Network Analysis and Synthesis-adv

Q. 1 What is the fundamental unit of resistance?

a) Farad
b) Henry
c) Ohm
d) Coulomb

Answer: c) Ohm

Q. 2 Which component is used to store energy in the form of an electric field?

a) Resistor
b) Inductor
c) Diode
d) Capacitor

Answer: d) Capacitor

Q. 3 In a network, the term “impedance” is represented by:

a) Z
b) Y
c) R
d) L

Answer: a) Z

Q. 4 The Laplace transform is used to transform:

a) Time domain to frequency domain
b) Frequency domain to time domain
c) Current to voltage
d) Voltage to current

Answer: a) Time domain to frequency domain

Q. 5 The two-port parameter that relates output voltage to input current is:
a) Y-parameter
b) Z-parameter
c) H-parameter
d) T-parameter

Answer: b) Z-parameter

Q. 6 A Butterworth filter is characterized by:

 a) Ripple in the passband
b) Sharp cutoff
c) Maximum flatness in the passband
d) Oscillations in the stopband

Answer: c) Maximum flatness in the passband

The property of a network that remains unchanged even if input and output
Q. 7
terminals are interchanged is called:
a) Linearity
b) Causality
c) Reciprocity
d) Stability

Answer: c) Reciprocity

Q. 8 The initial value theorem is applied on which transform?

a) Fourier
b) Z-transform
c) Laplace
d) Wavelet

Answer: c) Laplace

Q. 9 A first-order active filter is typically based on:

a) Inductor
b) Resistor and Capacitor
c) Op-Amp
d) Transformer

Answer: c) Op-Amp

Q. 10 The s-plane is associated with which of the following transforms?

a) Fourier Transform
b) Fast Fourier Transform
c) Hilbert Transform
d) Laplace Transform

Answer: d) Laplace Transform

Q. 11 Foster’s canonical form is used in the realization of:

a) Low-pass filters
b) High-pass filters
c) Band-pass filters
d) All of the above
 Answer: d) All of the above

Q. 12 The Bode magnitude plot provides information about:

a) Phase angle
b) Gain
c) Resistance
d) Reactance

Answer: b) Gain

In a passive network, the maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum
Q. 13
power is transferred when the:
a) Load resistance equals the source resistance
b) Load impedance equals the source impedance conjugate
c) Load capacitance equals the source capacitance
d) Load inductance equals the source inductance

Answer: a) Load resistance equals the source resistance

Q. 14 An all-pass filter alters which of the following?

a) Magnitude
b) Resistance
c) Phase
d) Current

Answer: c) Phase

Q. 15 The pole-zero plot provides insights into the:

a) Resonance of the network
b) Stability of the network
c) Time-domain behavior
d) Both a and b

Answer: d) Both a and b

Q. 16 The complex frequency variable ‘s’ is comprised of:

a) jω
b) σ
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b

Answer: c) Both a and b

Q. 17 A network is said to be stable if its poles:

a) Lie on the right half of the s-plane
b) Lie on the left half of the s-plane
 c) Are on the jω axis
d) Are in the first quadrant

Answer: b) Lie on the left half of the s-plane

Q. 18 The impedance of an ideal capacitor is:

a) Zero
b) Infinite
c) 1/jωC
d) jωC

Answer: c) 1/jωC

Q. 19 In a bilateral network:
a) Current flows in one direction only
b) Current flows in both directions
c) Voltage exists in one direction only
d) Power transfer is unidirectional

Answer: b) Current flows in both directions

Q. 20 The quality factor ‘Q’ of a coil represents:

a) Reactance to resistance ratio
b) Voltage to current ratio
c) Resistance to reactance ratio
d) Power factor

Answer: a) Reactance to resistance ratio

Q. 21 The term ‘attenuation’ in network analysis refers to:

a) Amplification of signals
b) Reduction in signal strength
c) Phase shift of signals
d) Frequency modulation of signals

Answer: b) Reduction in signal strength

Q. 22 What does the term “nodal analysis” mean?

a) Analysis based on network branches
b) Analysis based on network nodes
c) Analysis based on network loops
d) Analysis based on network mesh

Answer: b) Analysis based on network nodes

 The frequency at which the magnitude of the transfer function reduces to 0.707
Q. 23
of its maximum value is called:
a) Peak frequency
b) Cutoff frequency
c) Bandwidth
d) Resonant frequency

Answer: b) Cutoff frequency

Q. 24 A two-port network is characterized by how many terminal pairs?

a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four

Answer: b) Two

Q. 25 The Chebyshev filter is known for:

a) Its flat response
b) Its equiripple behavior in the passband
c) Having a sharp cutoff
d) Having no ripples in the passband

Answer: b) Its equiripple behavior in the passband

Which theorem allows you to determine the voltage across a branch in the
Q. 26
frequency domain?
a) Norton’s Theorem
b) Thevenin’s Theorem
c) Superposition Theorem
d) Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Answer: b) Thevenin’s Theorem

Q. 27 In the context of electric circuits, “transient response” refers to:

a) Steady-state behavior of the circuit
b) Circuit behavior during resonance
c) Circuit response immediately after a change in its inputs
d) Circuit behavior during power off

Answer: c) Circuit response immediately after a change in its inputs

Q. 28 The synthesis of a network involves:

a) Decomposing the network into simpler elements
b) Analyzing the network using various methods
c) Designing a network to achieve a specific response
 d) Evaluating the power consumption of the network

Answer: c) Designing a network to achieve a specific response

Q. 29 In a purely capacitive circuit, the current:

a) Lags the voltage by 90 degrees
b) Is in phase with the voltage
c) Leads the voltage by 90 degrees
d) Is independent of the voltage

Answer: c) Leads the voltage by 90 degrees

Q. 30 Which element is considered passive in network analysis?

a) Transistor
b) Operational Amplifier
c) Diode
d) Resistor

Answer: d) Resistor

Q. 31 If a network is described as “linear”, this means:

a) It obeys Ohm’s Law
b) Its response is proportional to the input
c) It can amplify signals
d) Its output is non-linearly related to its input

Answer: b) Its response is proportional to the input

Q. 32 In the Z-parameter matrix, Z11 is often referred to as:

a) Transfer impedance
b) Input impedance
c) Output impedance
d) Loop impedance

Answer: b) Input impedance

Q. 33 The “s” in the Laplace Transform represents:

a) Complex frequency
b) Angular frequency
c) Time domain parameter
d) Instantaneous frequency

Answer: a) Complex frequency

Q. 34 If all elements in a circuit are linear, the circuit itself is:

a) Non-linear
 b) Bilateral
c) Linear
d) Unilateral

Answer: c) Linear

The property of a system wherein the output does not depend on future inputs is
Q. 35
called:
a) Linearity
b) Time-variance
c) Causality
d) Passivity

Answer: c) Causality

Q. 36 Which element has the property V = L(di/dt)?

a) Capacitor
b) Resistor
c) Inductor
d) Transformer

Answer: c) Inductor

Q. 37 The total response of a network is the sum of:

a) Transient and sinusoidal responses
b) Steady-state and transient responses
c) Sinusoidal and steady-state responses
d) None of the above

Answer: b) Steady-state and transient responses

Q. 38 What is the characteristic impedance of a series RLC circuit at resonance?

a) R
b) L/C
c) Zero
d) Infinity

Answer: a) R
What is the fundamental unit of resistance?
If a network is linear and time-invariant, which transform is particularly useful
Q. 39
for its analysis?
a) Fourier
b) Z-transform
c) Hilbert
d) Laplace
 Answer: d) Laplace

Why is the nodal analysis method preferred for circuits with many nodes but few
Q. 40
loops?
a) It requires fewer equations
b) It’s more intuitive
c) It’s easier to understand
d) It’s more comprehensive

Answer: a) It requires fewer equations

Why are Chebyshev filters sometimes preferred over Butterworth filters, even if
Q. 41
they have ripples in the passband?
a) They’re cheaper to design
b) They have a sharper cutoff
c) They’re more stable
d) They have a higher gain

Answer: b) They have a sharper cutoff

Q. 42 In which scenario would a Thevenin equivalent circuit be most beneficial?

a) When analyzing power distribution
b) When assessing transient response
c) When connecting multiple devices to a common source
d) When designing amplifiers

Answer: c) When connecting multiple devices to a common source

Q. 43 Why are two-port parameters essential in network theory?

a) They make circuits look more complex
b) They simplify large networks into recognizable forms
c) They increase the component count in circuits
d) They increase the accuracy of measurements

Answer: b) They simplify large networks into recognizable forms

Q. 44 If a circuit is “causal”, what does this imply about its behavior?

a) Its output depends only on past and present inputs
b) Its output can predict future inputs
c) It operates only in the frequency domain
d) It cannot have any energy-storing elements

Answer: a) Its output depends only on past and present inputs

Why is the Laplace transform favored over the Fourier transform in circuit
Q. 45
analysis?
 a) It can handle complex frequencies
b) It’s simpler mathematically
c) It’s older and more established
d) It can’t handle sinusoids

Answer: a) It can handle complex frequencies

Q. 46 When would you use a Bode plot?

a) To visualize the phase and magnitude response of a system
b) To determine the power consumption of a circuit
c) To trace the current path in a complex circuit
d) To view the time-domain response of a system

Answer: a) To visualize the phase and magnitude response of a system

Q. 47 What is the main advantage of using an operational amplifier in active filters?

a) They allow for gain adjustments without changing the filter characteristics
b) They eliminate the need for capacitors
c) They make the filter passive
d) They reduce power consumption

Answer: a) They allow for gain adjustments without changing the filter
characteristics

Q. 48 Why might an engineer use a mesh analysis instead of a nodal analysis?

a) The circuit has more nodes than loops
b) The circuit has more loops than nodes
c) The circuit is fully digital
d) The circuit operates at very high frequencies

Answer: b) The circuit has more loops than nodes

Q. 49 How does reciprocity in a network aid in its analysis?

a) It simplifies computations by knowing behavior is consistent when inputs and
outputs are swapped
b) It increases the accuracy of measurements
c) It makes the network time-variant
d) It allows the use of only DC analysis techniques

Answer: a) It simplifies computations by knowing behavior is consistent when

inputs and outputs are swapped

Why are passive filters sometimes chosen over active filters, despite the
Q. 50
flexibility of the latter?
a) Passive filters can handle higher power levels
b) Passive filters offer better gain
 c) Passive filters don’t require power supplies
d) Both a and c

Answer: d) Both a and c

Q. 51 Which statement best describes the behavior of an all-pass filter?

a) It allows all frequencies to pass with varying phase shifts
b) It blocks all frequencies
c) It allows all frequencies to pass with the same amplitude
d) It only allows a specific frequency to pass

Answer: a) It allows all frequencies to pass with varying phase shifts

Q. 52 Why are resonant circuits used in radio tuners?

a) They amplify all frequencies
b) They block signals at their resonant frequency
c) They allow the tuner to select a specific frequency while rejecting others
d) They reduce the power consumption of the tuner

Answer: c) They allow the tuner to select a specific frequency while rejecting
others

Q. 53 How do modern synthesis techniques differ from classical methods?

a) They use more components
b) They rely on software and computational methods
c) They strictly use passive components
d) They are limited to linear networks

Answer: b) They rely on software and computational methods

Q. 54 Why is the maximum power transfer theorem crucial in communication systems?

a) It ensures that receivers get the strongest possible signal
b) It helps in conserving energy
c) It ensures maximum speed for data transmission
d) It minimizes the bandwidth requirement

Answer: a) It ensures that receivers get the strongest possible signal

Q. 55 In what scenario would a high “Q” in a circuit be desirable?

a) In a broadband amplifier
b) In a power distribution network
c) In a precise frequency selector or resonant circuit
d) In a DC power supply

Answer: c) In a precise frequency selector or resonant circuit

 Why is the Z-transform particularly useful in digital signal processing (DSP) and
Q. 56
digital network analysis?
a) It represents sequences, both finite and infinite
b) It cannot represent signals in the time domain
c) It simplifies the analysis by converting everything to analog signals
d) It eliminates the need for computers in DSP

Answer: a) It represents sequences, both finite and infinite

What is the primary advantage of using superposition theorem in network

Q. 57
analysis?
a) It allows for the analysis of one source at a time, simplifying complex
networks
b) It combines all sources for simultaneous analysis, providing a holistic view
c) It replaces all sources with their internal resistances
d) It is only applicable to networks with digital sources

Answer: a) It allows for the analysis of one source at a time, simplifying complex
networks

Why might a designer choose to use a band-pass filter in a communication

Q. 58
system?
a) To allow a wide range of frequencies to pass
b) To isolate and allow only the desired signal frequency to pass while rejecting
others
c) To boost the power of all incoming signals
d) To convert analog signals to digital

Answer: b) To isolate and allow only the desired signal frequency to pass while
rejecting others

Q. 59 In the context of a two-port network, what does the term “reciprocal” imply?
a) The network’s output is proportional to its input
b) The network’s parameters remain unchanged if input and output terminals are
interchanged
c) The network can function in reverse
d) The network’s parameters are symmetrical

Answer: b) The network’s parameters remain unchanged if input and output

terminals are interchanged

Q. 60 Why are active filters often used in audio frequency applications?

a) They can offer amplification
b) They work without power supplies
c) They are more robust and durable
d) They can handle high power signals
 Answer: a) They can offer amplification

Which statement best describes why the Laplace transform is significant in

Q. 61
circuit analysis with initial conditions?
a) It only works with sinusoidal inputs
b) It considers both magnitude and phase
c) It inherently includes initial conditions in its analysis
d) It reduces the complexity of circuits

Answer: c) It inherently includes initial conditions in its analysis

When considering stability in the frequency domain, which plot provides

Q. 62
valuable insights?
a) Time-domain plot
b) Polar plot
c) Root locus
d) Nyquist plot

Answer: d) Nyquist plot

What is the primary purpose of introducing negative feedback in amplifiers and

Q. 63
networks?
a) To decrease the gain
b) To improve linearity and bandwidth
c) To add distortion to the output signal
d) To destabilize the system

Answer: b) To improve linearity and bandwidth

Q. 64 In the context of filters, why might an engineer choose a Butterworth filter?

a) For its sharp roll-off characteristics
b) For its equiripple passband response
c) For its maximally flat magnitude response
d) For its high-pass response only

Answer: c) For its maximally flat magnitude response

What advantage does the S-domain representation offer over the time domain in
Q. 65
complex circuit analysis?
a) It provides a real-time view of the circuit response
b) It allows for easier algebraic manipulations and solutions
c) It eliminates the need for differential equations
d) Both b and c

Answer: d) Both b and c

Q. 66 Why do communication receivers often have a stage with a band-pass filter?
a) To filter out all frequencies
b) To only let through a wide band of frequencies and amplify them
c) To amplify all incoming signals equally
d) To isolate the desired signal from unwanted frequencies

Answer: d) To isolate the desired signal from unwanted frequencies

Why is the concept of impedance matching crucial in transmission lines and

Q. 67
network design?
a) To ensure maximum power delivery to the load
b) To maximize reflections and signal loss
c) To change the source impedance
d) To increase the signal’s frequency

Answer: a) To ensure maximum power delivery to the load

Q. 68 How does introducing poles and zeros in a network function impact its response?
a) Poles boost and zeros attenuate specific frequencies
b) Poles attenuate and zeros boost specific frequencies
c) Poles and zeros both amplify the signal equally
d) Poles and zeros do not affect the signal

Answer: a) Poles boost and zeros attenuate specific frequencies

Which concept or principle is most associated with the analysis of circuits in

Q. 69
their steady state?
a) Laplace transforms
b) Phasors
c) Time-domain analysis
d) Z-transforms

Answer: b) Phasors

Q. 70 Why is the Y-Δ (or Δ-Y) transformation important in circuit analysis?

a) It simplifies mesh and nodal analysis by converting complex networks into
simpler forms
b) It provides a method to measure resistances
c) It transforms analog signals to digital
d) It offers a way to reduce power consumption

Answer: a) It simplifies mesh and nodal analysis by converting complex

networks into simpler forms
 When analyzing circuits with switches that change state, why is the Laplace
Q. 71
transform particularly useful?
a) It can handle step changes and other discontinuities easily
b) It gives a real-time response of the circuit
c) It only deals with DC conditions
d) It provides insights into the physical layout of the circuit

Answer: a) It can handle step changes and other discontinuities easily

Q. 72 Which principle best defines the use of convolution in network analysis?

a) It helps find the response of a system to any arbitrary input, given its impulse
response
b) It assists in converting time-domain signals to frequency domain
c) It is primarily used for power calculations
d) It aids in simplifying circuit diagrams

Answer: a) It helps find the response of a system to any arbitrary input, given its
impulse response

Q. 73 How does the Nyquist criterion relate to the stability of systems?

a) It ensures maximum power transfer
b) It determines if the system has more poles than zeros
c) It provides a graphical method to determine the stability using a frequency
response plot
d) It checks the linearity of the system

Answer: c) It provides a graphical method to determine the stability using a

frequency response plot

Q. 74 In a two-port network, what do the “h-parameters” help describe?

a) The transient response of the network
b) The relationship between input and output voltages and currents
c) The power consumption of the network
d) The stability criterion of the network

Answer: b) The relationship between input and output voltages and currents

Q. 75 Why are elliptic filters sometimes used in signal processing applications?

a) They have a slower roll-off than other filters
b) They combine characteristics of Chebyshev and Butterworth filters, offering
sharp roll-off and ripples in both passband and stopband
c) They only allow for high-pass configurations
d) They are the simplest to design and implement

Answer: b) They combine characteristics of Chebyshev and Butterworth filters,

offering sharp roll-off and ripples in both passband and stopband
Q. 76 Which statement best describes a network’s transient response?
a) It is the network’s response to a changing DC input
b) It is the network’s steady-state response to AC inputs
c) It reflects the network’s behavior immediately after a sudden change in its
input
d) It represents the network’s power efficiency

Answer: c) It reflects the network’s behavior immediately after a sudden change

in its input

If a network is linear and time-invariant, which transform is particularly useful

Q. 77
for its analysis?
a) Fourier
b) Z-transform
c) Hilbert
d) Laplace

Answer: d) Laplace

Why is the nodal analysis method preferred for circuits with many nodes but few
Q. 78
loops?
a) It requires fewer equations
b) It’s more intuitive
c) It’s easier to understand
d) It’s more comprehensive

Answer: a) It requires fewer equations

Why are Chebyshev filters sometimes preferred over Butterworth filters, even if
Q. 79
they have ripples in the passband?
a) They’re cheaper to design
b) They have a sharper cutoff
c) They’re more stable
d) They have a higher gain

Answer: b) They have a sharper cutoff

Q. 80 In which scenario would a Thevenin equivalent circuit be most beneficial?

a) When analyzing power distribution
b) When assessing transient response
c) When connecting multiple devices to a common source
d) When designing amplifiers

Answer: c) When connecting multiple devices to a common source

Q. 81 Why are two-port parameters essential in network theory?
a) They make circuits look more complex
b) They simplify large networks into recognizable forms
c) They increase the component count in circuits
d) They increase the accuracy of measurements

Answer: b) They simplify large networks into recognizable forms

Q. 82 If a circuit is “causal”, what does this imply about its behavior?

a) Its output depends only on past and present inputs
b) Its output can predict future inputs
c) It operates only in the frequency domain
d) It cannot have any energy-storing elements

Answer: a) Its output depends only on past and present inputs

Why is the Laplace transform favored over the Fourier transform in circuit
Q. 83
analysis?
a) It can handle complex frequencies
b) It’s simpler mathematically
c) It’s older and more established
d) It can’t handle sinusoids

Answer: a) It can handle complex frequencies

Q. 84 When would you use a Bode plot?

a) To visualize the phase and magnitude response of a system
b) To determine the power consumption of a circuit
c) To trace the current path in a complex circuit
d) To view the time-domain response of a system

Answer: a) To visualize the phase and magnitude response of a system

Q. 85 What is the main advantage of using an operational amplifier in active filters?

a) They allow for gain adjustments without changing the filter characteristics
b) They eliminate the need for capacitors
c) They make the filter passive
d) They reduce power consumption

Answer: a) They allow for gain adjustments without changing the filter
characteristics

Q. 86 Why might an engineer use a mesh analysis instead of a nodal analysis?

a) The circuit has more nodes than loops
b) The circuit has more loops than nodes
c) The circuit is fully digital
 d) The circuit operates at very high frequencies

Answer: b) The circuit has more loops than nodes

Q. 87 How does reciprocity in a network aid in its analysis?

a) It simplifies computations by knowing behavior is consistent when inputs and
outputs are swapped
b) It increases the accuracy of measurements
c) It makes the network time-variant
d) It allows the use of only DC analysis techniques

Answer: a) It simplifies computations by knowing behavior is consistent when

inputs and outputs are swapped

Why are passive filters sometimes chosen over active filters, despite the
Q. 88
flexibility of the latter?
a) Passive filters can handle higher power levels
b) Passive filters offer better gain
c) Passive filters don’t require power supplies
d) Both a and c

Answer: d) Both a and c

Q. 89 Which statement best describes the behavior of an all-pass filter?

a) It allows all frequencies to pass with varying phase shifts
b) It blocks all frequencies
c) It allows all frequencies to pass with the same amplitude
d) It only allows a specific frequency to pass

Answer: a) It allows all frequencies to pass with varying phase shifts

Q. 90 Why are resonant circuits used in radio tuners?

a) They amplify all frequencies
b) They block signals at their resonant frequency
c) They allow the tuner to select a specific frequency while rejecting others
d) They reduce the power consumption of the tuner

Answer: c) They allow the tuner to select a specific frequency while rejecting
others

Q. 91 How do modern synthesis techniques differ from classical methods?

a) They use more components
b) They rely on software and computational methods
c) They strictly use passive components
d) They are limited to linear networks
 Answer: b) They rely on software and computational methods

Q. 92 Why is the maximum power transfer theorem crucial in communication systems?

a) It ensures that receivers get the strongest possible signal
b) It helps in conserving energy
c) It ensures maximum speed for data transmission
d) It minimizes the bandwidth requirement

Answer: a) It ensures that receivers get the strongest possible signal

Q. 93 In what scenario would a high “Q” in a circuit be desirable?

a) In a broadband amplifier
b) In a power distribution network
c) In a precise frequency selector or resonant circuit
d) In a DC power supply

Answer: c) In a precise frequency selector or resonant circuit

Why is the Z-transform particularly useful in digital signal processing (DSP) and
Q. 94
digital network analysis?
a) It represents sequences, both finite and infinite
b) It cannot represent signals in the time domain
c) It simplifies the analysis by converting everything to analog signals
d) It eliminates the need for computers in DSP

Answer: a) It represents sequences, both finite and infinite

What is the primary advantage of using superposition theorem in network

Q. 95
analysis?
a) It allows for the analysis of one source at a time, simplifying complex
networks
b) It combines all sources for simultaneous analysis, providing a holistic view
c) It replaces all sources with their internal resistances
d) It is only applicable to networks with digital sources

Answer: a) It allows for the analysis of one source at a time, simplifying complex
networks

Why might a designer choose to use a band-pass filter in a communication

Q. 96
system?
a) To allow a wide range of frequencies to pass
b) To isolate and allow only the desired signal frequency to pass while rejecting
others
c) To boost the power of all incoming signals
d) To convert analog signals to digital
 Answer: b) To isolate and allow only the desired signal frequency to pass while
rejecting others

Q. 97 In the context of a two-port network, what does the term “reciprocal” imply?
a) The network’s output is proportional to its input
b) The network’s parameters remain unchanged if input and output terminals are
interchanged
c) The network can function in reverse
d) The network’s parameters are symmetrical

Answer: b) The network’s parameters remain unchanged if input and output

terminals are interchanged

Q. 98 Why are active filters often used in audio frequency applications?

a) They can offer amplification
b) They work without power supplies
c) They are more robust and durable
d) They can handle high power signals

Answer: a) They can offer amplification

Which statement best describes why the Laplace transform is significant in

Q. 99
circuit analysis with initial conditions?
a) It only works with sinusoidal inputs
b) It considers both magnitude and phase
c) It inherently includes initial conditions in its analysis
d) It reduces the complexity of circuits

Answer: c) It inherently includes initial conditions in its analysis

When considering stability in the frequency domain, which plot provides

Q. 100
valuable insights?
a) Time-domain plot
b) Polar plot
c) Root locus
d) Nyquist plot

Answer: d) Nyquist plot

What is the primary purpose of introducing negative feedback in amplifiers and

Q. 101
networks?
a) To decrease the gain
b) To improve linearity and bandwidth
c) To add distortion to the output signal
d) To destabilize the system
 Answer: b) To improve linearity and bandwidth

Q. 102 In the context of filters, why might an engineer choose a Butterworth filter?
a) For its sharp roll-off characteristics
b) For its equiripple passband response
c) For its maximally flat magnitude response
d) For its high-pass response only

Answer: c) For its maximally flat magnitude response

What advantage does the S-domain representation offer over the time domain in
Q. 103
complex circuit analysis?
a) It provides a real-time view of the circuit response
b) It allows for easier algebraic manipulations and solutions
c) It eliminates the need for differential equations
d) Both b and c

Answer: d) Both b and c

Q. 104 Why do communication receivers often have a stage with a band-pass filter?
a) To filter out all frequencies
b) To only let through a wide band of frequencies and amplify them
c) To amplify all incoming signals equally
d) To isolate the desired signal from unwanted frequencies

Answer: d) To isolate the desired signal from unwanted frequencies

Why is the concept of impedance matching crucial in transmission lines and

Q. 105
network design?
a) To ensure maximum power delivery to the load
b) To maximize reflections and signal loss
c) To change the source impedance
d) To increase the signal’s frequency

Answer: a) To ensure maximum power delivery to the load

Q. 106 How does introducing poles and zeros in a network function impact its response?
a) Poles boost and zeros attenuate specific frequencies
b) Poles attenuate and zeros boost specific frequencies
c) Poles and zeros both amplify the signal equally
d) Poles and zeros do not affect the signal

Answer: a) Poles boost and zeros attenuate specific frequencies

Which concept or principle is most associated with the analysis of circuits in

Q. 107
their steady state?
 a) Laplace transforms
b) Phasors
c) Time-domain analysis
d) Z-transforms

Answer: b) Phasors

Q. 108 Why is the Y-Δ (or Δ-Y) transformation important in circuit analysis?
a) It simplifies mesh and nodal analysis by converting complex networks into
simpler forms
b) It provides a method to measure resistances
c) It transforms analog signals to digital
d) It offers a way to reduce power consumption

Answer: a) It simplifies mesh and nodal analysis by converting complex

networks into simpler forms

When analyzing circuits with switches that change state, why is the Laplace
Q. 109
transform particularly useful?
a) It can handle step changes and other discontinuities easily
b) It gives a real-time response of the circuit
c) It only deals with DC conditions
d) It provides insights into the physical layout of the circuit

Answer: a) It can handle step changes and other discontinuities easily

Q. 110 Which principle best defines the use of convolution in network analysis?
a) It helps find the response of a system to any arbitrary input, given its impulse
response
b) It assists in converting time-domain signals to frequency domain
c) It is primarily used for power calculations
d) It aids in simplifying circuit diagrams

Answer: a) It helps find the response of a system to any arbitrary input, given its
impulse response

Q. 111 How does the Nyquist criterion relate to the stability of systems?
a) It ensures maximum power transfer
b) It determines if the system has more poles than zeros
c) It provides a graphical method to determine the stability using a frequency
response plot
d) It checks the linearity of the system

Answer: c) It provides a graphical method to determine the stability using a

frequency response plot
Q. 112 In a two-port network, what do the “h-parameters” help describe?
a) The transient response of the network
b) The relationship between input and output voltages and currents
c) The power consumption of the network
d) The stability criterion of the network

Answer: b) The relationship between input and output voltages and currents

Q. 113 Why are elliptic filters sometimes used in signal processing applications?
a) They have a slower roll-off than other filters
b) They combine characteristics of Chebyshev and Butterworth filters, offering
sharp roll-off and ripples in both passband and stopband
c) They only allow for high-pass configurations
d) They are the simplest to design and implement

Answer: b) They combine characteristics of Chebyshev and Butterworth filters,

offering sharp roll-off and ripples in both passband and stopband

Q. 114 Which statement best describes a network’s transient response?

a) It is the network’s response to a changing DC input
b) It is the network’s steady-state response to AC inputs
c) It reflects the network’s behavior immediately after a sudden change in its
input
d) It represents the network’s power efficiency

Answer: c) It reflects the network’s behavior immediately after a sudden change

in its input

You’re given a circuit with resistors and capacitors. Which transform would you
Q. 115
use to analyze its response to a step input?
a) Fourier Transform
b) Z-Transform
c) Laplace Transform
d) Wavelet Transform

Answer: c) Laplace Transform

If you wanted to design a filter that rejects 60Hz noise from mains power in a
Q. 116
device, which type of filter would be most appropriate?
a) High-pass filter
b) Low-pass filter
c) Band-pass filter
d) Notch filter

Answer: d) Notch filter

 In designing a communication receiver, you wish to allow signals from 80MHz
Q. 117
to 120MHz. Which filter design is most suitable?
a) High-pass filter
b) Low-pass filter
c) Band-pass filter
d) Band-stop filter

Answer: c) Band-pass filter

If you’re using the Thevenin theorem to simplify a circuit, what would you
Q. 118
measure with a voltmeter to determine the Thevenin voltage?
a) Across the entire circuit
b) At the load terminals with the load disconnected
c) Across the source voltage
d) Across any resistor in the circuit

Answer: b) At the load terminals with the load disconnected

To maintain signal integrity and maximize power transfer in a radio transmission

Q. 119
system, you’d ideally want the antenna’s impedance to:
a) Match the transmitter’s impedance
b) Be double the transmitter’s impedance
c) Be half of the transmitter’s impedance
d) Be zero

Answer: a) Match the transmitter’s impedance

If you were asked to improve the bandwidth and reduce distortion in an amplifier
Q. 120
circuit, which technique would you most likely employ?
a) Increase power supply
b) Introduce negative feedback
c) Add more components in parallel
d) Decrease resistance in the circuit

Answer: b) Introduce negative feedback

Which tool or method would be most effective for analyzing the frequency
Q. 121
response of a circuit?
a) Time-domain oscilloscope
b) Root locus plot
c) Bode plot
d) Nyquist plot

Answer: c) Bode plot

 You’re tasked with creating a circuit that can charge during the positive half-
Q. 122 cycle of an AC signal and discharge during the negative half-cycle. Which
element would be essential for this task?
a) Resistor
b) Capacitor
c) Inductor
d) Transformer

Answer: b) Capacitor

To ensure a speaker system receives the maximum power from an amplifier, you
Q. 123
need to:
a) Ensure the speaker’s impedance is much higher than the amplifier’s
b) Match the impedance of the speaker to that of the amplifier
c) Ensure the speaker’s impedance is much lower than the amplifier’s
d) Ignore the impedance and focus on the voltage levels

Answer: b) Match the impedance of the speaker to that of the amplifier

When using the nodal analysis technique, which of the following is the primary
Q. 124
goal?
a) Finding currents in the branches
b) Finding voltages at each node
c) Calculating total impedance
d) Measuring resistance across each component

Answer: b) Finding voltages at each node

For a system to be stable using the Nyquist criterion, the Nyquist plot must not
Q. 125
encircle which point?
a) (0,0)
b) (-1,0)
c) (1,0)
d) (0,1)

Answer: b) (-1,0)

If you want to determine how a linear system will respond to an arbitrary input,
Q. 126
which technique would be most appropriate?
a) Fourier analysis
b) Convolution
c) Eigenvalue analysis
d) Differentiation

Answer: b) Convolution
 In a communication system, if you’re trying to eliminate aliasing due to
Q. 127
undersampling, you would:
a) Decrease the sampling rate
b) Increase the sampling rate
c) Use a low-pass filter after sampling
d) Implement an ADC (analog-to-digital converter)

Answer: b) Increase the sampling rate

Q. 128 To decrease ringing in a step response, you might want to:

a) Increase resistance in the circuit
b) Introduce a snubber circuit
c) Add more inductance
d) Use a higher order filter

Answer: b) Introduce a snubber circuit

Q. 129 If a two-port network is described as “lossless”, this typically means:

a) The input power equals the output power
b) There is no input power
c) All power is lost in the network
d) It does not use AC power

Answer: a) The input power equals the output power

For a complex network where both magnitudes and phase relationships of signals
Q. 130
are important, the most suitable representation would be:
a) Time domain
b) Frequency domain
c) s-domain using Laplace
d) z-domain using Z-transform

Answer: c) s-domain using Laplace

When synthesizing a network for maximum flatness in the passband, the most
Q. 131
suitable filter type is:
a) Chebyshev
b) Butterworth
c) Elliptic
d) Bessel

Answer: b) Butterworth

If you aim to design a filter that has equal ripple in both the passband and the
Q. 132
stopband, the best choice would be:
a) Chebyshev
 b) Butterworth
c) Elliptic
d) Bessel

Answer: c) Elliptic

Q. 133 A series RLC circuit is at resonance. What can be said about the impedance?
a) It’s purely capacitive
b) It’s purely inductive
c) It’s purely resistive
d) It’s zero

Answer: c) It’s purely resistive

In network synthesis, if you want a filter that introduces minimal phase

Q. 134
distortion, you should choose:
a) Chebyshev filter
b) Butterworth filter
c) Elliptic filter
d) Bessel filter

Answer: d) Bessel filter

When modeling a transmission line for high frequency applications, which

Q. 135
elements are critical to include?
a) Only resistance
b) Resistance and capacitance
c) Resistance, inductance, and capacitance
d) Only inductance

Answer: c) Resistance, inductance, and capacitance

Q. 136 To minimize power reflection at the interface of two networks, you should:
a) Increase the source impedance
b) Decrease the load impedance
c) Match the source and load impedance
d) Double the load impedance

Answer: c) Match the source and load impedance

Q. 137 In a mesh analysis, the primary focus is on:

a) Voltages across components
b) Currents in each loop
c) The total power consumed
d) The power factor of the network
 Answer: b) Currents in each loop

In analyzing the transient response of an RL circuit to a sudden voltage change,

Q. 138
which method would be most suitable?
a) Fourier analysis
b) Laplace transform
c) Phasor analysis
d) Power factor analysis

Answer: b) Laplace transform

Q. 139 For a system to exhibit overshoot in its step response, it typically has:
a) No poles in the right-half plane
b) A dominant pair of complex conjugate poles
c) A high-quality factor
d) No zeros in the transfer function

Answer: b) A dominant pair of complex conjugate poles

When trying to predict how a circuit will behave as frequency approaches

Q. 140
infinity, you’d likely analyze:
a) The DC response
b) The mid-band response
c) The high-frequency response
d) The 3dB frequency point

Answer: c) The high-frequency response

Q. 141 Which of the following devices can be represented as a two-port network?

a) Resistor
b) Transistor
c) Capacitor
d) Diode

Answer: b) Transistor

When using superposition theorem to analyze a circuit, what do you do with

Q. 142
independent sources?
a) Convert all voltage sources to current sources
b) Set all but one source to zero and analyze sequentially
c) Combine all sources into one equivalent source
d) Ignore their effect

Answer: b) Set all but one source to zero and analyze sequentially
 In synthesizing a filter for a specific application, what’s the primary purpose of
Q. 143
the pole-zero plot?
a) Indicate the power consumption of the filter
b) Show the frequency response characteristics
c) Illustrate the transient response of the filter
d) Provide a visual representation of stability regions

Answer: b) Show the frequency response characteristics

When analyzing the response of a system to a sinusoidal input, which analysis

Q. 144
tool provides both magnitude and phase information?
a) Root locus plot
b) Bode plot
c) Nyquist plot
d) Step response plot

Answer: b) Bode plot

If you’re designing a communication system that requires minimum delay, which

Q. 145
filter characteristic would you prioritize?
a) Sharp roll-off
b) Maximum flatness
c) Linear phase response
d) High gain

Answer: c) Linear phase response

To attenuate high-frequency noise in a sensor reading while keeping the essential

Q. 146
signal intact, you’d likely use:
a) A band-pass filter
b) A high-pass filter
c) A low-pass filter
d) A notch filter

Answer: c) A low-pass filter

When analyzing a system’s step response, what property provides insights into
Q. 147
how quickly the system settles to its final value?
a) Overshoot
b) Rise time
c) Settling time
d) Peak time

Answer: c) Settling time

 In a feedback amplifier, if you’re aiming to improve bandwidth without
Q. 148
concerning gain much, you’d:
a) Increase feedback
b) Decrease feedback
c) Increase input resistance
d) Increase the supply voltage

Answer: a) Increase feedback

When modeling a system in the frequency domain, if you encounter a

Q. 149 mathematical function of s^2 + 4s + 13, what physical components might this
represent?
a) Purely resistive elements
b) A combination of a resistor and a capacitor
c) A combination of a resistor, capacitor, and inductor
d) Only capacitive elements

Answer: c) A combination of a resistor, capacitor, and inductor

In a power distribution system, to maintain consistent voltage levels across a long

Q. 150
distance, you’d most likely employ:
a) Series capacitors
b) Shunt inductors
c) Transformers
d) Resistor dividers

Answer: c) Transformers

To prevent high-frequency oscillations in an amplifier circuit, you might

Q. 151
introduce:
a) A bypass capacitor
b) A shunt resistor
c) A series inductor
d) Compensation capacitors

Answer: d) Compensation capacitors

In a 2-port network, if you’re interested in understanding the relationship

Q. 152 between the input voltage and the output current, which parameter set would you
most likely refer to?
a) Y-parameters
b) Z-parameters
c) H-parameters
d) ABCD-parameters

Answer: c) H-parameters
 When analyzing a passive electric network using the modern approach, which
Q. 153 mathematical representation considers energy storage elements in the frequency
domain while dealing with differential equations?
a) Fourier series
b) Time-domain differential equations
c) State-space representation
d) Instantaneous power equations

Answer: c) State-space representation

In a resonant circuit with a Q-factor of 10, if the resonant frequency is 100 Hz,
Q. 154
what is the bandwidth?
a) 1 Hz
b) 10 Hz
c) 100 Hz
d) 1000 Hz

Answer: b) 10 Hz

In a 2-port network, what does a negative value of the transmission parameter

Q. 155
‘A’ indicate?
a) Phase inversion between input and output
b) Power loss in the network
c) Reflection at the load
d) Resonance within the network

Answer: a) Phase inversion between input and output

Which is a better metric for evaluating the performance of a network under

Q. 156
varying frequency conditions?
a) Time-domain response
b) Frequency-domain response
c) Steady-state response
d) Impulse response
Answer: b) Frequency-domain response

Given the advancements in modern electronics, why is the classical approach to

network synthesis still taught?
Q. 157 a) It’s easier to understand
b) It provides foundational concepts that the modern approach builds upon
c) Modern approaches are just extensions of classical ones
d) There’s no real reason
Answer: b) It provides foundational concepts that the modern approach builds
upon
 When would a 2-port network model be more beneficial over a 1-port model?
a) In simpler circuits
Q. 158 b) When analyzing multi-stage amplifiers
c) When designing basic filters
d) In DC circuits
Answer: b) When analyzing multi-stage amplifiers

Evaluating a system’s transfer function, which factor should primarily be

considered for long-term reliability?
a) Peak resonance frequency
b) Poles and zeros
Q. 159 c) Quality factor (Q)
d) Steady-state error
Answer: c) Quality factor (Q)

When critiquing a passive filter’s performance, which feature may be deemed a

disadvantage compared to active filters?
a) Lack of amplification
b) Resonance peak
c) Linear phase response
Q. 160 d) DC gain
Answer: a) Lack of amplification

In a scenario where power efficiency is critical, which type of filter should be

avoided?
a) Passive LC filter
b) Active RC filter using operational amplifiers
c) Crystal filter
d) Mechanical filter
Q. 161 Answer: b) Active RC filter using operational amplifiers

Given two systems with the same frequency response but different phase
responses, how might their real-world performance differ?
a) They would behave identically
b) One may introduce more delays than the other
c) Their power consumption would differ
d) Their transient responses would be different
Answer: b) One may introduce more delays than the other
Q. 162
Why might a designer choose to implement a 2-port network model even when a
1-port model might suffice?
a) To add complexity
b) For higher accuracy in multi-stage systems
c) Because 2-port models are always superior
d) To reduce the system’s power consumption
 Answer: b) For higher accuracy in multi-stage systems
Q. 163
When evaluating a network for energy efficiency, which parameter is least
relevant?
a) Quality factor (Q)
b) DC resistance
c) Network’s bandwidth
d) Poles in the left half-plane

Answer: d) Poles in the left half-plane

Q.164
In a situation where a network is expected to respond to a wide range of input
frequencies, which property becomes crucial?
a) DC gain
b) Maximum power point
c) Bandwidth
d) Impulse response duration
Answer: c) Bandwidth

If a filter is designed using a modern approach with advanced components but

Q. 165
fails to meet performance expectations, what might be a possible reason?
a) Inherent flaws in modern synthesis techniques
b) Inaccurate component values or tolerances
c) The classical approach is superior
d) The filter’s quality factor is too low

Answer: b) Inaccurate component values or tolerances

Why might some engineers still prefer using the Laplace transform in network
Q. 166
analysis, even with the availability of powerful simulation tools?
a) It’s the only accurate method
b) It provides a deeper understanding of system behavior
c) Modern tools are flawed
d) It’s cheaper

Answer: b) It provides a deeper understanding of system behavior

In evaluating a circuit design, if you had to compromise between bandwidth and

Q. 167 gain due to component limitations, which application would prioritize bandwidth
over gain?
a) Amplifiers for musical instruments
b) RF signal amplifiers for communication devices
c) Oscillators for digital watches
d) Voltage regulators

Answer: b) RF signal amplifiers for communication devices

 Which statement best critiques the use of s-domain analysis in real-world
Q. 168
applications?
a) It provides little value since time-domain is more relevant
b) It’s only applicable to linear systems, limiting its scope
c) It can only be applied to passive circuits
d) It always gives accurate predictions about system behavior

Answer: b) It’s only applicable to linear systems, limiting its scope

Why might a designer opt for an active filter design over a passive one, even if
Q. 169
power consumption is a concern?
a) Active filters are always better in performance
b) Active filters can offer amplification
c) Passive filters cannot handle high frequencies
d) Active filters are simpler to design

Answer: b) Active filters can offer amplification

Q. 170 If a network exhibits ringing in its response, what might be a possible reason?
a) Excessively high Q-factor
b) Presence of resistive elements
c) Too many capacitive elements
d) Insufficient power supply

Answer: a) Excessively high Q-factor

Given a scenario where a modern synthesized network fails under certain

Q. 171 conditions, but a classically synthesized network doesn’t, what might be a
primary consideration for the difference in performance?
a) The modern approach is fundamentally flawed
b) The classical network likely has a simpler, more robust design
c) Modern components used have higher failure rates
d) The conditions are irrelevant to performance

Answer: b) The classical network likely has a simpler, more robust design

In what scenario would it be justified to compromise on bandwidth to achieve a

Q. 172
higher Q-factor?
a) In broadband communication systems
b) In wide-range frequency synthesizers
c) In narrowband RF filters for specific frequency reception
d) In audio amplifiers for concert systems

Answer: c) In narrowband RF filters for specific frequency reception

 Why might one critique the reliance on simulation tools for network design and
Q. 173
synthesis in the modern approach?
a) They always provide accurate results, leading to over-reliance
b) They might introduce virtual artifacts not present in real-world scenarios
c) They don’t offer s-domain analysis capabilities
d) They are difficult to use

Answer: b) They might introduce virtual artifacts not present in real-world

scenarios

Which criticism is valid when comparing the performance of passive filters to

Q. 174
their active counterparts?
a) Passive filters cannot handle high-frequency signals
b) Passive filters cannot provide signal amplification
c) Passive filters are difficult to design
d) Passive filters always consume more power

Answer: b) Passive filters cannot provide signal amplification

Which of the following might be a valid criticism of using too high a Q-factor in
Q. 175
RF filter design?
a) It may introduce unwanted resonances
b) It will reduce the power consumption
c) It will expand the filter’s bandwidth
d) It makes the filter easier to design

Answer: a) It may introduce unwanted resonances

When comparing classical to modern techniques for network synthesis, what can
Q. 176
be a significant advantage of classical methods?
a) They always produce more accurate results
b) They are generally more straightforward and robust
c) They rely on more advanced components
d) They can be entirely simulated using modern software

Answer: b) They are generally more straightforward and robust

In evaluating the stability of a network, why might right-half-plane poles be of

Q. 177
particular concern?
a) They indicate stable behavior
b) They lead to increasing oscillations over time
c) They result in reduced power consumption
d) They represent zero frequency response

Answer: b) They lead to increasing oscillations over time

 When evaluating the transient response of a network, why might a fast settling
Q. 178
time be crucial?
a) It ensures maximum power consumption
b) It indicates high resonance in the system
c) It allows the system to quickly stabilize after a disturbance
d) It ensures the system remains unstable

Answer: c) It allows the system to quickly stabilize after a disturbance

In comparing two identical networks, one passive and one active, what potential
Q. 179
drawback of the active network should be considered?
a) It might have a narrower bandwidth
b) It is more susceptible to noise and interference
c) It will always have a lower Q-factor
d) It is less durable and robust

Answer: b) It is more susceptible to noise and interference

When might it be justified to use a more complicated modern synthesis technique

Q. 180
over a simpler classical one?
a) When precision and performance outweigh simplicity
b) When only basic components are available
c) In all scenarios, without exception
d) When designing low-frequency networks

Answer: a) When precision and performance outweigh simplicity

Evaluating the phase response of a filter, why is linear phase often desired in
Q. 181
audio processing?
a) It introduces pleasant harmonics
b) It ensures all frequencies experience the same time delay
c) It maximizes the Q-factor of the filter
d) It enhances the amplitude response

Answer: b) It ensures all frequencies experience the same time delay

If a network is found to perform differently in simulation versus real-world

Q. 182
application, what should be a primary consideration?
a) The quality of the simulation software
b) The accuracy of component values and tolerances in the real-world circuit
c) The skill level of the designer
d) The Q-factor of the network

Answer: b) The accuracy of component values and tolerances in the real-world

circuit
 Why might an engineer critique the exclusive use of s-domain analysis without
Q. 183
testing in the time domain?
a) S-domain is always more accurate
b) Time domain reveals transient behaviors not always visible in the s-domain
c) All real-world signals are represented in the s-domain
d) Time domain analysis is outdated

Answer: b) Time domain reveals transient behaviors not always visible in the s-
domain

Q. 184 What could be a valid criticism of using very high order filters in a design?
a) They simplify the phase response
b) They are always more power-efficient
c) They can introduce excessive phase delay and complicate the transient
response
d) They always have a better frequency response

Answer: c) They can introduce excessive phase delay and complicate the
transient response

If a network designed using classical techniques outperforms a modern

Q. 185
counterpart, what might be a primary factor?
a) Classical techniques are universally superior
b) The simpler nature of the classical design might make it more robust in certain
scenarios
c) Modern techniques are always more complex
d) Classical designs always consume less power

Answer: b) The simpler nature of the classical design might make it more robust
in certain scenarios

Q. 186 In what scenario might one critique the use of very narrow-band filters?
a) In RF signal amplification
b) In wideband communication systems
c) In high-Q oscillators
d) In precision measurement systems

Answer: b) In wideband communication systems

Why might the addition of feedback in a network design be criticized if not

Q. 187
implemented carefully?
a) It always simplifies the network
b) It may introduce instability or unwanted oscillations
c) It increases the power efficiency of the network
d) It makes the transient response slower
 Answer: b) It may introduce instability or unwanted oscillations

When assessing the suitability of a network for a given application, which metric
Q. 188
should typically be prioritized?
a) The complexity of the design
b) The elegance of the mathematical model
c) The real-world performance metrics
d) The novelty of the synthesis approach

Answer: c) The real-world performance metrics

What might be a valid criticism of overly relying on Z or Y parameters in 2-port

Q. 189
network analysis?
a) They cannot represent active components
b) They don’t allow for the inclusion of feedback
c) They can sometimes oversimplify the behavior of complex networks
d) They are limited to linear, passive components

Answer: c) They can sometimes oversimplify the behavior of complex networks

Evaluating two identical filter designs, why might one using modern surface-
Q. 190 mount components be critiqued against one using traditional through-hole
components?
a) The modern design will always be less reliable
b) The traditional design will have better frequency response
c) The modern design might be more susceptible to certain types of interference
or thermal issues due to component proximity
d) The modern design will always have a lower Q-factor

Answer: c) The modern design might be more susceptible to certain types of

interference or thermal issues due to component proximity

In what scenario might an engineer critique the use of an active filter over its
Q. 191
passive counterpart?
a) When power consumption is a primary concern
b) In high-frequency RF applications
c) When amplification is required
d) When the filter needs to be digitally controlled

Answer: a) When power consumption is a primary concern

Why might one critique the synthesis of a network primarily based on theoretical
Q. 192
models without empirical testing?
a) Theoretical models always provide the most accurate results
b) Real-world component variations and tolerances can lead to different
behaviors
 c) Empirical testing is outdated
d) Theoretical models ensure maximum power efficiency

Answer: b) Real-world component variations and tolerances can lead to different

behaviors

Why might one critique the synthesis of a network primarily based on theoretical
Q. 193
models without empirical testing?
a) Theoretical models always provide the most accurate results
b) Real-world component variations and tolerances can lead to different
behaviors
c) Empirical testing is outdated
d) Theoretical models ensure maximum power efficiency

Answer: b) Real-world component variations and tolerances can lead to different

behaviors

Which of the following would be the most appropriate first step in synthesizing a
Q. 194
modern active high-pass filter?
a) Choose resistor values
b) Select the type of op-amp
c) Define the cutoff frequency
d) Decide on the power supply voltage

Answer: c) Define the cutoff frequency

In synthesizing a 2-port network, which parameter would be crucial to determine

Q. 195
interconnection possibilities?
a) Z-parameters
b) Q-factor
c) Resonant frequency
d) Amplification factor

Answer: a) Z-parameters

If you’re designing a band-pass filter for an FM radio receiver, what would be

Q. 196
your primary consideration?
a) Gain
b) Phase delay
c) Center frequency
d) Feedback mechanism

Answer: c) Center frequency

 While synthesizing a 1-port network, you notice the desired response can be
Q. 197 achieved both passively and actively. What might drive you to choose the active
design?
a) Lower cost
b) Broader bandwidth
c) Inherent amplification
d) Fewer components

Answer: c) Inherent amplification

In synthesizing a Butterworth filter, which of the following characteristics is

Q. 198
most sought after in its frequency response?
a) A flat passband and equiripple stopband
b) A flat passband and a monotonic stopband
c) Equiripple in both passband and stopband
d) Steep roll-off in the passband and a flat stopband

Answer: b) A flat passband and a monotonic stopband

What primary consideration would drive the synthesis of a notch filter in an

Q. 199
audio system?
a) Amplification
b) Rejection of a specific interference frequency
c) Phase shift
d) Power consumption

Answer: b) Rejection of a specific interference frequency

If you were to create a classical passive network to match impedances between

Q. 200
two devices, which component would be most crucial?
a) Op-amp
b) Transformer
c) Diode
d) Resistor

Answer: b) Transformer

In synthesizing a two-stage active filter, how might you ensure minimal

Q. 201
interaction between stages?
a) Place stages far apart on the PCB
b) Use different op-amp models for each stage
c) Introduce a buffer between stages
d) Increase feedback on the second stage

Answer: c) Introduce a buffer between stages

 What might be your primary concern when creating a passive network for high-
Q. 202
frequency RF applications?
a) Component tolerances
b) Resistor values
c) Inductor and capacitor parasitics
d) Op-amp type

Answer: c) Inductor and capacitor parasitics

To create a variable frequency oscillator, which component’s value might you

Q. 203
make adjustable?
a) Resistor
b) Inductor
c) Capacitor
d) Transformer

Answer: b) Inductor or c) Capacitor

In the synthesis of a modern network to ensure maximum power transfer, which

Q. 204
parameter of the load and source must be matched?
a) Q-factor
b) Resonant frequency
c) Impedance
d) Voltage levels

Answer: c) Impedance

Given a 1-port network with a complex impedance Z=R+jX, where R is the

Q. 205 resistance and X is the reactance, which of the following techniques is classically
used to represent this network in the frequency domain?
a) Time-domain analysis
b) s-domain analysis using Laplace transform
c) z-domain analysis
d) Non-linear transient analysis

Answer: b) s-domain analysis using Laplace transform

What design element might you introduce in an amplifier network to prevent

Q. 206
high-frequency oscillations?
a) A notch filter
b) Feedback resistor
c) Compensation capacitor
d) Voltage regulator

Answer: c) Compensation capacitor

 If you were synthesizing a voltage-controlled filter, which modern component
Q. 207
might be at the heart of your design?
a) Resistor
b) Capacitor
c) Varactor diode
d) Transformer

Answer: c) Varactor diode

How would you approach the creation of a 2-port network to model a

Q. 208
transmission line?
a) Use primarily resistors
b) Use a combination of resistors and capacitors
c) Use a combination of inductors, resistors, and capacitors
d) Use only op-amps

Answer: c) Use a combination of inductors, resistors, and capacitors

In synthesizing a power distribution network for a PCB, what would be a primary

Q. 209
consideration?
a) Gain of signals
b) Minimizing crosstalk
c) Frequency rejection
d) Voltage amplification

Answer: b) Minimizing crosstalk

If your goal is to create a phase shift oscillator, which component configuration

Q. 210
is crucial?
a) Parallel RLC
b) Series RLC
c) RC ladder network
d) LC tank circuit

Answer: c) RC ladder network

In designing a Wien bridge oscillator, what would you incorporate to stabilize the
Q. 211
amplitude?
a) Notch filter
b) Automatic gain control (AGC)
c) Phase compensator
d) Feedback resistor

Answer: b) Automatic gain control (AGC)

 Which approach would be more effective for synthesizing a high-frequency,
Q. 212
narrow band-pass filter?
a) Multiple cascaded low-order filters
b) A single high-order filter
c) Several parallel filters
d) A passive LC circuit

Answer: a) Multiple cascaded low-order filters

For a noise reduction system, you want to create an adaptive filter. Which
Q. 213
component would be crucial?
a) Variable resistor
b) Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
c) Fixed capacitor
d) Diode bridge

Answer: b) Digital Signal Processor (DSP)

When creating a modern filter design to be integrated into a larger system, which
Q. 214
aspect is essential to consider?
a) Aesthetics of the design
b) Compatibility with other system components
c) The historical use of the components
d) The physical size of the capacitors

Answer: b) Compatibility with other system components

If you were to synthesize an active differential filter, which component would be

Q. 215
the cornerstone?
a) Resistor
b) Capacitor
c) Inductor
d) Operational amplifier

Answer: d) Operational amplifier

When designing a switch-capacitor filter, what element replaces the traditional

Q. 216
resistor?
a) Diode
b) Switch
c) Inductor
d) Transformer

Answer: b) Switch
 How might you enhance the Q-factor in your synthesizing process of a band-pass
Q. 217
filter?
a) Increase resistance values
b) Reduce bandwidth
c) Use a high-power op-amp
d) Use larger capacitors

Answer: b) Reduce bandwidth

When creating a voltage divider for a sensitive sensor, what should you avoid to
Q. 218
reduce noise?
a) Using thick traces
b) Keeping resistances low
c) Using an operational amplifier
d) Placing it near power circuitry

Answer: d) Placing it near power circuitry

For a synthesized adaptive network to compensate for signal distortions, which

Q. 219
modern approach might you utilize?
a) Rely solely on passive components
b) Use machine learning algorithms
c) Implement a fixed gain stage
d) Reduce bandwidth

Answer: b) Use machine learning algorithms

Q. 220 In synthesizing a charge pump circuit, what’s the key active component?
a) Resistor
b) Diode
c) Switch
d) Inductor

Answer: c) Switch

You’re crafting an active filter. To provide flexibility in the design, what might
Q. 221
you include?
a) Fixed resistors
b) Non-adjustable capacitors
c) Potentiometers
d) Fixed inductors

Answer: c) Potentiometers

Q. 222 In synthesizing a precision rectifier, what modern component is essential?

a) Diode
 b) Operational amplifier
c) Transformer
d) Fixed resistor

Answer: b) Operational amplifier

To create an oscillator with a very stable frequency, what type of resonator might
Q. 223
you include in your synthesis?
a) LC tank circuit
b) RC network
c) Quartz crystal
d) Simple diode

Answer: c) Quartz crystal

For a network designed to provide variable phase shift, which control element is
Q. 224
crucial?
a) Variable resistor
b) Variable inductor
c) Switchable capacitor bank
d) Digital potentiometer

Answer: a) Variable resistor

If synthesizing a network to interface with a piezoelectric sensor, which

Q. 225
parameter is crucial to match?
a) Voltage levels
b) Power levels
c) Impedance
d) Gain

Answer: c) Impedance

You aim to design a modern, efficient Class-D amplifier. What’s the key
Q. 226
technique you’ll utilize?
a) Continuous conduction
b) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
c) Amplitude modulation
d) High Q-factor resonance

Answer: b) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

In creating a voltage regulator circuit, which feedback method would you

Q. 227
prioritize for stability?
a) Positive feedback
b) No feedback
 c) Negative feedback
d) Phase-shifted feedback

Answer: c) Negative feedback

To synthesize a network that can automatically adapt to changing signal

Q. 228
conditions, what would be a modern approach?
a) Use fixed resistors and capacitors only
b) Integrate a microcontroller for dynamic adjustments
c) Use a single op-amp for all adjustments
d) Avoid any active components

Answer: b) Integrate a microcontroller for dynamic adjustments

In synthesizing a modern DC-DC boost converter, which component facilitates

Q. 229
the energy storage during operation?
a) Capacitor
b) Diode
c) Inductor
d) Transformer

Answer: c) Inductor

You’re designing a precision instrument. Which approach would you prioritize

Q. 230
for synthesizing a stable voltage reference?
a) Zener diode
b) Bandgap reference
c) Simple resistor divider
d) LC oscillator

Answer: b) Bandgap reference

In your synthesizing process for a PLL (Phase Locked Loop), which component
Q. 231
acts as the comparator?
a) Op-amp
b) Diode
c) Phase detector
d) Capacitor

Answer: c) Phase detector

For the synthesis of a Class E amplifier, which feature is essential for its
Q. 232
operation?
a) Use of multiple op-amps
b) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
c) Zero-voltage switching
 d) Continuous conduction mode

Answer: c) Zero-voltage switching

If you’re crafting a mixer circuit for RF applications, which device would you
Q. 233
consider central to your design?
a) Inductor
b) Resistor
c) Diode
d) Capacitor

Answer: c) Diode

In synthesizing a sigma-delta ADC, which approach differentiates it from other

Q. 234
ADCs?
a) Parallel conversion
b) High-frequency oversampling and noise shaping
c) Successive approximation
d) Flash conversion

Answer: b) High-frequency oversampling and noise shaping

If your goal is to create a charge redistribution DAC, what component

Q. 235
configuration would you prioritize?
a) Parallel RLC
b) Series RLC
c) Switched capacitor array
d) LC tank circuit

Answer: c) Switched capacitor array

When creating a modern automatic gain control (AGC) circuit, what component
Q. 236
senses the output amplitude?
a) Diode
b) Transformer
c) Op-amp
d) Peak detector

Answer: d) Peak detector

Q. 237 To synthesize a resonant converter, which feature would you focus on achieving?
a) High switching frequencies
b) Zero-voltage and/or zero-current switching
c) Maximum power transfer
d) Minimal phase shift
 Answer: b) Zero-voltage and/or zero-current switching

In designing a SAR (Successive Approximation Register) ADC, what structure

Q. 238
aids in its operation?
a) Voltage ladder
b) LC tank
c) Resistor ladder
d) Transformer network

Answer: c) Resistor ladder

When synthesizing a colpitts oscillator, which reactive components play a key

Q. 239
role?
a) Two resistors and a diode
b) Two capacitors and an inductor
c) Two diodes and a capacitor
d) Two inductors and a resistor

Answer: b) Two capacitors and an inductor

In a bidirectional transceiver design, what component would you include for

Q. 240
synthesizing the isolation between transmission and reception paths?
a) Resistor
b) Capacitor
c) Directional coupler
d) Inductor

Answer: c) Directional coupler

When creating a frequency synthesizer, which component or method provides the

Q. 241
variability in frequency?
a) Fixed capacitor
b) Variable resistor
c) Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)
d) Fixed inductor

Answer: c) Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)

For the synthesis of a negative resistance oscillator, which component

Q. 242
configuration is typically used?
a) Gunn diode
b) RC ladder network
c) LC tank circuit
d) Transformer coupling

Answer: a) Gunn diode

Q. 243 To create an all-pass filter, which feature should your design prioritize?
a) Maximum gain at the center frequency
b) Phase shift without amplitude change
c) Zero phase shift at all frequencies
d) Maximum attenuation at the center frequency

Answer: b) Phase shift without amplitude change

When designing a software-defined radio (SDR), which component would you

Q. 244
prioritize for handling a wide range of frequencies?
a) Fixed inductor
b) Crystal oscillator
c) Resistor-capacitor combination
d) Direct digital synthesizer (DDS)

Answer: d) Direct digital synthesizer (DDS)

Q. 245 In the synthesis of a modern Bode frequency shifter, which method is central?
a) Modulation-demodulation technique
b) LC tank tuning
c) Use of Gunn diodes
d) Direct phase shifting

Answer: a) Modulation-demodulation technique

For the creation of a variable filter, what kind of component would you introduce
Q. 246
for tunability?
a) Digital potentiometer
b) Fixed resistor
c) Fixed capacitor
d) Zener diode

Answer: a) Digital potentiometer

You’re synthesizing a wireless charging circuit. What technique would be central

Q. 247
to this design?
a) Superposition
b) Thevenin’s theorem
c) Inductive coupling
d) Direct current transfer

Answer: c) Inductive coupling

Q. 248 To craft an anti-aliasing filter for an ADC, what should the design focus be?
a) Amplify the signal
 b) Block DC component
c) Reduce high-frequency components
d) Boost the baseband signal

Answer: c) Reduce high-frequency components

When synthesizing a gyrator circuit, which active component plays a pivotal

Q. 249
role?
a) Diode
b) Resistor
c) Operational amplifier
d) Transformer

Answer: c) Operational amplifier

For creating a phasor diagram representing a complex network, which

Q. 250
mathematical approach is key?
a) Quadratic equations
b) Laplace transform
c) Trigonometry
d) Calculus differentiation

Answer: b) Laplace transform

If you’re crafting a Hilbert transformer, what would be the defining characteristic

Q. 251
of its frequency response?
a) Constant amplitude across all frequencies
b) 90-degree phase shift across all frequencies
c) Variable gain for different frequencies
d) No phase shift across any frequency

Answer: b) 90-degree phase shift across all frequencies

When synthesizing a PID controller for system regulation, which component

Q. 252
would you use for the integral action?
a) Resistor
b) Diode
c) Capacitor
d) Inductor

Answer: c) Capacitor

Q. 253 In designing a phase splitter circuit, which active component is typically used?
a) Diode
b) Operational amplifier
c) Inductor
 d) Transformer

Answer: b) Operational amplifier

When synthesizing a high-Q resonator, which of the following materials might

Q. 254
you consider for the inductor?
a) Copper
b) Ferrite
c) Silicon
d) Tungsten

Answer: b) Ferrite

To create a synthesizer capable of generating a range of frequencies, which

Q. 255
control mechanism would be crucial?
a) Fixed potentiometer
b) LC tank circuit
c) Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)
d) Fixed frequency oscillator

Answer: c) Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)

When designing a multi-stage amplifier, what technique might be used to

Q. 256
stabilize the gain across stages?
a) Feedback loop
b) Cross-coupling
c) Parallel resistance
d) Cascade configuration

Answer: a) Feedback loop

In synthesizing a modern voltage-controlled filter (VCF), which component

Q. 257
changes its value based on input voltage?
a) Varactor diode
b) Resistor
c) Fixed diode
d) Inductor

Answer: a) Varactor diode

If you’re crafting a Smith chart for RF network design, what property does the
Q. 258
horizontal axis typically represent?
a) Resistance
b) Capacitance
c) Inductance
d) Voltage
 Answer: a) Resistance

When synthesizing an adaptive filter for noise cancellation, what method enables
Q. 259
the filter to adjust its coefficients in real-time?
a) Fourier Transformation
b) LMS (Least Mean Squares) Algorithm
c) Band-Pass Filtering
d) Time-Division Multiplexing

Answer: b) LMS (Least Mean Squares) Algorithm

Q. 260 To design an envelope detector, which component is fundamental?

a) Capacitor
b) Transformer
c) Inductor
d) Resistor

Answer: a) Capacitor

When crafting a low-pass Sallen-Key filter, which components form the

Q. 261
cornerstone of its topology?
a) Two inductors and a capacitor
b) Two capacitors and an operational amplifier
c) Two diodes and a resistor
d) A transformer and a diode

Answer: b) Two capacitors and an operational amplifier

In synthesizing a modern digital phase-locked loop, what digital component

Q. 262
replaces the VCO?
a) Digital potentiometer
b) Numerically controlled oscillator (NCO)
c) Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)
d) Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)

Answer: b) Numerically controlled oscillator (NCO)

For creating a Wien bridge oscillator, what combination of reactive components

Q. 263
is essential?
a) Two capacitors and an inductor
b) Two capacitors only
c) Two inductors only
d) A capacitor and a resistor

Answer: d) A capacitor and a resistor

 When synthesizing a Foster’s canonical form for network synthesis, which of the
Q. 264
following would be used?
a) Resistor ladder
b) Parallel LC circuits
c) RC bridge
d) Mutual inductance

Answer: b) Parallel LC circuits

If you’re crafting a switched capacitor filter, which action is central to its

Q. 265
operation?
a) Filtering noise
b) Amplification
c) Storing and transferring charge
d) Resonating at a given frequency

Answer: c) Storing and transferring charge

To synthesize an active notch filter, which component is crucial to create the

Q. 266
“notch” or “dip” in the frequency response?
a) Operational Amplifier
b) Transformer
c) Diode
d) Inductor

Answer: a) Operational Amplifier

When designing an all-digital transmitter for a communication system, which

Q. 267
method would you use to create the carrier waveform?
a) Analog sine wave generator
b) Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
c) Fixed oscillator circuit
d) Passive LC network

Answer: b) Digital Signal Processor (DSP)

In synthesizing a Cauer (or Elliptic) filter design, what characteristic of its

Q. 268
response is distinctive?
a) Butterworth-like flat passband
b) Ripples in both passband and stopband
c) Linear phase response
d) Constant group delay

Answer: b) Ripples in both passband and stopband

 When creating a power distribution network for an integrated circuit, which
Q. 269
strategy ensures minimal voltage drop across the chip?
a) Using high resistance traces
b) Reducing the number of vias
c) Increasing the width of power traces
d) Implementing fewer ground connections

Answer: c) Increasing the width of power traces

Which of the following would be the most appropriate first step in synthesizing a
modern active high-pass filter?
Which aspect of network design do you believe is the most critical for ensuring
Q. 270
energy efficiency?
a) Component selection
b) Topology design
c) System modeling
d) Real-time monitoring

Answer: a) Component selection

When working with a team to design a complex network, which value is most
Q. 271
important?
a) Speed
b) Accuracy
c) Collaboration
d) Independence

Answer: c) Collaboration

What emotion might you feel when your designed filter perfectly aligns with the
Q. 272
desired response after weeks of iteration?
a) Indifference
b) Frustration
c) Elation
d) Anxiety

Answer: c) Elation

Q. 273 Which factor do you believe adds more satisfaction in network synthesis?
a) Simplicity of design
b) Complexity with high efficiency
c) Quick completion
d) Collaboration with peers

Answer: b) Complexity with high efficiency

 In the realm of modern networking, which aspect most resonates with your
Q. 274
passion for innovation?
a) Integrating AI-driven techniques
b) Incorporating green energy components
c) Using age-old trusted methods
d) Focusing on cost reduction

Answer: a) Integrating AI-driven techniques

How would you feel if a network you designed was adopted as an industry
Q. 275
standard?
a) Overwhelmed
b) Proud
c) Indifferent
d) Worried

Answer: b) Proud

Q. 276 Which trait is most valuable when working with complex network models?
a) Patience
b) Speed
c) Memory
d) Creativity

Answer: a) Patience

Which of these outcomes in network analysis would give you the most personal
Q. 277
satisfaction?
a) Predicting real-world behavior accurately
b) Completing tasks ahead of time
c) Keeping costs below budget
d) Having no conflicts in team dynamics

Answer: a) Predicting real-world behavior accurately

How do you feel about integrating modern, but untested, methods in network
Q. 278
design versus tried-and-true techniques?
a) Excited about innovation
b) Cautiously optimistic
c) Prefer traditional methods
d) Worried about reliability

Answer: a) Excited about innovation

Which of the following sparks more enthusiasm in you when working on

Q. 279
network synthesis?
 a) Experimenting with unconventional topologies
b) Sticking to standard design protocols
c) Collaborating with diverse teams
d) Working independently with minimal interruptions

Answer: a) Experimenting with unconventional topologies

In considering the trade-offs in network design, which area would you prioritize
Q. 280
if you have strong ethical considerations?
a) Energy consumption
b) Cost-effectiveness
c) Speed of design
d) Ease of replication

Answer: a) Energy consumption

How do you feel about the integration of AI and machine learning in modern
Q. 281
network analysis?
a) It’s an unnecessary complexity
b) Excited about the potential advancements
c) Cautious due to potential inaccuracies
d) Prefer manual techniques for precision

Answer: b) Excited about the potential advancements

Which environmental consideration resonates most with you in network

Q. 282
component selection?
a) Recyclability
b) Longevity
c) Power consumption
d) Sourcing materials ethically

Answer: d) Sourcing materials ethically

How would you feel if your designed network failed in real-world applications
Q. 283
but worked perfectly in theoretical modeling?
a) Indifferent, since the theory was right
b) Frustrated with the real-world variables
c) Motivated to adjust and improve the design
d) Disappointed in your design approach

Answer: c) Motivated to adjust and improve the design

When adopting a modern approach in network design, which element evokes a

Q. 284
sense of accomplishment for you?
a) Use of cutting-edge components
 b) Innovative topological design
c) Swift execution and testing
d) Receiving peer recognition

Answer: b) Innovative topological design

Which personal emotion do you associate most with the intricate process of
Q. 285
network synthesis?
a) Curiosity
b) Apprehension
c) Indifference
d) Confidence

Answer: a) Curiosity

When you consider sustainable practices in network design, which makes you
Q. 286
most hopeful for the future?
a) Renewable energy integration
b) Reduced electronic waste
c) Efficient, low-power networks
d) Localized production reducing transportation emissions

Answer: a) Renewable energy integration

How does the thought of lifelong learning in the ever-evolving field of network
Q. 287
synthesis make you feel?
a) Exhausted
b) Excited
c) Resistant
d) Neutral

Answer: b) Excited

Which sentiment best describes your reaction to a network model not behaving
Q. 288
as expected despite thorough analysis?
a) Resignation
b) Determination
c) Frustration
d) Disinterest

Answer: b) Determination

How do you feel about mentoring a junior engineer in the intricacies of network
Q. 289
analysis?
a) Reluctant due to time constraints
b) Enthusiastic to pass on knowledge
 c) Indifferent
d) Concerned about potential mistakes

Answer: b) Enthusiastic to pass on knowledge

Which aspect of the classical approach to network synthesis do you find most
Q. 290
comforting?
a) Predictability
b) Historic successes
c) Simplicity
d) Tried-and-tested methods

Answer: d) Tried-and-tested methods

What emotion might you feel when the modern methods you’ve integrated
Q. 291
outperform classical techniques in network synthesis?
a) Vindication
b) Surprise
c) Joy
d) Concern for outdated methods

Answer: a) Vindication

How do you perceive the balance between innovation and reliability in network
Q. 292
design?
a) Risky yet necessary
b) A harmonious blend
c) Polar opposites
d) A challenge to be conquered

Answer: b) A harmonious blend

Which sentiment resonates with you more when you think of 1-port vs. 2-port
Q. 293
network designs?
a) Preference for simplicity
b) Excitement for complexity
c) Neutrality
d) Desire for modularity

Answer: d) Desire for modularity

Q. 294 How do you feel when your designs are critiqued by peers in the field?
a) Defensive
b) Open to feedback
c) Disinterested
d) Confident in your original design
 Answer: b) Open to feedback

What would be your predominant emotion when your network design becomes a
Q. 295
benchmark for future projects?
a) Pride
b) Anxiety over maintaining standards
c) Motivation to surpass it
d) Contentment

Answer: a) Pride

When presented with a challenging problem in network synthesis, which

Q. 296
emotional response is most likely?
a) Eager anticipation
b) Overwhelm
c) Indifference
d) Apprehension

Answer: a) Eager anticipation

How would you describe your emotional connection to the networks you design
Q. 297
and synthesize?
a) Detached professionalism
b) Deep personal investment
c) Mild interest
d) Just another task

Answer: b) Deep personal investment

When reflecting on a completed project, which aspect brings the most personal
Q. 298
satisfaction?
a) Efficiency of the network
b) Timely completion
c) Innovative techniques used
d) Team collaboration

Answer: c) Innovative techniques used

How do you feel about the constant need for adaptation and learning in the
Q. 299
evolving world of network synthesis?
a) Invigorated
b) Drained
c) Neutral
d) Resistant
 Answer: a) Invigorated

Q. 300 Which part of the network synthesis process evokes the most passion in you?
a) Initial modeling
b) Analytical assessments
c) Design and iterations
d) Validation and testing

Answer: c) Design and iterations

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