir, 1980 .-p. 576

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 11-2020 45

 The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research IMPACT FACTOR
(ISSN–2642-7478) 2020: 5. 498
Published: November 16, 2020 | Pages: 39-46
Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/Volume02Issue11-08 OCLC - 1091588944

10. Ray A. K., Bhurchand K.M. Advanced

Microprocessors and Peripherals
(unspecified). India:

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 11-2020 46

View publication stats