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SOW - C++ - CSO - Chapter - 13 - 9e - Tagged

Chapter 13 of 'Starting Out with C++' introduces object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts, emphasizing the distinction between procedural and object-oriented approaches. It covers essential terminology, including classes, objects, access specifiers, and member functions, while explaining the importance of data protection and the use of constructors and destructors. The chapter also discusses the organization of class specifications and implementations, along with the benefits of inline functions and constructor overloading.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

10 views84 pages

SOW - C++ - CSO - Chapter - 13 - 9e - Tagged

Uploaded by

Alfonso Hernández

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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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STARTING OUT WITH C++

9th Edition

Chapter 13
Introduction to Classes

• Procedural programming focuses on the

process/actions that occur in a program

• Object-Oriented programming is based on the

data and the functions that operate on it.
Objects are instances of ADTs that represent
the data and its functions

• If the data structures change, many functions

must also be changed

• Programs that are based on complex function

hierarchies are:
– difficult to understand and maintain
– difficult to modify and extend
– easy to break

• class: like a struct (allows bundling of related

variables), but variables and functions in the
class can have different properties than in a
struct
• object: an instance of a class, in the same way
that a variable can be an instance of a struct

• A Class is like a blueprint and objects are like

houses built from the blueprint

• attributes: members of a class

• methods or behaviors: member functions of a

class

• data hiding: restricting access to certain

members of an object

• public interface: members of an object that are

available outside of the object. This allows the
object to provide access to some data and
functions without sharing its internal details and
design, and provides some protection from data
corruption

Introduction to Classes

• Objects are created from a class

• Format:
class ClassName
{
declaration;
declaration;
};

• Used to control access to members of the class

• public: can be accessed by functions

outside of the class

• private: can only be called by or accessed

by functions that are members of the class

Private Members

Public Members

• Can be listed in any order in a class

• Can appear multiple times in a class

• If not specified, the default is private

Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Using const With Member Functions
• const appearing after the parentheses in a
member function declaration specifies that the
function will not change any data in the calling
object.

• When defining a member function:

– Put prototype in class declaration
– Define function using class name and scope
resolution operator (::)

int Rectangle::setWidth(double w)
{
width = w;
}

• Mutator: a member function that stores a value

in a private member variable, or changes its
value in some way

• Accessor: function that retrieves a value from a

private member variable. Accessors do not
change an object's data, so they should be
marked const.

Defining an Instance of a Class

• An object is an instance of a class

• Defined like structure variables:
Rectangle r;
• Access members using dot operator:
r.setWidth(5.2);
cout << r.getWidth();
• Compiler error if attempt to access private
member using dot operator

Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Program 13-1 (Continued)

Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Avoiding Stale Data
• Some data is the result of a calculation.
• In the Rectangle class the area of a rectangle is calculated.
– length x width

• If we were to use an area variable here in the Rectangle

class, its value would be dependent on the length and the
width.
• If we change length or width without updating area, then
area would become stale.
• To avoid stale data, it is best to calculate the value of that
data within a member function rather than store it in a
variable.

• Can define a pointer to an object:

Rectangle *rPtr = nullptr;

• Can access public members via pointer:

rPtr = &otherRectangle;
rPtr->setLength(12.5);
cout << rPtr->getLength() << endl;

• We can also use a pointer to dynamically

allocate an object.

Why Have Private Members?

• Making data members private provides data

protection

• Data can be accessed only through public

functions

• Public functions define the class’s public

interface

Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Code outside the class must use the class's
public member functions to interact with the
object.

Separating Specification from Implementation

Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Separating Specification from
Implementation
– Place class declaration in a header file that serves as
the class specification file. Name the file
ClassName.h, for example, Rectangle.h
– Place member function definitions in
ClassName.cpp, for example, Rectangle.cpp
File should #include the class specification file
– Programs that use the class must #include the
class specification file, and be compiled and linked
with the member function definitions

Inline Member Functions

• Member functions can be defined

– inline: in class declaration
– after the class declaration

• Inline appropriate for short function bodies:

int getWidth() const
{ return width; }

Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Rectangle Class with Inline Member
Functions
1 // Specification file for the Rectangle class
2 // This version uses some inline member functions.
3 #ifndef RECTANGLE_H
4 #define RECTANGLE_H
5
6 class Rectangle
7 {
8 private:
9 double width;
10 double length;
11 public:
12 void setWidth(double);
13 void setLength(double);
14
15 double getWidth() const
16 { return width; }
17
18 double getLength() const
19 { return length; }
20
21 double getArea() const
22 { return width * length; }
23 };
24 #endif

• Regular functions – when called, compiler

stores return address of call, allocates memory
for local variables, etc.

• Code for an inline function is copied into

program in place of call – larger executable
program, but no function call overhead, hence
faster execution

Constructors

• Member function that is automatically called

when an object is created

• Purpose is to construct an object

• Constructor function name is class name

• Has no return type

Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Continues...
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Contents of Rectangle.ccp Version3

(continued)
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
In-Place Initialization
• If you are using C++11 or later, you can initialize a
member variable in its declaration statement, just as
you can with a regular variable.
• This is known as in-place initialization. Here is an
example:
class Rectangle
{
private:
double width = 0.0;
double length = 0.0;
public:
Public member functions appear here…
};
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Default Constructors
• A default constructor is a constructor that takes no
arguments.

• If you write a class with no constructor at all, C++ will

write a default constructor for you, one that does
nothing.

• A simple instantiation of a class (with no arguments)

calls the default constructor:
Rectangle r;

Passing Arguments to Constructors

• To create a constructor that takes arguments:

– indicate parameters in prototype:

Rectangle(double, double);

– Use parameters in the definition:

Rectangle::Rectangle(double w, double len)

{
width = w;
length = len;
}

• You can pass arguments to the constructor

when you create an object:

Rectangle r(10, 5);

• If all of a constructor's parameters have default

arguments, then it is a default constructor. For
example:

Rectangle(double = 0, double = 0);

• Creating an object and passing no arguments

will cause this constructor to execute:

Rectangle r;
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Classes with No Default Constructor

• When all of a class's constructors require

arguments, then the class has NO default
constructor.

• When this is the case, you must pass the

required arguments to the constructor when
creating an object.

Destructors

• Member function automatically called when an

object is destroyed
• Destructor name is ~classname, e.g.,
~Rectangle
• Has no return type; takes no arguments
• Only one destructor per class, i.e., it cannot be
overloaded
• If constructor allocates dynamic memory,
destructor should release it

Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Contents of InventoryItem.h Version1

(continued)

Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Constructors, Destructors, and
Dynamically Allocated Objects

• When an object is dynamically allocated with

the new operator, its constructor executes:

Rectangle *r = new Rectangle(10, 20);

• When the object is destroyed, its destructor

executes:

delete r;

Overloading Constructors

• A class can have more than one constructor

• Overloaded constructors in a class must have

different parameter lists:
Rectangle();
Rectangle(double);
Rectangle(double, double);

Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Continues...
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Constructor Delegation
• Sometimes a class will have multiple constructors that perform a
similar set of steps. For example, look at the following Contact
class:

Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Constructor Delegation
• Both constructors perform a similar operation: They assign values
to the name, email, and phone member variables.
• The default constructor assigns empty strings to the members, and
the parameterized constructor assigns specified values to the
members.

Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Constructor Delegation
• In C++ 11, it is possible for one constructor to call another
constructor in the same class.
• This is known as constructor delegation.

• Do not provide more than one default

constructor for a class: one that takes no
arguments and one that has default arguments
for all parameters
Square();
Square(int = 0); // will not compile

• Since a destructor takes no arguments, there

can only be one destructor for a class

• Non-constructor member functions can also be

overloaded:
void setCost(double);
void setCost(char *);

• Must have unique parameter lists as for

constructors

Using Private Member Functions

• A private member function can only be called

by another member function

• It is used for internal processing by the class,

not for use outside of the class

• See the createDescription function in

ContactInfo.h (Version 2)

Arrays of Objects

• Objects can be the elements of an array:

InventoryItem inventory[40];

• Default constructor for object is used when

array is defined

• Must use initializer list to invoke constructor that

takes arguments:

InventoryItem inventory[3] =
{ "Hammer", "Wrench", "Pliers" };

• If the constructor requires more than one

argument, the initializer must take the form of a
function call:

• It isn't necessary to call the same constructor

for each object in an array:

• Objects in an array are referenced using

subscripts

• Member functions are referenced using dot

notation:

inventory[2].setUnits(30);
cout << inventory[2].getUnits();

The Unified Modeling Language

• UML stands for Unified Modeling Language.

• The UML provides a set of standard diagrams

for graphically depicting object-oriented
systems

• A UML diagram for a class has three main

sections.

class Rectangle
{
private:
double width;
double length;
public:
bool setWidth(double);
bool setLength(double);
double getWidth() const;
double getLength() const;
double getArea() const;
};

• In UML you indicate a private member with a

minus (-) and a public member with a plus(+).

These member variables are

private.

These member functions are

public.

• To indicate the data type of a member variable,

place a colon followed by the name of the data
type after the name of the variable.

- width : double
- length : double

• To indicate the data type of a function’s

parameter variable, place a colon followed by
the name of the data type after the name of the
variable.

+ setWidth(w : double)

• To indicate the data type of a function’s return

value, place a colon followed by the name of
the data type after the function’s parameter list.

+ setWidth(w : double) : void

No return type listed for

constructors or destructors

Constructors

Destructor

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