_ _ _ _, .

_ , , _
-
ace
eu1•••.. .., . _ . . , _ .- • t.. J--•-h"""• llll.,.~l'"m
.,,,.T
"H'fl'U""" ''JIU.--1-i lffl....W,a ll,ftlCUIA ,___
o,~, ...._..,u _ _ __
...,u,H l'1rHM'-

1 ~.t h.\! { Ch.l'i.'\ t ~

J '2-1 C~_ao «l_~
A. Laminar Flow
I. Flow over flat plate :
lf Ux< 5x\0 5
...boundary layer is lamin ar ( velocity distribution is
V para bolic )
1f Ux > 5 x 10 5
...boundary layer is turbulent on that portion ( velocity
V distribution fol-
lows log law or, a power law)

6 5
(iv) - = .rn:- (Bla sius) ~~ ~\).( \d°' ~'1 lc.1r1 ~,t'i Ylt.M
X vRex
t \a.""'"°'"')
6 4.64 t~- Tu 1ni J 1LT
(v) - = ~ (Von-Karman)
x Re X
6,h 5 6
(vi) - = ~ = - for Pr= 1
x ReX x
6,h 1
(vii) ~ = (Poh lhau sen)
u (Pr) 113
0.664
( viii) Cfx = rn:- (Bla sius)
vRex
0.646
(ix) C fx = rn:- (Von-Kannan)
vRex

(x) c- 1 = 1.328
r,;:- l . )
(B as1us
vRe L
k
(xi) h = 0.332 - (Rex) 112 (Pr) 113
X X

(xii) Nu = hxx
X k
= 0.33 2 (Rex ) 112 (Pr) 113
(xiii ) h =2h x

(xiv)
Nu = hL = 0.664 (ReL ) 112 (Pr) 113
k

At&Ml.41a-¥WW'·•tlfil,?---¥4¥4dtlttt • • .. k
 -
B . T u r b u le n t
F lo w
I. F o r fl a t plate
:
6 0.31 l
(i )
x ( R e x )\ /S

( ii ) 't o =p U2 X 0.0516 o.02ss p u 2

.2 . (R e x )" 5 (R e x )l /5
( ii i) 0
C fx = _(_R.0_e5x__,;7)_\6/_5

(i v ) C - 0 072
•
\
f - (R e L )1 ,s V al id fo r 5 x 1 5
0 < ReL < 101
C _ 0 .4 5 5
f -
(l o g 10 R e L ) 2. 58 ...R el at io n su g
g es te d b y P ra n
d t\ a n d S c h li c
101 a n d 1 09 , w h ti n g , fo r R e
h e n th e b o u n d b e tw e e n
in g e d g e o n w ar a ry \a y e r is tu
- 0 .4 5 5 d s. rb u le n t fr o m
th e le a d
Cf = 2.ss
1670
(l o g 10 R e L ) - .. .for la m in a r a
ReL n d tu rb u le n t fl
o w a t Rec = 5
x la s
(v) N u x = 0 .0 2 8 8
(Re_.)0 •8 ( P r ) 113

( v i)
hx

• N u = 0 .0 3 6
= 0.0288 ( : J ( R e )0 •8 ( P r ) 113
(R e L )0 •8 ( P r ) 113

- - 0
h - •0 3 6 (~k \ (Re )o.s (P r) l/ 3
i) L
- - _ ( P r ) 113
( v ii ) Nu - (0.036 (R e L )0 •8
- 8361 ... w h e n Rec==
S x 1os

\
 I
,
r ·"='."'- ,. I·,J
7.5.2. LAMINAR FlOW 1NS10E TUBES 111 r ,. ~ \ j ,

/ F o r fully tkTtloped j10ti : / =:

~ For llllifon,i Mil fllil : N11 =4J6 l l \ ll _.fl.i)I)

Fer constantr "-all• temeerotuTP :_ • O/ ,

'j ~ \• ' r- 1 ~~
~ 1,J ( I I ;C..z.
-' '· •.x,
\\ ,Slug f\ov,: ,. ~ ---.....i,. ~ • 'e ~rt . . "" = 5.18 ... .;
1/ _full~- de\-etoped flow: o,t$l.66~ ( ~k-V -11.1591
~ For awrage t-.u.sselt number for flo•· inside 111bes. lhe rollowing rorrdaOOm. :iar.~ ::im:i
de,·eloped :
r
~-"T" = hD = 166 .1. 0.0668 (DI L) Re.Prm _J7.J~
~ :..-- k 1... 0.04 [(DI L) Re.Pr]
This equation is ,11lid
(i) for constant wall temperature and fully developed flow.
(iJ1 ..11en properties are evaluated at the bulk temperature,
(iii) tube length is much greater than diameter,
(fr) when Re and Nil are calculated on the basis of pipe diameter as the lengdl pna;; lrld.
(11) when 0.5 < Pr< 100.

2 Nu = ~ = l~ [ ~ Re. Pr r [:,r 4
_(7.161)

This equation is valid for

(1) shon 1nbes (~ > 2) (R) Re<2100

(iu) 0.48<Pr< 16700 (iv) 0.0044<{µ/µ)<9.75

(v) In this equation all properties except µs are evaluated at bulk temperature; µsis evalu-
ated at surface temperature.

7.5.4. TURBULENT FLOW IN TUBES

The following correlations for fully developed turbulenr flow in circular tubes have been
proposed:
~ M c ~ has p~oposed the ~ollo"':ing gene~ ~o~lation on the basis of Nu= 9 (Re, Pr) for
beating and coohng of all fluids with some hm,tatlons as given below :
Nu = 0.023 (Re)°·8 (Pr)" ... (7 .165)
where n = 0.4 ... for heating . " v. ~ ✓ ' ., '4
...

n = 0.3 ••• for cooling ..,.J~ .~ ( Tl

-'4,./ t ..£ I
~ I.-..
C- ~
 4
(ii) 1x 104 < Re < 12 x I0
\,) (1) !::_ > 60
~ (iii)
'd roperties are eval uate d at the mea n bulk
(iv) Flut P
i7 < Pr~ 160 temperature. •
2. Colburn suggested the following correlation :
13 ... (7 .166 )
Nu = 0.023 (Re) 0•8 (Pr)'
... (7 .167 )
St = 0.023 (Re)--0· 2 (Pr) 213
... in terms of stato n num ber

It is valid for the following :

(i) St is evaluated at the mean bulk temperature.
(ii) Re and Pr are evaluated at the mean film temp
erature.
L
( iii) - > 60 , Re ~ l 04 , 0.7 < Pr < 160.
D
3. The Mc Adams and Colburn correlations are fairly accu
rate for sma ll to mod erat e tem -
perature difference (l0°C in case of liquids and 50°C for gase
s). For larg er tem pera ture
differences, Sieder and Tate proposed the following correlatio
n:
( ~0.14
Nu= 0.023 (Re)0•8 (Pr)1' 3 ~} J
This equation is valid for the following: ... (7 .168 )

(i) ~ > 60, Re> 104, 0.7 <Pr ~ 16700

D
(ii) All fluid properties exceptµ 5 are evaluated at th
ated at the surface temperatu re. e mean bulk temperature µ · s e
1 va1u-
4 . Desman and Sams suggested the following equatio f ' s
. . . . n or very larg
(t - tb) with arr.
s e temperature d'ff
Nu =0.026 (Re)0•8 (Pr)0.4 1 eren ce
1:he equation is valid for the following :
ts ., .. (7.1 69)
U) - upto 3.55
tb (ii) Re~ 104
\\\\) Re is evaluated at mean film temperature
(iv) N
u and Pr are
bulk temoeratueva\uated at mean
re.
 Turbulent Flow. In Circ
--ular Tubes
ns the Dittus - Boelter
• For a smooth surface and fully turbulent conditio
perature differences T5 -Tm:
equation may be used for small to moderate tem
, ~ I ~ { {Y? \J.l. i i~o
~ 0.7~ .Pr~ J60 n= OA for he ati ng ~

uv =0.0 23 Re ~5 Pr.~ (8.21a) .B&v ~ JO ,~ and 52} tor ~ g (T£.Tm)

~ 3- ") LIJJ "2.10 6 • t r

It)

---,c ~~ -- O· 011 (}e v r

equation:
• For large prope~ariations, Sieder and Tate
- 0.14 0. 7 ~ Pr ~ J6, 700
Reo ~ J0,000
Nuo =0.027 Reif 5, P_r113 ( J:_),',t (8.21b)
LID ~IO
- ---=" µs,
' cJ ~- µ~p-
e value of mean temperature
A/1 properties, except µ5 evaluated at averag
7.5.5. TURBULENT FLOW o·
VER CYLINDERS
The case of single cy1· d
tn er in er now is identical to: ..
(i) The case of . oss
1
coo tng of an I , · • • across Jt,
(ii) Th d . . e ectncal cable by forced convection by air flowing
e etenn1natton of I . •. · J es the
heat transfer from . . ocal velocities in a now by hot wire anemometer which invo v •
sta 1
current through it;::g!e Plal!~um wire maintained at a constant temperature (or by passing a con_ "
orrelattng the change in current (or change in resistance) to flow velocity.
.
In order to calcu late the Reynolds number (Re) the characteristic length taken m I·· d
d h case of cy 10 er
an sp ere as well, is its external diameter D. '

As usual, VD
Re0 = -
v
where, U = Unifonn velocity of flow as it approaches the cylinder (or sphere).
5
Incas~ of flow across cylinder (or sphere) the critical Reynolds number is Recr = 2 x 10 , upto this
value laminar boundary layer exists and beyond this boundary layer becomes turbulent.
Empirical co~lations used for turbulent Dow (cross Dow) over "CyHnders":
l. The following empirical correlation is widely used for turbulent flow over cylinders :
13
Nu= hD = C (Ret (Pr)1 ...(7.175)
k
where C and n are constants and have the values as given in the table 7.2 below :

Table 7.2. Constants for eqn. (7.175) for Dow across cylinder (Hilpert, 1933; Knudsen, 1958)
S.No. Re , C n

1. 0.4to4 0.989 0.330

2 4to40 0.911 0.3&5
3. 40 to4x 103 0.683 0.4()6
4. 4 x l 03 to 4 x 104 0.193 0.618

5~ 4 x 104 to4x 105 0.026 0.805

2 Churchill and Bernstein have suggested the following comprehensive empirical corre-
lation which covers the entire range of Re and wide range of Pr :
0 13 58 08
-Nu -_ 0.3 + 0.62 (Re) .s (Pri [ l + ( Re ) ' ] •
0 25
[1 + (0.4/ P,)213] • 28200 ..(7.176)

Eqs 7.176 is valid for 100 <Re< 107, and Re.Pr> 0.2 and correlates very well all available
data.
3. The following equation may be used in the mid-range of Reynolds members,
i.e. 20,000 <Re< 400,000:
 f...~; liquid mda.-15. Ishiguro et. al. recommended the following relation for heat transfer
..
..:_,- •I
'-. . ,
r;;ir.c-fe
-.._ .::!'
cvlinder
..
in c,vssflo"·:
~

79
Su=l.lL~Re.Pr)y.40~for_l ~~Re.Pi$ l ~ .•• ( 7 .i )
n i~ wQnh noting that Eqn. 7~1M."being quite comprehensive~ is also valid for liquid
rt-er.:iL"'.
{i..

-
fQ\ ~ the fulto~ing relation is widely used for circular cylinder in crossflow:

Sr- =C~R~t"-(Pr)/
<t
... (7.180)

'1i1i..efe- ,-.nues of C and n are given in table 7 .2.

~
All tltrid properties are taken at film temperature.

. .L
): ~oo--circubr cybders :
ao~-irc:nlfil cylinder,, Eqn. (7.180) is applicable (for a vertical plate as we/[) by defining a
rQi"
~ length. D, and ~ values of C and n from table 7 .3. All properties to be evaluated
a: f.hteJiba rencpe:roture. :_:3, u'L:; : 1 " " ' ~ 0 ~'f • O.\J t½ . - -
Table 73. C~~ for Rouation..~ '76180) for non-circular cvHnders

~Vo.. \i Geometl)· Re
\ C n
1:

I L u
0\o
Squae
5 X 103-1(}5 0?46 0.588

JI
....L
\ u -
n to
Square
1,

I
5 X 103- 105 0.102 0.675

1.

3. u -
ITT
Hexagon
5 X }03 - l.95 X }~
1.95xl0" -1~
0.16
0.0385
0.638
0.782
I
► QI
4.

I u
Hexagon
5 X 103 - 10 5 0.153 0.638
 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
u--

-
.. - --
~

D 3xtY -t5xl J4

1llllU lENT ROW OYER SIHEkES ~lt.1 -= :- ' - ,...

-
, l
'? ,1,._ '"'\
':c-- -
-.QT ~ §MES ~l'er ~ M~..\d:::ns SU~
--- .!O
me fullo~·~
,n~ co,re b~ :
-- m -
_,_,,,::
_\~• = 037 ~~ :,~
- -
Fhi.i ~ ::£e :i.l t-e a~~ a: me.fim Talll pe~..
- _fur 3 < R~ < l x I~ -(-.. JS: 'I

!. ~ ?'-~, sec d:e tblb\ l ocg cond. moo fur row

of lqlllids p:N sphere s :
_\Ir = [0-.91 +0..68 tkf+ ] (P:- : . : ~ l < R~< 21._-._-.) -.\7.. J ~ )
5

Tb:! ::frn ~ . . e s :ire ID be ~\-afm ral :1: ~fil a ~~-

s ~ sr~ : his
3_ \\ ciae r cas ~ a single equatioo fu. tlow of pses mad iqad

-'"• = 2 + (OA l&-)L'.: + 0.06 l&-~3] tJ>1-fl4 l~ ,· .

for 0.il <Pr< 3L10: 3-5 < /k < 7.6 x IO': LO< {A_~ )< 3..2
All properties exttp t pJ are ro be e\-ahc lloi a1 ,_.
4_ Fu &:Edy r r c ~ c l • ~ cbe foU"-oing ~ 1 0 of lbnz and M'1lSh:ill is ~r~~~e:
= 2 + 0.6 (Re)v'! (Pr}._,..3 "·\~.184)
N11

5. fix heal uansfer from 3 spl,L " 10 a lqllid nreal ~ foll'-)\\ing

\."-~U \~n is ~"''IU -

mend ed·
A'" = l + 0.386. tR~J>r)lu ··· for ~000 < R~ < ~ll.l\: \) ... ( •. 185)
All fluid propenies are to be e\'31uruoi 11 film w111perolll~.
FLOW ACROSS A BANK OF TUBES

l 1D /
'
D ..
U, \

T ►

...

(b) Staggered arrangement

The geometry of tube bank is characterised by:

(i) The tube diameter, D,

(ii) The longitudinal pitch SL'

(iii)
The transverse pitch, S7 , and
(iv) The diagonal pitch, SD (between the centres of the tubes in the diagonal row), sometimes
used for the staggered arrangement:
The maximum/largest velocity (Uma) of the fluid flowing through the bank of tubes in the above
arrangements in given as:

~ma,)in-linc = ... (7.193)

and,
«v ST
Urn;l,)siaggcrcd = 2(SD _ D)
.u ... (7.194)
where, U is t~e velocity ~f ~uid;s it tpproa~hes the tube bank. Thukauskas ( 19 ) recom-
72
mended the followrng correlatton or uss~~ num er: ( P,i· 25
~ = -=C.(Re)m .(Pr)0•36 -
k P~ 1" ~ wJ.9 ... (7.195)
where, Nu = The average Nusselts number, * r. $u k~ eaJ CtJ...0i.1
N'\ h

h = The average heat transfer coefficient w', 11

b1 ~ -~J ev~/
' slMl. rk~~ r·f' . ~,!('
Re = pU~,.D ccJc.J.,_\., hu~. J. ~J'
L-t "-.t h-....t H---h

j
j
 f • ,,

,..,
) Pr = The bulk Prandtl number, and
Pr11• = The wall Prandtl number.
- In case of a staggered arrangem ent while calculatt'ng U calculate with both the Eqns.
(7 193) ' max'
• and (7 .194) and adopt the larger value so obtained.
- For " gases " , Prandtl number ratio may be 'ignored, since it does not influence t he resu I t
much. '
All pro •
pert1es, except Pr"', are to be evaluated at the temperature of free stream.
6
When the number of tu~e rows in the bank, N > 20, and 0.7 < Pr< 50?, and l 000 < Re max<
2 x 10 , the Eqn. (7 .195) provides very good prediction. However, this equation can be used eve~
when N < 20, by applying a 'correctio n factor'; the error involved in prediction is about 25% if
N=4.

Forms of the Eqn. (7 .195) for different flow regimes:

~ Laminar Flow (10 Re< 100):
(i) In-line tubes:
0.25
Nu = 0.8(Re) 0 •4 (Pr}°-36
(
Pr ... (7.196)
(ii) Staggered tubes: Prw )
0.25
Nu = 0.9(Re)°-4 (Pr)0•36 Pr ... (7.197)
(
Prw )
The Eqns (7.196) and (7.197) have been volidated also with range: 50 <Re< 1000.
r~ans ition regime (1000 < Re < 2 x 105):
(i) In-line tubes, ST/SL> 0.7: ( Pr )0.25
Nu = 0.27(Re)D-63 (Pr)o.36 Prw ... (7.198)
(ii) Staggered tubes, ST/SL> 2:

0.25

Nu = 0.40(Re}°'6 (Pr}°-36 Pr ... (7.199)

(
p'iv )
~urbu lent regi,me (Re< 2 x lOS)
;::?"" ~i) In-line tubes: ( Pr )o.2s
Nu = 0.021(Re)°' (Pr)°· 84 36
- ... (7.200)
p'iv
(ii) Staggered tubes:
0.25

Nu = 0.022(Re) 0 84
• (Pr) 0 36
• Pr ... for Pr> 1 ... (7.201)
(
p'iv )
Nu = 0.019(Re)0•84 ... forPr=0.7 ... (7.202)
 A~~~~ ~,,~'"'n-~~'1 ~ 1\"1~\\~ "-~~ l\"1" s't:.._<:Jx·,~
5 ,:) = : . ~

S)t == t\.\ll3l\~l''"'~,M ~~
~..;$ ~~ ~ ~ ,--.s..~ t..i ~ ~~~ ""-..5 ~ ·~ '< ~< < .... ~ ·~
\ \ ~ .\' , ~ k , ~ ~~ ro._~, ~:\\.th(- '-'"'itn:'-~"in t'.k~"'f ~ ~ioi t\1 ~ ~~ Nv..._~~
~,---=- ~ ~~~'~

~)t~, = ~~~muuhcrf ur~~'t\l~tu~ ~"ithN<:\1.. ~

c = n_~--oon ~"'t\)f (t.ltffl lt\)O\ t:lbte 1..-n

I
~- l -
"")
3 4
I
l
5 7 I

10 13 16

Jit Sae o.~ ltSO 0-86 0 . .90 0.91 0.95 091 I 038 0..99
'I - -
~.i 0 ..64 0..76 O.s.l 0 . .89 0--92 0,95 ()_~7 I 0~8 0..99

drop_ for flow o f ~ • ~ a tal>e ballk:

Pt~4iiii::.:
~~~ ~ \~-,) i n ~ for flow of gsses o,~ s b.3nt of tubes is given 3S fulkl\\-s:

\_~·~;,:{;:_ -!\1 U )~~

-¥ =- . = - ~ .... (7 . .~ )
p \~
~ J"' = Fru..'tion t:ll..'tt.~,,,
Gcmm. = 'M3SS ,'clocitv -
of nlinimum tlow 3rea (= p.. U-'\;\.
N =
Nwnber of trans,~ rows. .
p Density= . . e,--alus.ted at free Stre3.Il\ «)nditi(\(\..." '3lld
~ = A,-a--a.ge free streanl ,11~"0-Sity..
_.r' (friction f3am) is c.akubted by using the following relation:

f 1
- 0.044 +
o. os(~) .(Re)~'.l 5
0
( S, ~Dr~-" s,

___ (for u1-/u1e tubes) .... (7.~)6)

 t

f' = 0.25+
c~r0.11~
DD)"" .(Ro) ,, " ... (for ·""HH''"''" 11,tws)

... (7.71)7)

( LIQUID METAL HEAT TRANSFER

Some Commonly used correlations
for liquid m,talH:

FOI' fully developed tu rbule111 flow ( ~ >00) In smooth clrcu lar tubes:
For constant surface heat flux:
~ = 4.82 + 0.0185 (Pe)°-827
... (7.208)
for 3.6 x 103 <R e< 9.05 x 105 and 102 4
<P e< 10
For constant surface temperature:
~ = 5.0 + 0.025 (Pe)o.s
... (7.209)
for Pe> 100
In the Eqns. (7 .208) and (7 .209) all
the fluid properties are evaluated at the
temperature. average bulk