Antenna AND Wave Propagation

Course Objectives:
To provide the student with an understanding of antennas, EM wave propagation and optical
bre communications.

1. Radiation and Antenna Fundamentals(6 hours)

1. Retarded Potentials: EM wave generation with a conduction current, the short
uniform current dipole, the radiated electric and magnetic elds.
2. Radiation patterns and input impedance of the short uniform current dipole, the
short Dipole and long dipole.
3. Antenna theorems: reciprocity, superposition, Thevenin, minimum power
transfer, Compensation, equality of directional patterns, equivalence of receiving
and Transmitting impedances.

2. Antenna Parameters and Arrays:(6 hours)

1. Basic antenna parameters
2. Pattern multiplication: Linear and two-dimensional antenna arrays, end re and
Broadside arrays.

3. Antennas classi cation:(10 hours)

1. Isotropic antenna
2. Omni directional antenna; Dipole
3. Directional antennas;
4. Travelling wave antennas – single wire, V and Rhombus Re ector antennas –
large plane sheet, small plane sheet, linear, corner, parabolic, elliptical,
hyperbolic and circular re ector. Aperture antenna - horn Array antennas – Yagi-
Uda, Log Periodic Other antennas – Monopole, Loop, Helical, Microstrip.

4. Propagation and Radio Frequency Spectrum(6 hours)

1. Ground or surface wave
2. Space wave; direct and ground re ected wave, duct propagation
3. Ionospheric or sky wave; critical frequency, MUF, Skip distance
4. Tropospheric wave
5. Radio frequency spectrum and its propagation characteristics

5. Propagation between Antennas:(6 hours)

1. Free space propagation: power density of the receiving antenna, path loss
2. Plane earth propagation: the ground re ection, e ective antenna heights, the
two ray
3. propagation model, path loss
4. Fresnel Zones and Knife edge di raction

6. Optical bres (Introductory)(11 hours)

1. Optical bre communication system and its advantages and disadvantages over
Metalled wire communication system
2. Types of optical bre and its structural di erence
3. Light propagation characteristics and Numerical Aperture (NA) in optical bre
4. Losses
5. Light source and photo detector
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 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Course Objectives:

To introduce students to the principles and building blocks of analog and digital communication systems.

1. Introduction (2 hours)

• 1.1. Analog and Digital communication sources, transmitters, transmission channels, and receivers.
• 1.2. Noise, distortion, and interference. Fundamental limitations due to noise, distortion, and
interference.
• 1.3.1 Types and reasons for modulation.2
2. Representation of Signals and Systems in Communication (4 hours)

• 2.1. Review of signals (types, mathematical representation, and applications)

• 2.2. Linear/non-linear, time-variant/invariant systems. Impulse response and transfer function of a
system. Properties of LTI systems.
• 2.3. Low pass and3 bandpass signals and systems, bandwidth of the system, distortionless transmission,
the Hilbert transform and its properties.
• 2.4. Complex envelopes4 rectangular (in-phase and quadrature components) and polar representation of
bandpass band-limited signals.
3. Spectral Analysis (2 hours)

• 3.1. Review of Fourier series and transform, energy and power, Parseval's theorem.
• 3.2. Energy Density Spectrum, periodogram, power spectral density function (psdf).
• 3.3. Power spectral density functions of harmonic signal and white noise.
• 3.4. The autocorrelation (AC) function, relationship between psdf and AC function.5
4. Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation (8 hours)

• 4.1. Time domain expressions, frequency domain representation, modulation index, signal bandwidth of
Amplitude Modulated (AM) signal.
• 4.2. AM for a single tone message, carrier and side-band components, powers in carrier and side-band
components, bandwidth and power ef ciency.6
• 4.3. Generation of Double Side Band-Full Carrier (DSB-FC) AM.
• 4.4. Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier AM (DSB-AM), time and frequency domain expressions,
powers in side-bands, bandwidth and power ef ciency.
• 4.5. Generation of DSB-AM (balanced, ring modulators).
• 4.6. Single Side Band Modulation, time and frequency domain expressions, powers.
• 4.7. Generation of SSB (SSB lters and indirect method).7
• 4.8. Introduction to Vestigial Side Bands (VSB), Independent Side Bands (ISB), and Quadrature
Amplitude Modulations (QAM).
• 4.9. Demodulation of DSB-FC, DSB-SC, and SSB using synchronous detection.
• 4.10. Square law and envelope detection of DSB-FC.
• 4.11. Demodulation of SSB using carrier reinsertion, carrier recovery circuits.
• 4.12. Phase Locked Loop (PLL), basic concept, de nitions, equations and applications, demodulation of
AM using PLL.
5. Angle Modulation and Demodulation (6 hours)

• 5.1. Basic de nitions, time domain expressions for Frequency Modulation (FM) and Phase Modulation
(PM).
• 5.2. Time domain expression for single tone modulated FM signals, spectral representation, Bessel's
function and properties.
• 5.3. Bandwidth of FM, Carson's rule, narrow and wideband FM.
• 5.4. Generation of FM (direct and Armstrong's methods).
• 5.5. Demodulation of FM and PM signals, synchronous (PLL) and non-synchronous (limiter-
discriminator) demodulation.
• 5.6. Stereo FM, spectral details, encoder and decoder.
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 • 5.7. Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis networks.
• 5.8. The super-heterodyne radio receivers for AM and FM.
6. Source Coding and Sampling Theory (4 hours)

• 6.1. Digital communication sources, transmitters, transmission channels, and receivers.

• 6.2. Source coding, coding ef ciency, Shannon-Fano and Huffman codes, coding of continuous-time
signals (A/D conversion).
• 6.3. Nyquist-Kotelnikov sampling theorem for strictly band-limited continuous-time signals, time
domain and frequency domain analysis, spectrum of sampled signal, reconstruction of sampled signal.1
• 6.4. Ideal, at-top, and natural sampling processes, sampling of band-pass signals, sub-sampling theory.
• 6.5. Practical considerations: non-ideal sampling pulses (aperture effect), non-ideal reconstruction lter,
and time-limitness of the signal to be sampled (aliasing2 effects).
7. Pulse Modulation Systems (6 hours)

• 7.1. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), generation, bandwidth requirements, spectrum, reconstruction
methods.
• 7.2. Pulse position and pulse width modulations, generation, bandwidth requirements.
• 7.3. Pulse code modulation as the result of analog to digital conversion, uniform quantization.
• 7.4. Quantization noise, signal to quantization noise ratio in uniform quantization.
• 7.5. Non-uniform quantization, improvement in average SQNR for signals with high crest factor,
companding techniques (μ and A law companding).
• 7.6. Data rate and bandwidth of a PCM signal.
• 7.7. Differential PCM, encoder, decoder.
• 7.8. Delta Modulation, encoder, decoder, noises in DM, SQNR. Comparison between PCM and DM.
• 7.9. Parametric speech coding, vocoders.
8. Baseband Data Communication Systems (6 hours)

• 8.1. Introduction to information theory, measure of information, entropy, symbol rates, and data (bit)
rates.
• 8.2. Shannon Hartley Channel capacity theorem. Implications of the theorem and theoretical limits.
• 8.3. Electrical representation of binary data (line codes), Unipolar NRZ, bipolar NRZ, unipolar RZ,
bipolar RZ, Manchester (split phase), differential (binary RZ-alternate mark inversion) codes,
properties, comparisons.3
• 8.4. Baseband data communication systems, Inter-symbol interference (ISI), pulse shaping (Nyquist,
Raised-cosine), and bandwidth considerations.4
• 8.5. Correlative coding techniques, duobinary and modi ed duobinary encoders.
• 8.6. M-ary signaling, comparison with binary signaling.
• 8.7. The eye diagram.
9. Bandpass (modulated) data communication systems (4 hours)

• 9.1. Binary digital modulations, ASK, FSK, PSK, DPSK, QPSK, GMPSK, implementation, properties,
and comparisons.
• 9.2. M-ary data communication systems, quadrature amplitude modulation systems, four-phase PSK
systems.
• 9.3. Demodulation of binary digital modulated signals (coherent and non-coherent).
• 9.4. Modems and their applications.
10. Random signals and noise in communication systems (6 hours)

• 10.1. Random variables and processes, random signals, statistical and time-averaged moments,
interpretation of time-averaged moments of a random process, stationary process, ergodic process, psdf
and AC function of an5ergodic random process.
• 10.2. White noise, thermal noise, band-limited white noise, the psdf and AC function of white noise.
• 10.3. Passage of wide-sense stationary random signals through an LTI.
• 10.4. Ideal low-pass and RC ltering of white noise, noise equivalent bandwidth of a lter.
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 • 10.5. Optimum detection of a pulse in additive white noise, the matched lter. Realization of matched
lters (time co-relaters). The matched lter for a rectangular pulse, ideal LPF and RC lters as matched
lters.1
• 10.6. Performance limitation of baseband data communications due to noise, error probabilities in
binary and M-ary baseband data communication.2
11. Noise performance of band-pass (modulated) communication systems (6 hours)

• 11.1. Effect of noise in envelope and synchronous demodulation of DSB-FC AM, expression for gain
parameter (ratio of output SNR to input SNR), threshold effect in non-linear demodulation of3 AM.
• 11.2. Gain parameter for demodulations of DSB-SC and SSB using synchronous demodulators.
• 11.3. Effect of noise (gain parameter) for non-coherent (limiter discriminator-envelope detector)
demodulation of FM, threshold effect in FM. Use of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits in FM.
• 11.4. Comparison of AM (DSB-FC, DSB-SC, SSB) and FM (Narrow and wide bands) in terms of power
ef ciency, channel bandwidth, and complexity.
• 11.5. Noise performance of modulated digital systems. Error probabilities for ASK, FSK, PSK, DPSK
with coherent and non-coherent demodulation.4
• 11.6. Comparison of modulated digital systems in terms of bandwidth ef ciency, power ef ciency, and
complexity.
12. Multiplexing (2 hours)

• 12.1. Principle of frequency division multiplexing (FDM), FDM in telephony, hierarchy.

• 12.2. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems- SCPC, DAMA, SPADE etc.
• 12.3. Filter and oscillator requirements in FDM.
• 12.4. Time Division Multiplexing with PCM, data rate and bandwidth of a PCM signal.
• 12.5. The T1 and E1 TDM PCM telephone hierarchy.
13. Error control coding techniques (4 hours)

• 13.1. Basic principles of error control coding, types, basic de nitions (Hamming weight, Hamming
distance, minimum weight), Hamming distance and error control capabilities.5
• 13.2. Linear block codes (systematic and non-systematic), generation, capabilities, syndrome
calculation.
• 13.3. Binary cyclic codes (systematic and non-systematic), generation, capabilities, syndrome
calculation.
• 13.4. Convolutional codes, implementation, code tree, trellis, and decoding algorithms.
Suggested Experiments:

1. Demonstration of power spectrum of various signals using LF spectrum analyzer.

2. Generation of DSB-SC, DSB-FC, and SSB signals.
3. Demodulation of AM signals (synchronous and non-synchronous methods).
4. Generation of FM signals.
5. Demodulation of FM signal (limiter-discriminator).
6. Operation of PLL, PLL as demodulator of AM and FM signals.6
7. Study of line codes.
8. Study of PCM.
9. Study of DPCM.
10. Study of DM.
11. Study of ASK, FSK, and PSK.
12. Study of the eye diagram.
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 Object Oriented Software Engineering

Course Objectives:

This course aims to give both theoretical and practical foundations on software engineering and object-oriented
software engineering and also provide a systematic approach to planning, development, and managing object-
oriented software engineering.

1. Introduction to software and software engineering (5 Hrs)

• 1.1 Introduction to software engineering

• 1.2 Software processes and software process models
• 1.3 Agile software developments
• 1.4 Requirements engineering processes
• 1.5 System modeling
• 1.6 Software prototyping
• 1.7 Object-Oriented software development
2. Object-Oriented Concepts and Modeling (8 Hrs)

•2.1 Introduction to class, Object, inheritance, polymorphism

•2.2 Object-Oriented system development
◦ 2.2.1 Object-Oriented Modeling
◦ 2.2.2 Object-Oriented System
◦ 2.2.3 Function/data Methods
◦ 2.2.4 Object-Oriented Analysis
◦ 2.2.5 Object-Oriented Programming
◦ 2.2.6 Object-Oriented Construction
• 2.3 Identifying the elements of an object model
◦ 2.3.1 Identifying classes and objects
◦ 2.3.2 Specifying the attributes
◦ 2.3.3 De ning operations
◦ 2.3.4 Finalizing the object de nition
3. Structural, Behavioral, and Architectural Modeling (8 Hrs)

• 3.1 Classes Relationship

• 3.2 Class diagram
• 3.3 Conceptual Model of UML
• 3.4 Advanced Relationship
• 3.5 Advanced classes
• 3.6 Object Diagram
• 3.7 Interface
• 3.8 Interactions
• 3.9 Use cases
• 3.10 Use Case Diagram
• 3.11 Interaction Diagram
• 3.12 Activity Diagram State chart Diagram
• 3.13 Component and Components Diagram
• 3.14 Deployment Diagram
4. Object-Oriented Analysis (5 Hrs)

• 4.1 Iterative Development

• 4.2 Uni ed process & UP Phases
◦ 4.2.1 Inception
◦ 4.2.2 Elaboration
◦ 4.2.3 Construction
◦ 4.2.4 Transition
• 4.3 Understanding requirements
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 • 4.4 UP Disciplines
• 4.5 Agile UP
5. Object-Oriented Design (8 Hrs)

• 5.1 Components of OO Design model

• 5.2 System Design process
• 5.3 Partitioning the analysis model
• 5.4 Concurrency and subsystem allocation
• 5.5 Task Management component
• 5.6 Object DBMS
• 5.7 Data Management components
• 5.8 Resource Management components
• 5.9 Inter sub-system communication
• 5.10 Object Design process
6. Object-Oriented Testing (6 Hrs)

• 6.1 Overview of Testing and object-oriented Testing

• 6.2 Types of Testing
◦ 6.2.1 Unit testing
◦ 6.2.2 Integrating testing
◦ 6.2.3 System testing
• 6.3 Object-Oriented Testing strategies
• 6.4 Test case design for OO software
• 6.5 Inter class test Case design (This item appears to be misnumbered/placed. Based on the previous
item, it should likely be part of 6.4)
7. Managing object-oriented software engineering (5 Hrs)

• 7.1 Project selection and preparation

• 7.2 Project development, organization, and management
• 7.3 Software project planning and scheduling and techniques
• 7.4 COCOMO model
• 7.5 Risk management process
• 7.6 Software quality assurance
• 7.7 Software metrics
 Embedded Systems
Course Objective:
To introduce students to understand and familiarization on applied computing principles in emerging
technologies and applications for embedded systems

1. Introduction to Embedded System [3 Hours]

1. Embedded Systems overview
2. Classi cation of Embedded Systems
3. Hardware and Software in a system
4. Purpose and Application of Embedded Systems

2. Hardware Design Issues [4 Hours]

1. Combination Logic
2. Sequential Logic
3. Custom Single-Purpose Processor Design
4. Optimizing Custom Single-Purpose Processors

3. Software Design Issues [6 Hours]

1. Basic Architecture
2. Operation
3. Programmer’s View
4. Development Environment
5. Application-Speci c Instruction-Set Processors
6. Selecting a Microprocessor
7. General-Purpose Processor Design

4. Memory [5 Hours]
1. Memory Write Ability and Storage Permanence
2. Types of Memory
3. Composing Memory
4. Memory Hierarchy and Cache

5. Interfacing [6 Hours]
1. Communication Basics
2. Microprocessor Interfacing: I/O Addressing, Interrupts, DMA
3. Arbitration
4. Multilevel Bus Architectures
5. Advanced Communication Principles

6. Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) [8 Hours]

1. Operating System Basics
2. Task, Process, and Threads
3. Multiprocessing and Multitasking
4. Task Scheduling
5. Task Synchronization
6. Device Drivers

7. Control System [3 Hours]

1. Open-loop and Close-Loop control System overview
2. Control System and PID Controllers
3. Software coding of a PID Controller
4. PID Tuning
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8. IC Technology [3 Hours]
1. Full-Custom (VLSI) IC Technology
2. Semi-Custom (ASIC) IC Technology
3. Programming Logic Device (PLD) IC Technology

9. Microcontrollers in Embedded Systems [3 Hours]

1. Intel 8051 microcontroller family, its architecture and instruction sets
2. Programming in Assembly Language
3. A simple interfacing example with 7 segment display

10. VHDL [4 Hours]

1. VHDL overview
2. Finite state machine design with VHDL
 Communication English
Course Objective:

1. To make the students capable of producing professional writings such as research articles,
technical proposals, reports and project work
2. To familiarize the students with the native speakers' pronunciation with the use of audio-
visual aids

Unit I: Reading(15 hours)

1. Intensive Reading(8 hours)
1. Comprehension
2. Note-taking
3. Summary writing
4. Contextual questions based on facts and imagination
5. Interpreting text

2. Extensive Reading(5 hours)

1. Title/Topic Speculation
2. Finding theme
3. Sketching character

3. Contextual Grammar(2 hours)

1. Sequence of tense
2. Voice
3. Subject-Verb agreement
4. Conditional Sentences
5. Preposition
Unit II: Writing(30 hours)
1. Introduction to technical writing process(2 hours)
1. Composing and editing strategies
2. MLA and APA comparison

2. Writing notices with agenda and minutes(2 hours)

1. Introduction
2. Purpose
3. Process

3. Writing Proposal(6 hours)

1. Introduction
2. Parts of the proposal
1. Title page
2. Abstract/Summary
3. Statement of Problem
4. Rationale
5. Objectives
6. Procedure/Methodology
7. Cost estimate or Budget
8. Time management/Schedule
9. Summary
10. Conclusion
11. Evaluation or follow-up
12. Works cited
 4. Reports
1. Informal Reports(6 hours)
1. Memo Report
1. Introduction
2. Parts
2. Letter Report
1. Introduction
2. Parts

2. Project/Field Report(3 hours)

1. Introduction
2. Parts

3. Formal Reports(9 hours)

1. Introduction
2. Types of Formal Reports
1. Progress Report
2. Feasibility Report
3. Empirical/ Research Report
4. Technical Report
3. Parts and Components of Formal Report
1. Preliminary section
1. Cover page
2. Letter of transmittal/Preface
3. Title page
4. Acknowledgements
5. Table of Contents
6. List of gures and tables
7. Abstract/Executive summary
2. Main Section
1. Introduction
2. Discussion/Body
3. Summary/Conclusion
4. Recommendations
3. Documentation
1. Notes (Contextual/foot notes)
2. Bibliography
3. Appendix

5. Writing Research Articles(2 hours)

1. Introduction
2. Procedures
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 Project Management
Course Objectives:
To make students able to plan, monitor and control project and project related activities.

1. Introduction (2 hours)
1. De nition of project and project management
2. Project objectives
3. Classi cation of projects
4. Project life cycle

2. Project Management Body of Knowledge (4 hours)

1. Understanding of project environment
2. General management skill, e ective and ine ective project managers
3. Essential interpersonal and managerial skills, energized and initiator, communication,
in uencing, leadership, motivator, negotiation, problem solver, perspective nature,
result oriented, global illiteracies, problem solving using problem trees.

3. Portfolio and Project Management Institutes’ (PMI) Framework (2 hours)

1. Portfolio
2. Project management o ce
3. Drivers of project success
4. Inhibitors of project success

4. Project Management (4 hours)

1. Advantages of project management
2. Project management context as per PMI
3. Characteristics of project life cycles, representative project life cycles, IT Product
Development Life Cycle, Product Life Cycle and Project Life Cycle
4. System Development methodologies, role and responsibilities of key project members

5. Project and Organizational structure (2 hours)

1. System view of project management
2. Functional organization, matrix organization
3. Organizational structure in uences on projects

6. Project Management Process Groups (2 hours)

1. Project management processes
2. Overlaps of process groups in a phase, mapping of project management process
groups to area of knowledge

7. Project Integration Management (4 hours)

1. Develop project charters Develop preliminary project scope statement
2. Develop project management plan, Direct and manage project execution, monitor and
control project work
3. Integrated change control, close project, project scope management
4. Create Work Break Down Structure
5. Scope veri cation
6. Scope control

8. Project Time Management (4 hours)

1. Activity de nition, decomposition of activities, activity attributes
2. Activity sequencing, precedence relationship, network diagram, precedence diagram
method, arrow diagramming method, 8.3. Activity resources estimating, determining
resource requirements
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 3. Schedule development and control, principles of scheduling, milestones, forward pass,
backward pass, critical path method, critical chain technique, gantt chart, schedule
control.
9. Project Cost Management (4 hours)
1. Cost and project, cost management
2. Cost estimating, types of cost estimates, estimating process and accuracy, enterprise
environmental factors, organizational process assets, cost estimating tools
3. Cost budgeting, cost aggregation, deriving budget from activity cost
4. Cost control process, cost control methods, earned value management
5. EVM bene ts, variance analysis.

10. Project quality management (3 hours)

1. Quality theories
2. Quality planning, project quality requirements, cost of quality, quality management plan
3. Quality assurance, quality audit, approach to a quality audit
4. Quality control process, control chart, pareto charts, testing of IT system, the test life
cycle.

11. Project Communication Management (3 hours)

1. Importance of communication management
2. Communications planning process, communication requirement analysis, organizing
and conducting e ective meeting,
3. Information distribution process
4. Performance reporting process, integrated reporting system

12. Project Risk Management (4 hours)

1. Understanding Risk, project risk
2. Risk management planning process, risk management plan
3. Risk identi cation, risk identi cation techniques
4. Qualitative risk analysis process
5. Quantitative risk analysis process, modeling techniques
6. Risk response planning, resolution of risk, strategies for negative risks or threats,
strategies for positive risks or opportunities
7. Risk monitoring and control process.

13. Project Procurement Management (3 hours)

1. Procurement management process ow
2. Plan purchases and acquisition process, enterprise environmental factor,
organizational process assets
3. Plan contracting process, standard forms, evaluation criteria
4. Request seller response process
5. Select seller process
6. Contract administration process
7. Contract closure process
14. Developing Custom Processes for IT projects (3 hours)
1. Developing it project management methodology
2. Moving forward with customized management processes
3. Certi ed associate in project management
4. Project management maturity
5. Promoting project Excellency through awards and assessment
6. Certi cation process ow
7. Code of ethics,
8. Future trends.

15. Balanced scorecard and ICT project management (1 hour)

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