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Synopsis and Thesis Format

The document provides detailed guidelines for preparing a synopsis and thesis, including structure, formatting, and content requirements. The synopsis should not exceed 25 pages and must include sections like the research problem, methodology, and references, while the thesis should be between 100 and 300 pages and follow a specific arrangement of contents. Both documents must adhere to specified formatting standards, including paper quality, margins, and font styles.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 views19 pages

Synopsis and Thesis Format

The document provides detailed guidelines for preparing a synopsis and thesis, including structure, formatting, and content requirements. The synopsis should not exceed 25 pages and must include sections like the research problem, methodology, and references, while the thesis should be between 100 and 300 pages and follow a specific arrangement of contents. Both documents must adhere to specified formatting standards, including paper quality, margins, and font styles.

Uploaded by

hiraman More
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GUIDELINES FOR THE

PREPARATION OF
SYNOPSIS AND THESIS
GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION OF SYNOPSIS
Synopsis should outline the research problem, the methodology it and the
summary and conclusion of the findings. The size of the Synopsis should not exceed
25 pages of typed matter reckoned from the first page to the last page including the list
of references and list of publications of the scholar. The sequence in which the synopsis
should be arranged is as follows with references and list of publications in separate
pages.
1) Cover page and title page
2) Text divided into suitable headings (numbered consecutively)
3) References (not more than 12)
4) List of publications (those published/accepted for publications. Mention the
impact factor of the journal- only Web of science or Scopus impact factor)
Standard A4 size (297 mm x 210 mm) bond paper may be used for preparing the
synopsis. The synopsis should have the following page margins:
Top edge : 30 to 35 mm
Bottom edge : 25 to 30 mm
Left side : 35 to 40 mm
Right side : 20 to 25 mm
The synopsis should be prepared using good quality white paper preferably not
lower than 80GSM. One and half line spacing should be used for typing the general
text. The general text shall be typed in Font Style Times New Roman and
Font Size 13. One or two tables/figures may be included at appropriate places in the
text of the synopsis and they should conform to the margin specification. All page
numbers (Arabic numbers) should be typed without punctuation on the upper right
hand corner 20 mm from top with the last digit in line with the right hand margin.
Synopsis should be soft bound with black calico cloth and using flexible cover of thick
white art paper. The cover should be printed in black letters on plan white background
and the text for printing should be identical to what has been prescribed for the title
page. The references such as journals, books, E-books, conference proceedings,
patents, etc should be typed following the International standard.

1
A typical Specimen of Cover page and Title Page
<Font style Times New Roman>
SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NO x ON
NEW CATALYTIC SYSTEMS
<Font Size 18><1.5 line spacing>
A SYNOPSIS
<Font Size14>
Submitted by
<Font Size 14><Italic>
V. MOHANKUMAR
Roll No 1907130004
<Font Size 16>
Under the supervision of
<Font Size 14><Italic>
Dr. V. VENUGOBAL
<Font Size 16>
Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
Annamalai University
<Font Size 14>

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of


<Font Size 14><Italic><1.5 line spacing>

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
<Font size 16>

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING


FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY
ANNAMALAINAGAR - 608 002
TAMIL NADU, INDIA
<Font Size 16><1.5 line spacing>
APRIL 2022
<Font Size 14>

2
SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NO x ON
NEW CATALYTIC SYSTEMS

A SYNOPSIS

Submitted by

V. MOHANKUMAR
Roll No 1907130004
Under the supervision of

Dr. V. VENUGOBAL
Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
Annamalai University

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING


FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY
ANNAMALAINAGAR - 608 002
TAMIL NADU, INDIA
APRIL 2022
3
GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION OF THESIS
The scholars are expected to read the guidelines carefully, and meticulously follow
them in the preparation of the thesis. Non-compliance with any of these instructions
may lead to the rejection of the thesis submitted.
1. GENERAL
This Manual is intended to provide general guidelines to the research scholars in
the preparation of the thesis. In general, the thesis shall report, in an organized and
scholarly fashion, an account of original research work of the research scholar leading
to the discovery of new facts or techniques or correlation of facts already known
(analytical, experimental hardware oriented, etc.). Thesis shall demonstrate quality as
to make a definite contribution to the advancement of knowledge and the research
scholar’s ability to undertake sustained research and present the findings in an
appropriate manner with actual accomplishments of the work.
2. SIZE OF THE THESIS
The size of the thesis shall be normally between 100 and 300 pages of typed matter
reckoned from the title page to the last page of thesis including the reference section.
3. ARRANGEMENT OF THE CONTENTS OF THE THESIS
The sequence in which the thesis material should be arranged and bound as
follows:
1) Cover page and Title page (as shown in Annexure I)
2) Certificate by the Research Supevisor (as shown in Annexure II)
3) Declaration by the Scholar (Annexure III)
4) Abstract
5) Acknowledgement (one page only)
6) Table of contents (Annexure IV)
7) List of Tables (Annexure V)
8) List of Figures (Annexure VI)
9) List of Abbreviations and Symbols (Annexure VII)
10) Chapters
11) Appendices (if applicable)
12) References
13) List of Publications
The Tables and Figures should be included subsequently after referring to them
in the text of the thesis. The thesis starting from chapters should be printed on both
sides.

4
4.QUALITY OF PAPER AND MARGIN SPECIFICATIONS
The thesis should be prepared using good quality white paper preferably not lower
than 80 GSM. Standard A4 size bond paper may be used for preparing the thesis. The
dimensions of the final bound thesis (5 copies) should be 290 mm x 205 mm.
The following page margins should be followed while preparing the thesis:
Top edge : 30 to 35 mm
Bottom edge : 25 to 30 mm
Left side : 35 to 40 mm
Right side : 20 to 25 mm
The Tables and figures should also conform to the margin specifications. Large
size figures should be photographically or otherwise reduced to the appropriate size.
5. MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION
While preparing the thesis manuscript, attention should be paid to ensure that
all textual matter is typewritten in the same format to the extent possible. Hence, some
of the information required for the final typing of the thesis is presented in this section.
The headings of all items from 2 to 12 listed in section 3 should be typed in upper case
letters without punctuation and centered 50 mm below the top of the page. The text
should start 4 spaces below the heading. The page numbering from 1 to 8 should be
done using lower case Roman numerals and the pages from 9 to 12 should be
numbered using Arabic numerals.
5.1 Cover Page and title Page
A specimen copy of the cover page and title page for the thesis is given in
Annexure II.
5.2 Certificate
The certificate shall be typed in double line spacing using font style Times New
Roman and Font size 12 as per the format shown in Annexure III. The certificate
shall be signed by the Supervisor and shall be followed by the supervisor’s name
academic designation, department and full address of the institution where the
supervisor has guided the scholar. Signature of the co-supervisor with details
should be included wherever applicable.
5.3 Abstract
Abstract should be an essay type of description not exceeding four pages
outlining the research problem, methodology used and summary of the findings.
This shall be typed in one and a half line spacing using Font style Times New
Roman and Font size 12.
5.4 Acknowledgement
It should be very brief and restricted to one page only when typed in one and a
half line spacing. The scholar’s signature shall be affixed at the bottom right
end above the scholar’s name typed in capitals.

5
5.5 Table of contents
The title page, certificate and acknowledgement will not find a place among the
items listed in the Table of Contents, but the page numbers of which are in
lower case Roman letters. One and a half line spacing should be adopted for
typing the matter under this head. A specimen copy of the table of contents for
the thesis is given in Annexure IV.
5.6 List of Tables
The list should use exactly the same captions as they are written above the
tables in the text. One and a half line spacing should be used for typing under
this heading.
5.7 List of Figures
The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear below the figures
in the text. One and a half line spacing should be used for typing under this
heading.
5.8 List of symbols and abbreviations
One and a half line spacing shall be used for typing the matter under this
heading. Standard symbols, abbreviations, etc., shall be used.
1.9 Chapters
The chapters may be broadly classified into three parts: (i) introduction,
(ii) the main theme of the thesis and (iii) results, discussion, summary and
conclusion. The main chapters may be divided into several sections, divisions
and sub-divisions. Each chapter should be given appropriate title. Titles and
figures in a chapter should be placed in the immediate vicinity of the reference
where they are cited.
5.10 Appendices
Appendices are provided to give supplementary information, which if included
in the main text may serve as a distraction and spoil the central theme of the
thesis. Appendices shall be numbered using Arabic numerals, e.g. Appendix 1,
Appendix 2, etc. Tables and references in appendices should be numbered and
referred at appropriate places just as in the case of chapters. Appendices shall
carry the title of the work reported and the same title shall be included in the
table of contents.
5.11 List of References
Any works of other researchers, if used either directly or indirectly, the origin of
the material thus referred to should be indicated at appropriate places in the
thesis. Such references in the form of research articles, monographs, books,
review articles, patents and proceedings shall be cited in the thesis following the
international standard. A citation should be placed wherever appropriate,
preferably at the end of a sentence. All the citations shall be in the same font as
the main text. The list of references should be typed 4 spaces below the heading
“REFERENCES” in single line spacing using Font style Times New Roman and
Font size 13.

6
5.12 List of Publications
The list of publications (those already published/accepted for publication in
journals and papers presented in conferences/symposia) made by the research
scholar during the period of research shall be reported in the table of contents.
5.13 Tables and Figures
Table means tabulated data in the body of the thesis as well as in the
appendices. Others such as charts, graphs, maps, photographs and diagrams
may be designated as figures. The table or figure including caption should be
accommodated within the prescribed margin limits and should appear on the
following page where their first reference is made. All tables and figures should
be typed on the same quality paper used for the preparation of the text of the
thesis. Two or more small tables or figures may be grouped and typed in a single
page, if necessary. Wherever possible, the photograph(s) shall be reproduced on
a full sheet of photographic paper or standard A4 size paper.
6. TYPING INSTRUCTIONS
6.1 General: The impressions on the typed/printed copies should be black in
colour. One and a half line spacing should be used for typing the general text.
The general text shall be typed in Font style Times New Roman and Font size
13. Long tables, long quotations, foot notes, multiline captions and references
should be typed in single line spacing.
6.2 Chapters: The format for typing headings, division headings and sub-division
headings are as follows
Chapter heading CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Division heading 1.1 OUTLINE OF THESIS
Sub-division heading 1.1.1 Literature Review
1.1.1.1 Romanian views on archaeology
The word CHAPTER without punctuation should be centered 50 mm down from
the top of the page. Two spaces below, the title of the chapter should be typed
centrally in capital letters. The text should commence 4 spaces below this title,
the first letter of the text starting 20 mm inside from the left hand margin.
The division and sub-division captions along with their numbering should be
left justified. The typed material directly below division or sub-division heading
should commence 2 spaces below it and should start typing 20 mm from the
left hand margin. Within division or sub-division paragraphs are permitted and
they should also commence 3 spaces below the last line of the preceding
paragraph, with offset from the left hand margin by 20 mm.

7
7. NUMBERING INSTRUCTIONS
7.1 Page Numbering
All page numbers (whether it be in Roman or Arabic numbers) should be typed
without punctuation on the upper right-hand corner 20 mm from the top with
the last digit in line with the right-hand margin. The preliminary pages such as
title page, acknowledgement, table of contents, etc. should be numbered in
lower case Roman numerals. Pages of the main text starting with Chapter 1
should be consecutively numbered using Arabic numerals till the end of the
thesis.
7.2 Numbering of Chapters, divisions and Sub-Divisions
The numbering of chapters, divisions and sub-divisions should be done using
Arabic numerals only and further decimal notation should be used for
numbering the divisions and sub-divisions within a chapter. For example, sub-
division 2 under division 4 belonging to chapter 3 should be numbered as 3.2.4.
The caption for the sub-division should immediately follow the number assigned
to it. Appendices, if any, should also be numbered in an identical manner
starting with appendix 1.
7.3 Numbering of tables and figures
Tables and figures appearing anywhere in the thesis should have appropriate
numbers. For example, if a Figure in Chapter 4 happens to be fifth, then assign
4.5 to that figure. Similar rules apply for tables. For example, if a table in
chapter 3 happens to be second, then assign 3.2 to that table. If Figures or
Tables appear in Appendices, then Table 3 in Appendix 1 will be designated as
Table A1.3. Similarly for Figures.
7.4 Numbering of Equations
Equations appearing in each chapter or appendix should be numbered serially,
the numbering should commence afresh for each chapter or appendix. Thus for
example, an equation appearing in chapter 3, if it happens to be the fourth
equation in that chapter should be numbered as (3.4) thus:
y’ + a(t) y = b(t) (3.4)
While referring to this equation in the body of the thesis it should be referred to
as equation (3.4).
8. BINDING SPECIFICATIONS
Thesis side pinning/stitching, covered with wrapper printed on 300 GSM white
art card and outer side gloss laminated, adhesive binding. The cover (white
colour) should be printed in black letters and the text for printing should be
identical to what has been prescribed for the title page.

8
Annexure – I
A typical Specimen of Cover page and Title Page
<Font style Times New Roman>
SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NO x ON
NEW CATALYTIC SYSTEMS
<Font Size 18><1.5 line spacing>
A THESIS
<Font Size14>
Submitted by
<Font Size 14><Italic>
V. MOHANKUMAR
Roll No 1907130004
<Font Size 16>
Under the supervision of
<Font Size 14><Italic>
Dr. V. VENUGOBAL
<Font Size 16>
Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
Annamalai University
<Font Size 14>

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of


<Font Size 14><Italic><1.5 line spacing>

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
<Font size 16>

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING


FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY
ANNAMALAINAGAR - 608 002
TAMIL NADU, INDIA
<Font Size 16><1.5 line spacing>
APRIL 2022
<Font Size 14>
9
SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NO x ON
NEW CATALYTIC SYSTEMS

A THESIS

Submitted by

V. MOHANKUMAR
Roll No 1907130004
Under the supervision of

Dr. V. VENUGOBAL
Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
Annamalai University

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING


FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY
ANNAMALAINAGAR - 608 002
TAMIL NADU, INDIA
APRIL 2022
10
Annexure – II

ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY
Dr. V. RAVIPRASAD Annamalainagar 608 002
Professor Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Department of Botany Mobile : +91-9842998740
E-mail: [email protected]

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “ISOLATION
ANDCHARACTERIZATION OF MOSQUITO LARVICIDAL COMPOUND(S)

FROM SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST Aedes aegypti, Anopheles


stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus” is a bonafide record of research work

done by Mr. SOFI IMTIYAZ ALI(Roll No. 1519030011), Research Scholar,


Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, under my

guidance during the period 2015-2018, and that this thesis has not

previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma,
associateship, fellowship or other similar title to this candidate or any other

candidate.

This is also to certify that the thesis represents the independent work

of the candidate.

Place : (Dr. V. RAVIPRASAD)


Date : Research Supervisor

11
Annexure – III

DECLARATION

I, SOFI IMTIYAZ ALI, Research Scholar in the Department of Botany,


declare that the work embodied in this Ph.D. thesis entitled “ISOLATION
ANDCHARACTERIZATION OF MOSQUITO LARVICIDAL COMPOUND(S)
FROM SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST Aedes aegypti, Anopheles
stephensi andCulex quinquefasciatus”is the result of my own
bonafide work carried out with my personal effort and submitted by me
under the supervision of Dr. V. RAVIPRASAD, Professor, Department of
Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar. The contents of this thesis
have not formed the basis for the award of any Degree/Diploma/
Fellowship/Titles in this University or any other University or similar
Institutions of higher learning.

I declare that I have faithfully acknowledged and given credit and


referred to the researchers wherever their works have been cited in the body
of the thesis. I further declare that I have not willfully copied others’
data/work/results, etc. reported in the journals, magazines, books, reports,
dissertations, theses, Internet, etc. and claimed as my own work.

Place:
Date: Signature of the Research Scholar
Roll No.: 1519030011

12
Annexure –IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
Title
No. No.
ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. POLLUTION
1.2. TYPES OF POLLUTION
1.2.1. Water Pollution
1.2.2. Soil Pollution
1.2.3. Noise Pollution
1.3. SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
1.3.1. Natural Sources
1.3.2. Anthropogenic Sources
1.4. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
1.4.1. Green Houses Gases
1.4.2. Indoor Air Quality
1.4.3. Accidents due to Air Pollutants
1.4.4. Health Effects
1.4.4.1. Effects on respiratory and cystic
fibrosis
1.4.4.2. Effects on children
1.5. AIR POLLUTANTS SOURCES AND EFFECTS
1.5.1. Sources of NOX
1.5.1.1. Thermal NOX
1.5.1.2. Fuel NOX
1.5.2. Sources of Sulfur Dioxide
1.5.2.1. Effects of sulphur dioxide emissions
1.6. AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST AND THEIR EFFECTS

13
Chapter Page
Title
No. No.
1.6.1. CI Engine and Emission Control Techniques
1.6.2. Basic Operation Principles of CI Engine
1.6.3. Various Methods to Reduce Automobile
Pollutants
1.6.3.1. Exhaust gas recirculation and deNOX
system
1.6.3.2. Diesel particulate filters/catalysts
1.6.3.3. Humid air motor system
1.7. DEFINITION AND CHEMISTRY OF NOX
1.8. OVERVIEW OF THE EMISSION NORMS IN INDIA
1.8.1. Control of Emissions
1.8.1.1. Cleaning up the emissions
1.9. CATALYTIC CONVERTERS
1.9.1. Two-way Catalytic Converters
1.9.2. Three-way Catalytic Converters
1.9.2.1. Oxygen storage in three-way
converters
1.10. COMPONENTS OF A CATALYTIC CONVERTER
1.10.1. Core or Substrate
1.10.2. Wash Coat
1.11. SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT
INVESTIGATION
2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
2.1. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1.1. Materials
2.1.2. Synthesis of Mesoporous MCM-41
2.2. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PREPARED CATALYSTS
2.2.1. X-Ray Diffraction Study
2.2.2. Nitrogen Adsorption and Desorption Study
2.2.3. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
2.3. CATALYTIC STUDIES

14
Chapter Page
Title
No. No.
2.3.1. Catalytic Reduction of NO with Acetone
2.3.2. Catalytic Reduction of NO with Methane
Vapour
3. COPPER CONTAINING MICROPOROUS H-ZSM-5 ZEOLITE
FOR THE REDUCTION OF NOX IN THE EXHAUST FLUE
GAS
3.1. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PREPARED CATALYSTS
3.1.1. X-Ray Diffraction
3.1.2. Nitrogen Adsorption and Desorption Study
3.2. CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NOX USING ACETONE
VAPOUR AS THE REDUCING AGENT
4. COPPER CONTAINING MESOPOROUS MCM-41 MATERIALS
FOR THE REDUCTION OF NOX IN THE EXHAUST FLUE
GAS
4.1. IMPORTANCE OF MESOPOROUS Cu-MCM-41
CATALYSTS
4.2. CHARACTERIZATION OF MESOPOROUS CATALYSTS
4.2.1. X-Ray Diffraction
4.2.2. Nitrogen Adsorption and Desorption Study
5. SUPPORTED CeO2-ZrO2 CATALYSTS FOR THE SELECTIVE
CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NOX
5.1. INTRODUCTION
5.2. CATALYSTS CHARACTERIZATION
5.2.1. X-Ray Diffraction
5.2.2. Nitrogen Adsorption and Desorption Study
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

15
Annexure – V

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

1.1. Indian emission standards for 4-wheel vehicles

3.1. Physico-chemical characteristics of the prepared materials

4.1. Physico-chemical characteristics of nano and composite


materials

5.1. BET surface area and crystallite size of the catalysts

16
Annexure – VI

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No.


1.1. Operating cycle for a four-stroke CI engine
1.2. General composition and typical diesel particle
1.3. Typical diesel particle size and distribution
2.1. Schematic representation of the experimental set-up for
the reduction of NOX with acetone vapour
2.2. Schematic representation of the experimental set-up for
the reduction of NOX with methane vapour
3.1. XRD patterns of H-ZSM-5
3.2. XRD patterns of Cu-ZSM-5
3.3. N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm of H-ZSM-5
4.1. XRD patterns of MCM-41
4.2. XRD patterns of Al-MCM-41 (50)
4.3. XRD patterns of Cu-MCM-41 (50)
5.1. XRD patterns of (a) CeO2 (b) ZrO2, (c) CeO2-ZrO2, (d)
CeO2-ZrO2/SiO2, (e) CeO2-ZrO2/Al2O3 and (f) CuO/
CeO2-ZrO2
5.2. Raman Spectra of (a) CeO2-ZrO2/SiO2and (b) CeO2-
ZrO2/Al2O3
5.3. TGA and derivative curve of CeO 2-ZrO2/Al2O3

17
Annexure – VII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
ABBREVIATIONS
AES – Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
AIR – Air Injection Reactor
BET – Brunauer-Emmet-Teller
CFC – Chlorofluorocarbon
3
cm /min – Cubic Centimetre per minute
3
cm /g – Cubic Centimetre per gram
CNG – Compressed Natural Gas
DRS UV-Vis – Diffuse Reflectance Ultraviolet Visible
EDX – Energy Dispersive X-Ray
EPR – Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
FT-IR – Fourier Transform Infra-Red
GC – Gas Chromatography
IUPAC – International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
KHz – Kilo Hertz
LPG – Liquid Petroleum Gas
µm – Micrometre
nm – Nanometre
o
C – Degree Celsius
RT – Retention Time
RH – Relative Humidity
PCR – Polymerase Chain Reaction
UNDP – United Nations Development Programme
WTO – World Trade Organisation
FRBM – Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management
BE – Budget Estimate
RE – Revised Estimate
SYMBOLS
 – Absolute frequency
 – Density of the fluid
 – Direction of wave propagation
 – Frequency of the waves
 – Potential function
 – Alpha
Å – Angstrom
 – Beta
% – Percentage
 – Surface tension
 – Theta
 – Wavelength
 – Psi
-*-*-*-

18

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