Lecture 07:

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT

EULOGIO “AMANG” RODRIGUEZ INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM (NSTP)
Lecture 07:
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
 OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, the learners should

be able to;
1. Define and understand the principles of
first aid
2. Give the qualities of a first aider
3. Explain the protocol of responding in
an emergency
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
– A TEMPORARY TREATMENT
given to an injured Person before
the arrival of the Physician or
Doctor.

Knowledge of first aid promotes the sense of

safety and well - being amongst people,
prompting them to be more alert and safe in the
surroundings they dwell in.
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
Awareness and desire to be accident
free keeps you more safe and secure,
reducing the number of causalities and
accidents.

In some situation, if a patient doesn’t receive

basic first aid care immediately their situation will
deteriorate – often rapidly. By being able to
provide basic care you can stabilize a patient until
emergency medical services arrives.
Why is First Aid Important?
First Aid knowledge is invaluable for both you as the
individual and for your community.

It enables you to assist persons who become

injured in the event of an accident or emergency
situation until help arrives.

First Aid skills can be applied in the home, the

workplace or in public locations, therefore the more
First Aid certified people there are in a community
the safer that community becomes.
The following are the qualities of a
Trained First Aider:

✓ Prompt and Quick

✓ Calm and Controlled
✓ Resourceful
✓ Sweet Tempered and Sympathetic
✓ Skillful and Tactful
✓ Confidence and Perseverance
The Protocol of Responding:
1. Make sure of your 3’S
a. Safety of the Victim
b. Safety of the Area
c. Safety of the Responders
2. Do not compete with other responders
3. Do not declare that the victim is dead
4. Before responding, get all the details
5. Be resourceful
6. Do not panic
7. After responding, check all your things
What does the Good Samaritan
Law Mean?

Good Samaritan laws

A law that exempts from legal
liability a person who attempts to
give reasonable aid to another
person who is injured or ill.
PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID

1.Preserve Life
2.Prevent Deterioration
3.Promote Recovery
4. Taking immediate action
5.Calming down the situation
6.Calling for medical assistance
7.Apply the relevant treatment
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT

COMMON TRAUMA
EMERGENCIES
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
WOUNDS AND BURNS
WOUND/S
Wounds are injuries that break the skin or other body tissues
either internal or external. They include cuts, scrapes,
scratches, and punctured skin. They often happen because of
an accident, but surgery, sutures, and stitches also cause
wounds. Minor wounds usually aren't serious, but it is
important to clean them. Serious and infected wounds may
require first aid followed by a visit to your doctor.

Hemorrhage Infection Shock

Two Classification of Wound
CLOSED WOUND
– involves the underlying tissue without break or
damage in the skin
A CONTUSION, BUMP or BRUISE is a type of closed
wounds in which blood has escaped from a ruptured capillaries
and interspersed into surrounding tissue, usually due to trauma
such as bump or fall.
It is injury to tissue that causes bleeding without
breaking the skin and appears as a dis coloration on your
child’s skin after an injury.
Two Classification of Wound
CLOSED WOUND

Hematoma - These include any injury that damages the

small blood vessels and capillaries resulting in
blood collecting and pooling in a limited space.

- Blood almost always collects at the injury site.

(localized collection of blood), usually in liquid
form within the tissue
Two Classification of Wound
CLOSED WOUND
SIMPLE PHYSICAL EXAM: SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• the contusion may appear dark * Pain and tenderness
blue/ red / yellow-green, depending * Swelling
on how soon the physical exam * Discoloration
was performed after the injury. * Hematoma may occur
* Uncontrolled restlessness
• the site may feel be tender to touch * Vomiting with blood
• Swelling usually present around the * Passage of blood in the
contusion urine or feces
Two Classification of Wound
Ice application– Apply ice pack for 20 min,

Compression – apply an elastic bandage with a pad First Aid for

over the affected area and under the Closed Wound
bandage.
Elevation – Keep the injured part above the
patient heart level to decrease pain and
swelling
Splinting – Check for possible fracture
Two Classification of Wound
OPEN WOUND
- a break in the skin or mucus membrane or the
protective skin layer is damaged.
DO YOU KNOW STAPHY?
Staphy or Staphyloccocus auerus is one
kind of bacteria that lives in the skin. It is maybe
considered harmless as long as there is no wound.
SIGNS OF
When someone gets wounded, there is a
INFECTION
break in the skin surface Staphy takes this ✓ Redness
opportunity to move from the surface of the skin to ✓ Increasing Pain
underneath and starts to multiply, and given the ✓ Pus Secretion
chance, Staphy can infect the skin and the ✓ Warmth/Swelling
underlying tissue, release toxins, and may affect the around the area
victims immune system so this is the reason why which result to non-
there is a WOUND INFECTION. healing of wounds
Types of Open Wound
ABRASION
Type of open wound it is scraped
skin resulting in PARTIAL loss of skin
surface. It has little bleeding, but can
be painful and serious if it covers a
large area or if foreign matter becomes
embedded in it.
SCRAPE
Types of Open Wound
LACERATION

Type of open wound it is

characterized by a jagged edges and it
has a heavy bleeding

TEARING
Types of Open Wound
INCISION

Type of open wound it is

characterized by a smooth edges and
sometimes less bleeding

CUT
Types of Open Wound
First Aid for Open Wound
(Abrasion, Laceration and Incision)
➢ Apply a steady but gentle pressure with a
Control bleeding sterile dressing to stop further bleeding.
➢ Used a bandage to hold the dressing in place
Clean the wound
no too tight because the limb may become
Cover the wound numb or begin to turn blue or paler than
normal.
Care for shock ➢ If the blood soaks through the bandage don’t
Consult / refer to remove, put another bandage .
•Direct Pressure a Physician ➢ Wash the wound and the area that surrounds it
•Elevation with soap and water to prevent further
•Pressure Points contamination.
•Pressure Bandages ➢ With dressing and secure with bandage
Types of Open Wound
PUNCTURE
(IMPAILED OBJECT)
Type of open wound it is characterized
by stab from a pointed object. The
entrance is usually small. The risk of
infection is high. The object causing
the injury may remain impaled in the
wound
STAB
Types of Open Wound
First Aid for Open Wound
(PUNCTURE / IMPAILED OBJECT)
Control bleeding ➢ If the object that created the injury is stuck in
the wound, NEVER REMOVE the object.

➢ Then stabilize the object by putting bulky

dressing around it.

➢ Use bandages to keep the dressing in place.

Types of Open Wound
AVULSION
Type of open wound it is characterized
by a partial tearing of a patch of skin or
other tissue. A loose, hanging flap is
left. Most often involves EARS,
FINGERS, and HANDS.

TORN OFF
Types of Open Wound
AMPUTATION

Type of open wound it is characterized

by a complete CUTTING or TEARING
OFF of a body parts.

TORN OFF
Types of Open Wound
First Aid for Open Wound
(AVULSION AND AMPUTATION)
➢Apply a steady but gentle pressure with a
Control bleeding sterile bandage to stop further bleeding.

✓ Try to retrieve the amputated body part.

✓ Wrap the amputated part in clean cloth or gauze and
place in a plastic bag
✓ Keep the amputated part cool by placing the bag on ice
and wrap it so the amputated part does not freeze
✓ Label the container that contains the body part with the
person’s name, date and time
✓ Make sure the amputated part goes with the injure
person to the hospital
Types of Open Wound
ABDOMINAL
EVISCERATION
Refers to viscera (the internal organs of the
body, especially those contained within the
abdominal and thoracic cavities) protruding
through an open wound

VISCERA
Types of Open Wound
First Aid for Open Wound
(ABDOMINAL EVISCERATION)
HOW TO CONTROL BLEEDING

DIRECT PRESSURE ELEVATION PRESSURE BANDAGE

WOUND WITHBLEEDING NOT SEVERE
(Home Care)

Clean the wound : Wash the wound and the area that surrounds it
with soap and water to prevent further
contamination.
Protect the wound : Apply with mild antiseptic (Iodine Solution)
Cover the wound : with dressing and secure with bandage

Change the dressing : make sure to change the dressing whenever

the dressing becomes wet and dirty
BURN/S
Burns is an injury involving the skin, including muscle,
bones, nerves and blood vessels. This results from
heat, chemicals, electricity solar or other forms of
radiation.
COMMON CAUSES CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS
•Carelessness with match and cigarette smoking 1st degree burns : Superficial
•Scald from hot liquid 2nd degree burns: Superficial
•Defective heating, cooking and electrical equipment Partial Thickness/Deep
•Immersion in overheated bath water partial thickness
•Use of such chemicals as lye, strong acids and 3rd degree burns : Full Thickness
strong detergents
 SUPERFICIAL BURNS
Involves only the outer layer of skin, although
often painful are generally not life threatening
UNLESS a very large surface area of the body is
covered .The burned area is usually red and a little
swollen .
REDNESS, MILD SWELLING
AND PAIN

Painful, dry, red burns which blanch with pressure. They

usually take 3 to 7 days to heal without scarring. Also known as first-
degree burns. The most common type of first-degree burn is
sunburn. First-degree burns are limited to the epidermis, or upper
layers of skin.
 SUPERFICIAL PARTIAL TICKNESS
BURNS
Very painful burns sensitive to temperature change
and air exposure. More commonly referred to as
second-degree burns. Typically, they blister and are
moist, red, weeping burns which blanch with pressure.
They heal in 7 to 21 days. Scarring is usually confined
to changes in skin pigment.

DEEPER, BLISTER
DEVELOPMENT AND
EXTREMELLY PAINFULL
 FULL TICKNESS BURNS
These severe burns penetrate all the skin layers
and into the underlying fat and muscle. Characterized
by CHARRED tissue often surrounded by white waxy
areas of dead skin with damaged nerves. No pain
exist because the nerve endings have been damaged.
Any pain felt with this burn is caused by surrounding
burns of lesser degree.

1. DEEPER DESTRUCTION,
SKIN LAYERS DESROYED
2. ABSENCE OF PAIN AND
POSSIBILITY OF SHOCK
FULL TICKNESS BURNS

BLISTER FORMATION

4th Degree Full Thickness

Burn
( Involving deep tissue )
 FIRST AID IN BURNS
•Check for danger ( SCENE SURVEY )
• Assess A B C ( be prepared to initiate BLS procedure )
• Cool the injured part - Douse the burned area with cool liquid cooling the burn will
reduce the pain, swelling, and risk of scarring. If applying water from the shower, hose,
or tap, ensure that the pressure is minimal because water hitting the burned skin at
speed will add pain and damage. NOTE : APPLICABLE FOR 1ST DEGREE BURN
• Cover the injured part to prevent infection. This should be done with a sterile
bandage if possible tied very loosely over the wound avoid fluffy material to prevent
the fibers to stick in the burned skin. NOTE : APPLICABLE FOR 2ND , 3RD DEGREE
BURN
• Elevate the injured part if possible
FIRST AID IN BURNS

The general treatment of all

burns is very simple; cool and
cover the affected parts, and call
for appropriate medical help
FACTORS to DETERMINE THE SERIOUSNESS
OF THERMAL BURNS
• The DEPTH. The deeper the burn the more severe it is. THREE
depth classifications are used:
• 1st degree burn or Superficial Thickness Burn
• 2nd degree burn or Partial Thickness Burn
• 3rd Degree burn or Full Thickness Burn
• The EXTENT to the affected body surface area. This means
estimating how much body surface are the burn covers. (rule of 9)
• LOCATION of the burns. Burns on the face, hand, feet, and
genitals are more severe than on other body parts.
• Victim’s AGE and MEDICAL CONDITION. Determine if other
injuries or preexisting medical problems exist or if the victim is
elderly (above 55) or very young (below 5).
 TRANSMISSION
OF DISEASES
All body fluids should be considered infectious including saliva,
blood, vaginal secretions, semen, amniotic fluid, etc.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Direct Contact
Transmission of
communicable disease
from person to another
by physical contact
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Indirect Contact
spread of infection
between the patients
with an infection to
another person through
an inanimate object
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Airborne
Involves spreading an
infectious agent through
mechanisms such as
droplets or dust.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Food-borne
Involves the
contamination of food or
water with an organism
that can cause disease.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Vector-borne
Involves the spread of
infection by animals or
insects that carry an
organism from one
person or place to
another
Body substance Isolation

1. Blood
2. Sweat
3. Urine
4. Sperm cell
Consider Patients Infectious
if with:
✓ Rash or skin lesion
✓ Open sore
✓ Yellowish skin or eyes
✓ Diarrhea
✓ Draining or oozing
✓ Vomiting
wound
✓ Coughing or sneezing
✓ Profuse sweating
✓ Abdominal Pain
✓ Headache with stiff neck
 Commonly Used

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT (P.P.E)

KELLY FORCEPS KELLY CURVE

 Commonly Used

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT (P.P.E)

TISSUE STERILE GAUZE

FORCEPS GLOVES
Protecting by yourself:
Lecture 07:
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
LEARNING ACTIVITY
NO. 2324-01-007

Will be posted on your Google Classroom after this

meeting.
Lecture 07:
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
EARIST HYMN
Lecture 07:
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT