Analytic Mechanics (CE-101)

Prof. Dr. Engr. Md. Abul Kalam Azad

Chairman
Department of Civil Engineering
European University of Bangladesh
e-mail: [email protected]
Cell: +880 1833400767
 Course Code: CE 101 Course Title: Analytic Mechanics Credits: 3

The Rationale of the Course:

This is a basic engineering subject. The content of this particular subject refers to different
structural members and their corresponding reaction forces. It contains different aspects of
analyzing a rigid body. The students can get clear concepts of analytical dynamics, structural
member analysis, and reaction.

Course Content:
Units of measurements; Coplanar concurrent forces; moments and parallel coplanar forces;
non-concurrent, non-parallel, coplanar forces; non-coplanar forces; centroids; the moment of
inertia of areas; the moment of inertia of masses; Friction; flexible cords; plane motion; force
systems that produce rectilinear motion; work, kinetic energy, power; impulse and
momentum.

Learning Materials:
Recommended Readings:

 Analytic mechanics by Virgil Moring Faires and Sherman Daniel Chambers

 A Textbook of Applied Mechanics (SI Units) by R. K. Rajput
 Engineering Mechanics - Statics, 14th edition by R. C. Hibbeler.
Units of Measurements
 Coplanar Concurrent Forces
Finding a Resultant Force

Finding the Components of a Force

Addition of Several Forces

Procedure for Analysis
 Solved Problems
Problem 1
The screw eye as shown in Fig. is subjected to two forces, F1 and F2. Determine
the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.

Solution
Using the law of cosines

Problem 2
Determine the magnitude of the component force F as shown in Fig. and the
magnitude of the resultant force FR if FR is directed along the positive y axis.

Solution
Supplementary Problems
S-1:
Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the screw eye and its
direction measured clockwise from the x-axis. (6.80 KN, 1030).

S-2:
Two forces act on the hook. Determine the magnitude of the resultant
force.(Ans. 666 N).

S-3:
Determine the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction measured
counter-clockwise from the positive x axis. (Ans. 721N, 43.90).

S-4:
Determine the magnitude and direction, measured counter-clockwise from the
positive x axis, of the resultant force acting on the ring at O, if FA = 750 N and θ
= 450. (Ans. 1.23 KN, 6.080).

Addition of a system of coplanar forces

 Coplanar Force Resultants

Solved Problems
Problem-3
Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.
Solution
ΣFx = 300 cos00 + 400 cos300 – 250 x = 446.41 N

ΣFy = 300 sin00 + 400 sin300 + 250 x = 350 N

Resultant Force, FR = √ = 567.26 N

Direction of the resultant force, θ = tan-1( )

= 38.10

Supplementary Problems
S-5:
Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the corbel and its
direction θ measured counter-clockwise from the x axis. (Ans. 1254 lb, 2590).
S-6:
Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the plate and its
direction, measured counter-clockwise from the positive x axis. (Ans. 1.96 KN,
4.120).

S-7:
Determine the x and y components of each force acting on the gusset plate of
a bridge truss. Show that the resultant force is zero.

Parallelogram Law of Forces

S-8:
Find the magnitude and direction of the two forces 40 N and 60 N acting at a
point with an included angle of 400 between them. The force of 60 N being
horizontal. (Ans. 94.22 N, α = 15.850).

S-9:
Find the magnitude of two forces such that, if they act at right angles, their
resultant is 5 N whilst when they act at an angle of 600, their resultant is
N. (Ans. P = 3 N and Q = 4 N).

S-10:
A particle is acted upon by the following forces:
(i) A pull of 8 N due North East;
(ii) A pull of 10 N due North;
(iii) A pull of 12 N due East;
(iv) A pull of 4 N in a direction inclined 600 South of West;
(v) A pull of 6 N in a direction inclined 300 East of South.
Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.
(Ans. R = 20.4 N and α = 210).

S-11:
Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the following four
forces acting at a point:
(i) 10 N pull N 300 E;
(ii) 12.5 N push S 450 W;
(iii) 5 N push N 600 W;
(iv) 15 N push S 600 E.
(Ans. 23.09 N and 770).

Laws of Equilibrium
ΣFH = 0, ΣFV = 0, ΣM = 0

Lami’s Theorem
It states as under:
“If three coplanar forces acting on a point in a body keep it in equilibrium, then
each force is proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two
forces”.
 Solved Problems
Problem -4
Three forces keep a particle in equilibrium. One acts towards east, another
towards north-west and the third towards south. If the first be 5 N, find the
other two.
Solution:
Problem-5
A machine weighing 1500 N is supported by two chains attached to some point
on the machine. One of these ropes goes to the eye bolts in the wall and is
inclined 300 to the horizontal and other goes to the hook in ceiling and is
inclined 450 to the horizontal. Find the tensions in the two chains.
Solution:

The machine is in equilibrium under the following forces:

(i) W (weight of the machine) acting vertically down;
(ii) Tension T1 in the chain OA;
(iii) Tension T2 in the chain OB.
Now, applying Lami’s theorem at O, we get
Problem-6
A smooth sphere of weight “W” is supported in contact with a smooth vertical
wall by a string fastened to a point on its surface, the end being attached to a
point on the wall. If the length of the string is equal to the radius of sphere,
find tensions in the string and reaction on the wall.
Solution:
Problem-7
A cast iron sphere 30 cm in diameter rests in 20 cm x 20 cm angle, one leg of
which is at an angle of 30o with the horizontal as shown in Fig. Assuming all
surfaces smooth, compute the reactions on the sphere at A and B. Cast iron
weighs 72 KN/m3.

Solution:
Problem-8
A uniform wheel 40 cm in diameter rests against a rigid rectangular block 10
cm thick as shown in Fig. Find the least pull through the centre of the wheel to
just turn it over the corner of the block. All surfaces are smooth. Find also the
reaction of the block. The wheel weighs 800 N.

Solution:
 Supplementary Problems
S-12
The following Fig. represents a weight of 20 KN supported by two cords, one 3
m long and the other 4 m long with points of support 5 m apart. Find the
tensions T1 and T2 in KN in the cords. (Ans. 16 KN, 12 KN).

S-13
What axial forces does the vertical load W = 800 N induce in the tie rod and the
jib of the jib crane shown in Fig. Neglect the self-weight of the members. (Ans.
1545.6 N, 2185.5 N).
S-14
A string ABCD hangs from fixed point A and D carrying a weight of 12 N at B
and W at C. AB is inclined at 600 to the horizontal, CD is inclined at 300 to the
horizontal and BC is horizontal, find W. (Ans. 4 N).
S-15
The extremities A and D of a light inextensible string ABCD are tied to two
points in the same horizontal line. Weights W and 3W are tied to the string at
the points B and C respectively. If AB and CD are inclined to the vertical at
angles 600 and 300 respectively, show that BC is horizontal and find the
tensions in the various parts of the string. (Ans. 2W, W, W).
S-16
Determine the tension in cables BA and BC necessary to support the 60-kg
cylinder in Fig. (Ans. 420 N, 476 N).

S-17
Determine the force in each supporting cable.
S-18
If the mass of cylinder C is 40 kg, determine the mass of cylinder A in order to
hold the assembly in the position shown. (Ans. 20 Kg).

S-19
The man attempts to pull down the tree using the cable and small pulley
arrangement shown. If the tension in AB is 60 lb, determine the tension in
cable CAD and the angle θ which the cable makes at the pulley. (Ans. 30.46 Lb,
200).
S-20
The 30-kg pipe is supported at A by a system of five cords. Determine the force
in each cord for equilibrium. (Ans. THA = 294 N, TAB = 340 N, TAE = 170 N, TBD =
490 N, TBC = 562 N).

S-21
A 500 lb cylinder A rests on a smooth inclined plane as shown in Fig.
For tension in the rope of 250 lb, find the inclination of the plane and
the plane reaction.
(Ans. 300, 433 lb).
 Moments and Parallel Coplanar Forces
When a force is applied to a body it will produce a tendency for the body to
rotate about a point that is not on the line of action of the force. This tendency
to rotate is sometimes called a torque, but most often it is called the moment
of a force or simply the moment.

Magnitude: The magnitude of Mo is

Mo = Fd
where d is the moment arm or perpendicular distance from the axis at point O
to the line of action of the force. Units of moment magnitude consist of force
times distance, e.g., N-m or lb-ft.
Equilibrium conditions for bodies under coplanar non-
concurrent forces
When a body is under the action of a coplanar non-concurrent force system it
may rotate due to resultant moment of the force system or it may set in a
horizontal or vertical motion due to horizontal and vertical components of
forces. The body, thus can only be in equilibrium if the algebraic sum of all the
external forces and their moments about any point in their plane is zero.
Mathematically, the conditions of equilibrium may be expressed as follows:
1. ΣFH = 0
2. ΣFV = 0
3. ΣM = 0

Varignon’s Theorem
It states as under:
“The algebraic sum of the moments of two forces about any point in
their plane is equal to the moment of their resultant about that point.”
 Solved Problems
Problem-9
The lever LMN of a component of a machine is hinged at M, and is subjected to
a system of coplanar forces as shown in Fig. Neglecting friction determine:

Solution:
Problem-10
A uniform ladder AB whose weight is 600 N and length 4 metres rests against a
smooth vertical wall making with it an angle of 300. The other end rests on the
ground surface. Find the reactions given to the ladder by the wall and the floor
and their inclination to the vertical, when a man weighing 700 N climbs the
ladder by a distance 1 m along the length of the ladder.
Solution:
Since the vertical wall is smooth, reaction at B will be perpendicular to the
surface of the wall.
 Supplementary Problems
S-22
The bell crank as shown in Fig. has a load of F=100 lb. If ,
determine the reactions at B and C.
(Ans. B = 379 lb at 97.60 and C = 289 lb at 2700).
 Types of Supports

Simple support or knife edge support

Roller support

Hinged support or pin jointed support

Fixed or Built-in or Encastered Support

Smooth Surface Support

S-23
Determine the resultant moment produced by the forces about point O.

S-24
If the 1500-lb boom AB, the 200-lb cage BCD, and the 175-lb man have centers
of gravity located at points G1, G2, and G3, respectively, determine the resultant
moment produced by each weight about point A.

S-25
A beam simply supported at both the ends carries load system as shown in Fig.
Find the reactions at the two ends. (Ans. 9.5 KN, 6.5 KN).
S-26
Find the reactions R1, R2 and R3 in the case of two beams placed one over the
other and loaded as shown in Fig. (Ans. 2 KN, 45.75 KN, 2.25 KN).

S-27
An overhanging beam 18 metres long carries a system of loads as shown in Fig.
Determine the reactions at the supports.

S-28
An overhanging beam 15 metres long carries a system of loads as shown in Fig.
Determine the reactions at the supports.

S-29
On the bell crank in Fig. as shown, let F = 100 lb and 300. Find the reactions
at B and C.
(Ans. B = 350 lb and C = - 250 lb).
Determine the reactions of the following beams as shown in Fig.
 Non-concurrent, Non-parallel, Coplanar Forces
S-30
Three forces act on a body as shown in Fig. If A = 200 lb, B = 500 lb, C
= 400 lb, and 300, find the resultant force which will have the
same effect on the body (a) using point C as a center of moments in
locating the resulting vector, (b) using point A as a center of
moments.
(Ans. 154 lb at 1800 through a point 23.4 inches above C; (b) 154 lb at
1800 through a point 18.4 inches above A).

S-31
A link AB as shown in Fig. is subjected to the forces F 1 = 100 lb, F2 =
550 lb, and W = 75 lb. (a) Find the resultant of these forces. (b) Will
the link move under the action of the forces? Explain.
(Ans. (a) 656 lb at 316.70, r = 0.685 ft.; (b) rotate clockwise).
 Centre of Gravity and Centroid

Centre of gravity of a body

Centre of gravity of a body may be defined as the point through which the
whole weight of the body may be assumed to act. The centre of gravity of a
body or an object is usually denoted by c. g. or simply by G. The position of c. g.
depends upon shape of the body and this may or may not necessarily be within
the boundary of the body.

Centroid
The centroid or centre of area is defined as the point where the whole area of
the figure is assumed to be concentrated. Thus, centroid can be taken as quite
analogous to centre of gravity when bodies have area only and not weight.

Centroid of an Area Centroid of a Line

Centroids of Plane Geometrical Figures
C. G. of Regular Solids
Centroids of Composite Areas
S-32
Determine the centroid of the lamina as shown in Fig.
(Ans. 9.56 cm, 8.56 cm)

S-33
Locate the centroid of the plate area shown in Fig. (Ans. – 0.348 ft, 1.22 ft)

S-34
Locate the centroid of the cross-sectional area. (Ans. 0.827 in.
1.33 in.)
S-35
Locate the centroid ȳ of the beam’s cross-sectional area (Ans. 237.5
mm).

S-36

(Ans. 154 mm)

S-37 (Ans. 0.571 in., - 0.571 in.)

S-38 (Ans. – 1 in., 4.625 in.)

S-39

S-40 (Ans. 79.7 mm)

S-41 (Ans. 85.9 mm)

S-42

S-43 (Ans. 1.57 in., 1.57 in.)

Problem-11

S-44

S-45
 Moment of Inertia of Areas
Whenever a distributed load acts perpendicular to an area and its intensity
varies linearly, the calculation of the moment of the loading about an axis will
involve an integral of the form ∫ dA. For example, consider the plate in Fig.,

which is submerged in a fluid and subjected to the pressure p. This pressure

varies linearly with depth, such that p = y, where is the specific weight of
the fluid. Thus, the force acting on the differential area dA of the plate is dF = p
dA = ( y)dA. The moment of this force about the x axis is therefore dM = y dF =
y2 dA, and so integrating dM over the entire area of the plate yields M =
∫ dA. The integral ∫ dA is sometimes referred to as the “second
moment” of the area about an axis (the x axis), but more often it is called the
moment of inertia of the area. The word “inertia” is used here since the
formulation is similar to the mass moment of inertia, ∫ dm, which is a
dynamical property. Although for an area this integral has no physical meaning,
it often arises in formulas used in fluid mechanics, mechanics of materials,
structural mechanics, and mechanical design, and so the engineer needs to be
familiar with the methods used to determine the moment of inertia.
Problem-12
Problem-13
S-46
Determine the moment of inertia of the area shown in Fig. about the
x axis. (Ans. 101 x 106 mm4).

S-47
Determine the moments of inertia for the cross-sectional area of the
member shown in Fig. about the x and y centroidal axes. (Ans. Ix =
2.90 x 109 mm4, Iy = 5.60 x 109 mm4).

S-48
Determine the moment of inertia of the composite area about the x-
axis and y-axis. (Ans. 209 in4, 533 in4)
S-49 (Ans. 52.5 mm, 16.6 x 106 mm4, 5.725 x 10 x 6 mm4)

S-50
Determine the moment of inertia Ix and Iy of the shaded area about
the x-axis and the y-axis respectively. (Iy = 2.03 x 109 mm4).

S-51
Determine the moment of inertia Ix and Iy of the shaded area about
the x-axis and the y-axis respectively. (Ans 1845 in4, 522 in4).
Problem-14
Determine the moment of inertia for the shaded area shown in Fig.
about the x-axis.

Solution

S-52
Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded area about both
axes. (Ans. Ix = 0.111 m4, Iy = 0.273 m4).

Moment of Inertia of Masses

 Solved Problems
Problem-15
Determine the mass moment of inertia of the cylinder shown in Fig.
about the z axis. The density of the material, , is constant.

Solution
Problem-16
If a cast-iron cylinder is 24 in. in diameter and 48 in. long, what is its
moment of inertia about the same axis? Cast iron weighs 450 lb. per
cu. ft. What is the corresponding radius of gyration?
Solution:
The mass of this cast-iron cylinder is

m= ) x (h )= x4x = 175.6 slugs.

The moment of inertia,

Iz = mR2 = x 175.6 x 12 = 87.8 slug-ft.2

Again,
The radius of gyration is,

k=√ =√ = 0.707 ft.

FRICTION
Friction is a force that resists the movement of two contacting
surfaces that slide relative to one another. This force always acts
tangent to the surface at the points of contact and is directed so as
to oppose the possible or existing motion between the surfaces.

Theory of Dry Friction

Impending Motion
In cases where the surfaces of contact are rather “slippery,” the
frictional force F may not be great enough to balance P, and
consequently, the block will tend to slip. In other words, as P is
slowly increased, F correspondingly increases until it attains a certain
maximum value Fs, called the limiting static frictional force as shown
in Fig. below.
When this value is reached, the block is in unstable equilibrium since
any further increase in P will cause the block to move.
Experimentally, it has been determined that this limiting static
frictional force Fs is directly proportional to the resultant normal
force N. Expressed mathematically,
Fs = μsN
Where the constant of proportionality, μs, is called the coefficient of
static friction.
Thus, when the block is on the verge of sliding, the normal force N
and frictional force Fs combine to create a resultant Rs, as shown in
above Fig. The angle φs that Rs makes with N is called the angle of
static friction. From the figure,

φs = ( )= ( )= μs
Problem-17
Problem-18
Determine the friction force at the surface of contact.

Solution

ΣFx = 0

500 x - = 0, = 400 N

ΣFy = 0

N - 500 x - 200 = 0, N = 500 N

Fmax = μsN = 0.3 x 500 = 150 N 400 N

Slipping F = μkN = 0.2 x 500 = 100 N Ans.
Problem-19
Determine the friction force at the surface of contact.

Solution

ΣFx = 0

100 x - = 0, = 80 N

ΣFy = 0

N - 100 x - 40 = 0, N = 100 N

Fmax = μsN = 0.9 x 100 = 90 N 80 N

F= = 80 N Ans.
Problem-20
Determine M to cause impending motion of the cylinder.

Solution

ΣFy = 0
NA - 100 = 0, NA = 100 N
FA = μsNA = 0.1 x 100 = 10 N
ΣMo = 0
M – FA x 1 = 0

M = 10 x 1 = 10 N-m
S-53
Determine the minimum force P to prevent the 30-kg rod AB from
sliding. The contact surface at B is smooth, whereas the coefficient of
static friction between the rod and the wall at A is μs = 0.2.
(Ans. 155 N).

S-54
Determine the maximum force P that can be applied without causing
the two 50-kg crates to move. The coefficient of static friction
between each crate and the ground is μs = 0.25.
(Ans. 247 N).

S-55
The automobile has a mass of 2 Mg and center of mass at G.
Determine the towing force F required to move the car. Both the
front and rear brakes are locked. Take μs = 0.3. (Ans. 5.79 KN).
 Flexible Cords
Flexible cables and chains combine strength with lightness and often
are used in structures for support and to transmit loads from one
member to another. When used to support suspension bridges and
trolley wheels, cables form the main load-carrying element of the
structure. In the force analysis of such systems, the weight of the
cable itself may be neglected because it is often small compared to
the load it carries. On the other hand, when cables are used as
transmission lines and guys for radio antennas and derricks, the
cable weight may become important and must be included in the
structural analysis.
Three cases will be considered in the analysis that follows. In each
case we will make the assumption that the cable is perfectly flexible
and inextensible. Due to its flexibility, the cable offers no resistance
to bending, and therefore, the tensile force acting in the cable is
always tangent to the cable at points along its length. Being
inextensible, the cable has a constant length both before and after
the load is applied. As a result, once the load is applied, the
geometry of the cable remains unchanged, and the cable or a
segment of it can be treated as a rigid body.
Cable Subjected to Concentrated Loads. When a cable of negligible
weight supports several concentrated loads, the cable takes the form
of several straight-line segments, each of which is subjected to a
constant tensile force. Consider, for example, the cable shown in
above Fig., where the distances h, L1, L2, and L3 and the loads P1 and
P2 are known. The problem here is to determine the nine unknowns
consisting of the tension in each of the three segments, the four
components of reaction at A and B, and the two sags yC and yD at
points C and D. For the solution we can write two equations of force
equilibrium at each of points A, B, C, and D. This results in a total of
eight equations. To complete the solution, we need to know
something about the geometry of the cable in order to obtain the
necessary ninth equation. For example, if the cable’s total length L is
specified, then the Pythagorean theorem can be used to relate each
of the three segmental lengths, written in terms of h, yC, yD, L1, L2,
and L3, to the total length L. Unfortunately, this type of problem
cannot be solved easily by hand. Another possibility, however, is to
specify one of the sags, either yC or yD, instead of the cable length. By
doing this, the equilibrium equations are then sufficient for obtaining
the unknown forces and the remaining sag. Once the sag at each
point of loading is obtained, the length of the cable can then be
determined by trigonometry. The following example illustrates a
procedure for performing the equilibrium analysis for a problem of
this type.
General Cable Theorem
At any point on a cable acted upon by vertical loads, the product of
the horizontal component of cable tension and the vertical distance
from that point to the cable chord equals the bending moment that
would occur at that section if the loads carried by the cable were
acting on an end-supported beam of the same span as that of the
cable.

The equation of general cable theorem is

 Hym = ΣMb - ΣMm

Problem-21
Determine the tension in each segment of the cable shown in Fig.

Solution

Consider the free-body diagram for the entire cable. Thus,

ΣME = 0 ΣFy = 0 Again,
Ay x 18 – 4 x 15 – 15 12 – 4 – 15 – 3 + Ey = 0 ΣFx = 0
x 10 – 3 x 2 = 0 Ey = 10 KN Ex - Ax = 0 ……….(1)
Ay = 12 KN
ΣMC = 0 ΣFx = 0 Divide eqn. (3) by eqn.
Ax x 12 -12 x 8 + 4 x 5 = 0 6.33 – TBC cosθBC = 0 (2), we get,
Ax = 6.33 KN TBC cosθBC = 6.33 …..(2) tanθBC = 1.26
Putting this value in eqn.(1) Again, or, θBC = 51.60
We get, ΣFy = 0 Thus, TBC = 10.2 KN
Ex = 6.33 KN 12 – 4 - TBC sinθBC = 0
TBC sinθBC = 8 ……..(3)
S-56
The cable supports the three loads shown. Determine the sags yB and
yD of B and D. Take P1 = 800 N, P2 = 500 N. (Ans. 2.22m, 1.55m).

S-57
The cable supports the three loads as shown in above Fig. Determine
the magnitude of P1 if P2 = 600 N and yB = 3 m. Also find sag yD. (Ans.
320N, 2.33m).
S-58
Determine the tension in each segment of the cable and the cable’s
total length.
 PLANE MOTION
Concept of Motion

Definitions
Rectilinear Kinematics: Continuous Motion
We will begin our study of dynamics by discussing the kinematics of a particle that moves along a
rectilinear or straight-line path. Recall that a particle has a mass but negligible size and shape.
Therefore, we must limit the application to those objects that have dimensions that are of no
consequence in the analysis of the motion. In most problems, we will be interested in bodies of
finite size, such as rockets, projectiles, or vehicles. Each of these objects can be considered as a
particle, as long as the motion is characterized by the motion of its mass center and any rotation of
the body is neglected.

Rectilinear Kinematics. The kinematics of a particle is characterized by specifying, at any given

instant, the particle’s position, velocity, and acceleration.

Position. The straight-line path of a particle will be defined using a single coordinate axis s, as shown
in Fig. below. The origin O on the path is a fixed point, and from this point the position coordinate s
is used to specify the location of the particle at any given instant. The magnitude of s is the distance
from O to the particle, usually measured in meters (m) or feet (ft), and the sense of direction is
defined by the algebraic sign on s. Although the choice is arbitrary, in this case s is positive since the
coordinate axis is positive to the right of the origin. Likewise, it is negative if the particle is located to
the left of O. Realize that position is a vector quantity since it has both magnitude and direction.
Here, however, it is being represented by the algebraic scalar s, rather than in boldface s, since the
direction always remains along the coordinate axis.
Problem-22
The car in the Fig. moves in a straight line such that for a
short time its velocity is defined by v = (3t2 + 2t) ft/s, where t
is in seconds. Determine its position and acceleration when t
= 3 s. When t = 0, s = 0.

Solution
Problem-23
A small projectile is fired vertically downward into a fluid medium
with an initial velocity of 60 m/s. Due to the drag resistance of the
fluid the projectile experiences a deceleration of a = (-0.4v3) m/s2,
where v is in m/s. Determine the projectile’s velocity and position 4 s
after it is fired.

Solution
Problem-24
A metallic particle is subjected to the influence of a magnetic field as it travels downward through a
fluid that extends from plate A to plate B, as shown in Fig. If the particle is released from rest at the
midpoint C, s = 100 mm, and the acceleration is a = (4s) m/s2, where s is in meters, determine the
velocity of the particle when it reaches plate B, s = 200 mm, and the time it takes to travel from C to
B.
Problem-25
A bicycle moves along a straight road such that its position is described by the
graph shown in Fig. Construct the v-t and a–t graphs for 0 t 30 s.
 Supplementary Problems
S-59
The particle travels along a straight track such that its position is described by
the s-t graph. Construct the v-t graph for the same time interval.

S-60
A van travels along a straight road with a velocity described by the graph.
Construct the s-t and a-t graphs during the same period. Take s = 0 when t = 0.
 Force Systems That Produce Rectilinear Motion
Solved Problems
Problem 26
A body A weighing 20 lb. is resting on a 450 incline for which f = 0.2
(kinetic friction). A horizontal force Q = 10 lb. acts on the body as
shown in Fig. If the body starts from rest, what is its velocity after 5
sec.?

Solution
ΣFy = N – W cos450 – Q sin450 = 0
Or, N = W cos450 + Q sin450
= 20 cos450 + 10 sin450
= 21.21 lb.
Therefore, if the bodies move, frictional force,
F = fN = 0.2 x 21.21 = 4.242 lb.

ΣFx = F – W sin450 + Q cos450 = ma = a

Or, 4.242 – 20 sin450 + 10 cos450 = a

Or, a = - 4.56 ft./s2.

The negative sign for the answer shows that it is down the plane.
With this acceleration, the velocity after 5 sec. is
V = at = (-4.56) 5 = - 22.8 ft/sec. down the plane.
 Problem-27
A system of frictionless pulleys carries two weights hung by
inextensible cords as shown in Fig. Find:
(i) The acceleration of the weights and tension in the cords.
(ii) The velocity and displacement of weight ‘1’ after 5 seconds
from start if the system is released from rest.

Solution:
(i) Acceleration of the weights and tension in the cord

Consider the motion of weight W1: Consider the motion of weight W2:
W1 – T = a 2T – W2 =
80 – T = a ……………..(1) 2T – 50 = ……………..(2)

From eqn. (1) and (2) we get,

110 = a or, 110 = a or, a = 5.8 m/s2

Hence acceleration of W1 = 5.8 m/s2 (Ans.)

And acceleration of W2 = 5.8/2 = 2.9 m/s2 (Ans.)
Substituting the value of ‘a’ in eqn. (1), we get

80 – T = x 5.8 or, T = 32.7 N (Ans.)

(ii) Velocity and displacement of weight W1 after 5 sec.

V = u + at
= 0 + 5.8 x 5 = 29 m/s (Ans.)
S = ut + 0.5 at2 = 0 x 5 + 0.5 x 5.8 x 52 = 72.5 m (Ans.)
 Supplementary Problems
S-61
A body slides down a 600 incline for which f = ¼. (a) If it starts from
rest, how long does it take to slide 60 ft.? (b) What should be the
inclination of the plane if the body slides down with constant speed?
Ans. (a) 2.24 sec.; (b) 14.030.
S-62
In Fig. bodies A and C are connected by a weightless flexible cord
over a smooth surface B. The coefficient of friction fA = 1/3. If WA =
64.4 lb., WC = 96.6 lb., and the initial velocity of A is 30 fps toward
the left, find the time in seconds for A to travel 10 ft. (Ans. 0.39 sec.).

S-63
Two blocks shown in Fig, have weights A = 8 N and B = 10 N and co-
efficient of friction between block B and horizontal plane, f = 0.2. If
the system is released from rest and the block A falls through a
vertical distance of 1.5 m, what is the velocity acquired by it? Neglect
the friction in the pulley and extension of the string. (Ans. 3.13 m/s).
S-64
A body weighing 8 N rests on a rough plane inclined at 150 to the
horizontal. It is pulled up the plane, from rest, by means of a light
flexible rope running parallel to the plane. The portion of the rope,
beyond the pulley hangs vertically down and carries a weight of 60 N
at the end. If the co-efficient of friction for the plane and the body is
0.22, find:
(i) The tension in the rope,
(ii) The acceleration in m/s2, with which the body moves up the
plane, and
(iii) The distance in metres moved by the body in 2 seconds,
starting from rest.
(Ans. 10.39 N, 8.11 m/s2, 16.22 m)
Hints:
S-65
Determine the acceleration of the body ‘1’ assuming the pulleys to
be smooth and weightless as shown in Fig. If the system starts from
rest, determine the velocity of the body ‘1’ after 5 seconds. (Ans.
0.239 m/s2, 1.195 m/s).

S-66
A system of frictionless pulleys carries two masses hung by
inextensible cords as shown in Fig. Find the tension in the cords and
acceleration of the weights. (Ans. 630 N, 1.4 m/s2, 2.8 m/s2).
Work, Kinetic Energy and Power
 Solved Problems
Problem -28
As shown in Fig., W = 100 lb., Q = 50 lb., θ = 300, f = ¼, and the body is moving
with an initial velocity of 28 fps. For a displacement of 20 ft. to the right, find
the resultant force on the body and the net work done.

Solution
ΣFy = 0
N + Q sin θ – W = 0
N = 100 – 50 sin300
= 75 lb.
Frictional force, F = fN = ¼ x 75 = 18.75 lb.
Resultant force on the body = Q cosθ – F = 50 cos300 – 18.75 = 24.55 lb.
Network done, U = 24.55 x 20 = 491 ft-lb.

Problem-29
As shown in Fig., W = 100 lb., Q = 120 lb., θ = 300, β = 150, f = ¼, and the body is
displaced 8 ft. up the plane. Find the resultant force on W and the net work
done.
Solution
ΣFy = 0
N + Q sin β – W cosθ = 0
N = 100 cos 300 – 120 sin150
= 55.54 lb.
Frictional force, F = fN = ¼ x 55.54 = 13.89 lb.
Resultant force on the body = Q cosβ – W sinθ - F
= 120 cos150 – 100 sin300 - 13.89 = 52 lb.
Network done, U = 52 x 8 = 416 ft-lb.

Problem-30
As shown in Fig., Q = 46 lb., θ = 150, β = 00, f = 0.3, and the net work is -200 ft-
lb. as the body is displaced 12 ft. to the right. Find the weight of the body.

Solution
ΣFy = 0
N + Q sin β – W cosθ = 0
N = W cos 150 – 46 sin00
= W cos 150 lb.
Frictional force, F = fN = 0.3 x W cos 150 lb.
Resultant force on the body = Q cosβ – W sinθ - F
= 46 cos00 – W sin150 - 0.3 x W cos 150 lb.
Network done, U = (46 cos00 – W sin150 - 0.3 x W cos 150 ) x 12 = - 200
Or W = 114 lb.
Problem-31
As shown in Fig. f = 1/3 for both planes, h = 10 ft., and the box comes
to rest when d = 18 ft. Find the initial velocity.

Consider the motion of the box:

W sinα – F = ma
Or, W sinα – f N = ma

Or, W sinα – f W cosα = a

Or, W ( ) – (1/3) W ( ) = a

Or, a = 10.73 ft/s2

The box at the junction of two planes possesses K. E. and it is utilised in
overcoming the frictional resistance along horizontal plane.
Therefore,
K. E. = F x d

Or, m v2 = (f N ) d

Or, v2 = (f W) d

Or, v2 = (1/3) x 18

Or, v2 = 386.4
Or, v = 19.66 ft/sec
Initial velocity of the box along the inclined plane is given by the equation
v2 = u2 + 2as

or, 19.662 = u2 + 2 (10.73) ( x 5)

or, u2 = 28.78
or, u = 5.36 ft/sec.

S-67
A small box slides down the inclined plane as shown in Fig. What
distance along the horizontal plane will it travel before coming to
rest? Given that f = 0.3 for both the planes and h = 30 m. (Ans. 60
m).

S-68
A locomotive starts from rest and pulls a train weighing 10000 KN down an
incline of 1 in 100. The tractive resistance is 3 N/KN. If the constant engine pull
is 50 KN, find the speed of the train after it has moved 2000 m. Find also the
final power developed by the engine. (Ans. 21.7 m/sec, 651 KW).