Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.3:EE 1-1S

College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang

DEGREE PROGRAM BSECE/BSME COURSE NO. EE 01

SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE Circuits 1/Basic Electrical Engineering
YEAR LEVEL 2nd Year TIME FRAME WK NO. IM NO. 3

UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS 1

LESSON TITLE

OHMS LAW- POWER -ENERGY

LESSON CONTENT

Electrical Effects and Energy Transformations

Dynamic electricity(electron in motions) produces several important effects which give rise in to
transformations involving conversion from electric energy to some of form of energy.

1. Heating effect- heat is always developed in a conductor when a current of electricity passes through
it.

2. Magnetic effect- led to the discovery of the connection electricity and

magnetism(electromagnetism) by Hans Christian Oerstead

3. Chemical effect- close connection of electricity and chemical( electrochemistry) action by Michael
Faraday which led to the investigation of modern process such as electroplating, electrotyping,
electro-refining.

4. Electromagnetic-induction effect- discovery of electric power generation and distribution

ELECTRON THEORY AND CURRENT

Figure 3.1. actual flow of electrons Figure 3.2. conventional flow of electrons

In accordance with the discovery of Benjamin Franklin, the true direction of electrons(current flow) in a
circuit is from negative to positive. However, before Franklin’s discovery, scientist believed that
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electrons(current) flow form positive to negative (conventional flow) which is generally adopted direction
until now for less confusion.

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

An electric circuit is a conducting path or a system of conducting parts through which an electric circuit
flows or is intended to flow. In simplest form, it consists of an electric source, a load and connecting wires
(interconnection of elements).

two types of elements in an electric circuit

1. active elements- capable of generating energy., ex. voltage or current sources

2. passive elements- not capable of generating energy., ex. resistors, capacitors, and inductors

OHM’S LAW AND THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

Georg Simon Ohm (1787–1854), a German physicist, is credited with finding the relationship between
current and voltage for a resistor. This relationship is known as Ohm’s law.

Ohm’s law- states that the current flowing is directly proportional to the impressed emf and is inversely
proportional to the to the resistance.

E
I= Eq. 3.1
R
Where I- circuit current (Ampere)
E- impressed emf (Volts)
R- resistance ( ohms)

Or Eq. 3.1 can als be written as

E
R= or E= IR
I

ELECTRICAL POWER

Power is the rate at which work is done.

𝑾
P= in Joules/sec or P= EI in Watts
𝒕

Using the equation E= IR in

P= EI= (IR)R

P= I2R

E
Or by using I=
R
E
P= EI= (E)
R

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𝐄𝟐
P=
𝐑

Watt- unit of electrical energy equal to one joule of energy consumed in one second. Named after British
inventor James Watt( 1736- 1819)

Note!

In mechanical system,power is generally expressedin horsepower(hp) and it is equivalent to the rate of

33,000 ft-lb of work per minute

Conversion:
1 hp= 746 Watts

ELECTRIC ENERGY

Since power is the time rate of doing ork, sometimes stated as the rate of expediture of energy, it should
be clear that electric energy is the product of power and time.

W= Pt in Joules or Watt-second

SERIES CONNECTED RESISTORS

Series Circuit

Resistors are said to be connected in series when there is a single path for the current.
The current I is the same for each resistor , R1 , R2 , R3

It = I1 = I2 = I3 = ….. = In

Vt= V1 + V2 + V3 +….. + Vn

Vt= I1R1 +I2R2 +I3R3 since I1=I2=I3=It

Vt= It(R1+R2+R3) divide both sides It and It= Vt/Rt

Rt= R1 + R2 + R3 + …+ Rn

Pt= P1 + P2 + P3 + …+ Pn

Example 3.1

Calculate the total resistance in Figure 3.3

Solution:

𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + 𝑅4

𝑹𝑻 = 𝟓𝟎Ω + 𝟏𝟐𝟓Ω + 𝟖𝟓Ω + 𝟕𝟎

Figure 3.3
𝑹𝒕 = 𝟑𝟑𝟎Ω
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Example 3.2
If the dc supply voltage in Figure 3.3 is equal to 100 V, find the total current.

Solution:
From the calculated value of total resistance in Example 3.1
Rt= 330 ohms
Use Ohm’s Law in finding the total current
Et
It=
Rt
100V
It=
330 Ω
It=0.303 Ampere

Example 3. 3.
Calculate the total current in Figure 3.4

Solution:
First, find the total resistance.
𝑅𝑇 = 110Ω + 35Ω + 105Ω = 250Ω Figure 3.4
𝑉𝑇
𝐼𝑇 =
𝑅𝑇
10𝑉
It=
250Ω
𝑰𝒕 = 𝟒𝟎𝒎𝑨

Example 3.4.
Solve for the power dissipated in resistor R3 in figure 3.4

Solution:
P3= E3I3
find for the value of E3

E3= I3R3= 40 mA(105 Ω) =4.2 V

P3=4.2 V(40 mA)
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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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P3=0.168 Watt

Example 3.5.
Determine the voltage drop for R3 and solve for the total power in
Figure 3.5
Solution:
First, we must find the total resistance and current.
𝑅𝑇 = 8Ω + 12Ω + 4Ω = 24Ω
Figure 3.5
12𝑉
𝐼𝑇 = = 500𝑚𝐴
24Ω
Now, we can use the formula above to find the voltage drop.

𝑉𝑅3 = 𝐼𝑇 × 𝑅3

𝑉𝑅3 = 500𝑚𝐴 × 12Ω

𝑽𝑹𝟑 = 𝟔𝑽

Pt= Et x It
Pt= 12V x 500 mA
Pt= 6 Watts

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW AND THE VOLTAGE DIVIDER RULE

In series circuits, Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law can be used to determine the individual voltage drops, or to
find the total source voltage when the individual drops are known. Another useful tool in finding these
individual voltages is the voltage divider rule.

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) is a fundamental law of electronic circuits that states the algebraic sum
of the voltage drops in a closed loop is equal to zero.

Et = E1± E2± E3±…± En

Et ± E1± E2± E3±…± En = 0

Example 3.6.

Find for the voltage drop across R1, R2 and R3.

Solution:

Find for the total current to solve for the voltage drops and
prove your answer is correct using KVL

𝑅𝑇 = 110Ω + 35Ω + 105Ω = 250Ω Figure 3.6

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10𝑉
𝐼𝑇 = = 40𝑚𝐴
250Ω

𝑉𝑅1 = 𝐼𝑇 × 𝑅1

𝑉𝑅1 = 40𝑚𝐴 × 110Ω = 4.4 𝑉

𝑉𝑅2 = 𝐼𝑇 × 𝑅2

𝑉𝑅2 = 40𝑚𝐴 × 35Ω = 1.4 𝑉

𝑉𝑅3 = 𝐼𝑇 × 𝑅3

𝑉𝑅2 = 40𝑚𝐴 × 105Ω = 4.2 𝑉

Applying KVL

Et= E1+ E2+ E3

10 V= 4.4 +1.4 V +4.2 V
10 V - 4.4 -1.4 V -4.2 V=0
0=0

VOLTAGE DIVIDER FORMULA

A series circuit is always a voltage divider, meaning the voltage is divided amongst the series resistances.
The total voltage drop around any closed series path divides amongst the resistors in direct proportion to
the resistance values.

Assume that VX is the voltage across any resistor, and that R X is the resistance value of the same resistor.
First, we know the voltage drop across a resistor is equal to the total current multiplied by the resistance.
𝑉𝑋 = 𝐼𝑇 × 𝑅𝑋
the total current is equal to the total voltage divided by the total resistance.
𝑉𝑇
𝑉𝑋 = × 𝑅𝑋
𝑅𝑇
Rearranging the formula, the voltage drop across a resistor is equal to the total voltage multiplied by the
ratio of the individual resistance to the total resistance.
𝑹𝑿
𝑽𝑿 = × 𝑽𝑻
𝑹𝑻
Where: VX - voltage across any resistor
RX - resistance value of the same resistor

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Example 3.7
Calculate the voltage drops for R1 and R2.

Solution:
Solve for Rt
𝑅𝑇 = 100Ω + 140Ω = 240Ω Figure 3.7

Use the voltage divider formula to solve for voltage drops.

𝑅1 100Ω
𝑉𝑅1 = × 𝑉𝑇 = × 24𝑉 = 𝟏𝟎𝑽
𝑅𝑇 240Ω
𝑅2 140Ω
𝑉𝑅2 = × 𝑉𝑇 = × 24𝑉 = 14𝑉
𝑅𝑇 240Ω

PARALLEL CONNECTED RESISTORS

Parallel Resistors
Resistors are said to be connected in parallel when there is more than one path for current.
VT = V1 = V2 = V3 = … .. = Vn

IT = I1 + I2 + I3 + … .. + In

or It can be written as

𝑉𝑇 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3
= + +
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

In parallel circuits Vt = V1= V2 = V3

𝑉𝑇 𝑉𝑇 𝑉𝑇 𝑉𝑇 𝑉𝑇 1 1 1
= + + = Vt( 𝑅 + + )
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅𝑇 1 𝑅2 𝑅3

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + +
𝑹𝑻 𝑹 𝟏 𝑹 𝟐 𝑹 𝟑

𝟏
𝐑𝐓 = 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ +
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑

PT = P1 + P2 + P3 = E1 I1 + E2 I2+ E3 I3= EtIt

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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Example 3.6

Determine the total resistance in Figure 3.8.

If the total voltage Vt= 120 V
Solve for currents I1, I2, I3 ,It and the total power Pt.

Solution:
1 Figure 3.8
𝑅𝑇 =
1 1 1
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3

1
𝑅𝑇 = = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟓𝟕Ω
1 1 1
+ +
100Ω 200Ω 50Ω

For parallel circuit Vt= V1 = V2 = V3

V1 120 V
I1 = = = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝐀
R1 100 Ω

V2 120 V
I2 = = = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝐀
R2 200 Ω

V3 120 V
I3 = = = 𝟐. 𝟒 𝐀
R3 50 Ω

IT = I1 + I2 + I3

IT = 1.2 A + 0.6 A + 2.4 A= 4.2 A

PT = P1 + P2 + P3 = E1 I1 + E2 I2+ E3 I3= EtIt

PT = 120 V (2.4 A)= 288 Watts

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) states that the sum of the current into a node is equivalent to the sum
of the current out of that same node. A node is a junction of two or more circuit components.

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The sum of the two currents flowing into the node (I1 and I2) is equal to the sum of the two currents
flowing out of the node (I3 and I4).

I 1 + I2 = I 3 + I 4 or I 1 + I 2 - I3 - I4

CURRENT DIVIDER RULE

All parallel circuits act as a current divider because the current entering a node divides into several
individual branch currents. The current is divided amongst the parallel branches in inverse proportion to
the resistance values of each branch.
current through a resistor is equal to the voltage across the resistor divided by its resistance value.
𝑉𝑇
𝐼𝑋 =
𝑅𝑋
source voltage, VT, is equal to the total current multiplied by the total parallel resistance.
𝐼𝑇 × 𝑅𝑇
𝐼𝑋 =
𝑅𝑋
Rearranging this equation gives the current divider formula. This formula shows the current through any
parallel branch is equal to the total current multiplied by the ratio of the total resistance to the branch
resistance.
𝑹𝑻
𝑰𝑿 = × 𝑰𝑻
𝑹𝑿
Where:
Rx - Resistor in the Parallel circuit,
𝐼𝑇 - total current,
RT - total Resistance
Ix - current thru Rx.

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Example 3.7
Refer to Figure 3.9, etermine the current through each resistor if the total
current is 20mA .
Solution:
determine the total parallel resistance.
1
𝑅𝑇 =
1 1 1
+ +
𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐶
1
𝑅𝑇 = = 70.59Ω
1 1 1
+ +
400Ω 200Ω 150Ω

Figure 3.9
use the current divider formula to find the individual branch currents.
𝑅𝑇 70.59Ω
𝐼𝑅𝐴 = × 𝐼𝑇 = × 20𝑚𝐴 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟑𝒎𝑨
𝑅𝐴 400Ω
𝑅𝑇 70.59Ω
𝐼𝑅𝐵 = × 𝐼𝑇 = × 20𝑚𝐴 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟔𝒎𝑨
𝑅𝐵 200Ω
𝑅𝑇 70.59Ω
𝐼𝑅𝐶 = × 𝐼𝑇 = × 20𝑚𝐴 = 𝟗. 𝟒𝟏𝒎𝑨
𝑅𝐶 150Ω

Checking using KCL

𝐼𝑅𝐴 + 𝐼𝑅𝐵 + 𝐼𝑅𝐶 = 3.53𝑚𝐴 + 7.06𝑚𝐴 + 9.41𝑚𝐴 = 20𝑚𝐴

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1. Determine the total resistance in Figure

RT = __________

2. Calculate the total resistance and current in Figure

a. RT = __________

b. IT = __________

3. Calculate the voltage drop for each resistor in Figure

a. VR1 = __________

b. VR2 = __________

c. VR3 = __________

4. Determine the unknown voltage drop

VR3 = __________

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5. Calculate the voltage drop across each resistor in Figure 4

a. VR1 = __________

b. VR2 = __________

c. VR3 = __________

6.

7. Determine the following currents in Figure

a. IT = __________

b. IR1 = __________

c. IR2 = __________

d. IR3 = __________

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ACROSS
3. A current path in a parallel circuit
4. A series circuit used to split the voltage amongst several resistors
6. Sum of the voltage drops in a loop equals the total voltage
8. A parallel circuit used to split the current amongst several branches
10. The resistance felt at the voltage source
11. The current emitted by the voltage source

DOWN
1. Sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the currents leaving that node
2. A circuit with multiple current paths
5. The voltage measured across a component
7. A circuit with only one current path
9. A junction of two or more circuit components

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True or False: Read the following questions and determine whether the statement is true or false.

1. In a series circuit, the current is the same at every point in the circuit.

2. If 4.7kΩ, 2.2kΩ, and 1kΩ resistors are connected in parallel, the total resistance of the circuit is 7.9kΩ.

3. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law states that the sum of the voltage drops around a closed loop is equal to zero.

4. The total resistance of four resistors in parallel is always less than the smallest resistance.

5. Kirchhoff’s Current Law states that the sum of the currents entering a junction equals the sum of the
currents leaving the junction.

6. If three resistors are connected in parallel across a 12V source, each resistor drops 4V.

7. According to Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, the sum of the individual voltage drops is less than the source
voltage.

8. The total resistance of three resistors in parallel is equal to the sum of the three values.

Multiple Choice: Read the following questions or statements and select the best answer.

9. Two resistors are in series across a 12V source. If both resistors are 470Ω, what is the voltage drop of
each resistor?
a) 12V
b) 6V
c) 3V
d) cannot be determined with information given

10. Three series resistors are connected across a 60V source. If V R1 = 19V and VR2 = 14.3V, what is the
voltage drop across the third resistor?
a) 19V
b) 45.7V
c) 26.7V
d) 14.3V

11. Calculate VT in Figure 4.28 if VR1 is 10V.

a) 30V
b) 10V
c) 14.7V
d) 4.7V

12. If VR1 is 20V in Figure 4.28, what is the total current?

a) 6.85mA
b) 4.26mA
c) 5.98mA
d) 3.05mA

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13. The voltage drop across any resistor or combination of resistors in a series circuit equals:
a) the product of the circuit current times the resistance value
b) the ratio of the resistance values times the source voltage
c) both
d) neither

14. If a 4.7kΩ resistor, a 5.6kΩ resistor, and a 10kΩ resistor are connected in series, which resistor drops
the most voltage?
a) 10kΩ
b) 5.6kΩ
c) 4.7kΩ
d) cannot be determined from information given

15. A two-branch parallel circuit has the following values: R 1 = 1200Ω, IT = 5mA, IR2 = 2mA. Find VR1.
a) 18V
b) 6V
c) 2.4V
d) 3.6V

16. In a three-branch parallel circuit, R1 = 1.2MΩ, R2 = 1MΩ, and RT = 0.5MΩ. Calculate the resistance of
R3 .
a) 6MΩ
b) 2MΩ
c) 7.7MΩ
d) 1.7MΩ

17. As additional branch resistors are connected in a parallel circuit, ___________.

a) IT decreases and RT decreases
b) IT increases and RT increases
c) IT decreases and RT increases
d) IT increases and RT decreases

18. If a 2.2kΩ resistor, a 10kΩ resistor, and a 1.2kΩ resistor are connected in parallel, the total resistance
equals __________.
a) 2.27kΩ
b) 13.4kΩ
c) 1.2kΩ
d) 721Ω

19. The current through any branch of a parallel circuit __________.

a) depends upon the power rating of the resistor
b) only depends upon the circuit voltage
c) is directly proportional to the branch resistance
d) is inversely proportional to the branch resistance

20. If a 4.7kΩ resistor, a 3.3kΩ resistor, and a 5.43kΩ resistor are connected in parallel across a 50V
source, what is the current through the 5.43kΩ resistor?
a) 9.21mA
b) 15.15mA
c) 4.72mA
d) 10.64mA
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