Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A.

Abdalla

Signals and Systems

System Classifications

Prof. Dr. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

[email protected]
[email protected]
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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

What is System?
❖ System is a device or combination of devices, which can operate on
signals and produces corresponding response.
❖ Input to a system is called as excitation and output from it is
called as response.
❖ For one or more inputs, the system can have one or more outputs.

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

A.System Representation
❖A system is a mathematical model of a physical process that relates
the input signal to the output signal.

B. Continuous Time and Discrete-Time Systems

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

Classification of Systems

Linear and Non-linear Systems

Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems

linear Time variant and linear Time invariant systems

Static and Dynamic Systems

Causal and Non-causal Systems

Invertible and Non-Invertible Systems

Stable and Unstable Systems

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

Linear Systems and Nonlinear Systems

❖Any system is called a linear system if it satisfy the two conditions:

1)Additivity:
❖Given that T x1 = y1, and T x2 = y2 , Then:
𝐓 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐

2) Homogeneity (or Scaling):

𝐓 𝜶𝒙 = 𝜶𝒚

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

Example: y(t) = x2 (t)

Solution:
y1 (t) = T[x1(t)] = x12(t)
y2 (t) = T[x2(t)] = x22(t)

T [a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)] = [ a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)]2

Which is not equal to a1 y1(t) + a2 y2(t). Hence the system is said

to be non linear.

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

✓ Note:
❑The previous two conditions can be combined as following;

𝐓 𝜶𝟏 𝒙𝟏 + 𝜶𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = 𝜶𝟏 𝒚𝟏 + 𝜶𝟐 𝒚𝟐

❑Examples of linear systems are the resistor and the capacitor.

❑Examples of nonlinear systems are: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and y = cos x

❑For any linear systems is that a zero input yields a zero output.

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

Causal and Noncausal Systems

❖ A system is called causal if its output y (t) at an arbitrary time t = t0,
depends on only the input x ( t ) for t ≤t0.
❖ That is, the output of a causal system at the present time depends on
only the present and /or past values of the input, not on its future
values.
❖ Thus, in a causal system, it is not possible to obtain an output before
an input is applied to the system.

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

Examples:

1)𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙(𝒕) it is a Causal system

2) 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙 𝒕 + 𝒙 𝒕 − 𝟏 it is a Causal system
3) 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙 𝒕 + 𝟐 it is a Non-Causal system

4) 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙 𝒕 + 𝒙 𝒕 − 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒕 + 𝟏 it is a Non-Causal system
5) 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙 𝟑𝒕 it is a Non-Causal system

Time Scale
𝒙 𝟑𝒕 , 𝒕 < 𝟎
6) 𝒚 𝒕 = ቊ it is a Causal system
𝒙 𝒕 − 𝟏 ,𝒕 ≥ 𝟎

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

Example 1: y(n) = 2 x(t) + 3 x(t-3)

For present value t=1, the system output is y(1) = 2x(1) + 3x(-2).
Here, the system output only depends upon present and past inputs.
Hence, the system is causal.
Example 2: y(n) = 2 x(t) + 3 x(t-3) + 6x(t + 3)
For present value t=1, the system output is y(1) = 2x(1) + 3x(-2) + 6x(4)
Here, the system output depends upon future input.
Hence the system is non-causal system.

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

Time-Invariant and Time-Varying Systems

❖A system is called time-invariant if a time shift (delay or advance) in
the input signal causes the same time shift in the output signal.

❖Thus, for a continuous-time system, the system is time-invariant if:

𝑻𝒙 𝒕 − 𝝉 =𝒚 𝒕 − 𝝉

❖Thus, for a discrete-time system, the system is time-invariant if:

𝑻 𝒙 𝒏−𝒌 =𝒚 𝒏−𝒌

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

TIME INVARIANCE
• A system is time invariant if its behavior and characteristics are
fixed over the time.
• Its internal structure does not change with time.

• A Specific excitation will produce the same response independently

on the time of application.
x(t ) y(t )
5 25

T t T 2T t
x(t ) y(t )
T 
. y(t −  )
x(t −  )
x(t ) y(t )
5 25

 T t  T +  2T +  t

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

Examples: check the time variance of the following systems,

1) 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙(𝟐𝒕)

Solutions:

1)The system is applying time scale to the input.

I. If the input is exposed to time delay before the system effect such
that the input is 𝒙 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒐 the output will be 𝑥 𝟐𝒕 − 𝒕𝒐 .
II. Although𝒚 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒐 = 𝒙 𝟐 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒐 , which are not equal. The system
in this case is TV.

Note:
1)System with Time Scaling is T.V. System.
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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

Examples: check the time variance of the following systems,

2) 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝟐 + 𝒙(𝒕)

Solution:
2)The system is applying Amplitude Shifting to the input.
I. If the input is exposed to time delay before the system effect such
that the input is 𝒙 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒐 the output will be 𝟐 + 𝑥 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒐 .
II. Although𝒚 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒐 = 𝟐 + 𝒙(𝒕 − 𝒕𝒐 ), which are same. The system
in this case is TIV.
Note:
1)System with Amplitude Shifting is T.I.V. System.

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

Example:
y(n) = x(-n)
y(n, t) = T[x(n-t)] = x(-n-t)
y(n-t) = x(-(n-t)) = x(-n + t)
∴ y(n, t) ≠ y(n-t). Hence, the system is time variant.

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

Time Invariant and Time Variant Systems

❖For TIV Systems:
1. No time scaling √
2. Coefficient should be constant √
3. Any added / subtracted term in the system relationship (except i/p and
o/p) must be constant or zero √
❖ Example:

𝟏 .𝒙 𝒕 − 𝟏 , 𝒕<𝟎 TIV
𝒚 𝒕 = ቊ
𝟏 .𝒙 𝒕 + 𝟏 , 𝒕≥𝟎
X

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

Linear Time-Invariant Systems

❖If the system is linear and also time-invariant, then it is called a linear
rime-invariant (LTI) system.

Feedback Systems
❖A special class of systems of great importance consists of systems
having feedback. In a feedback system, the output signal is fed back and
added to the input to the system as shown in Fig.

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

I. Stable Systems
❖ The system is said to be stable only when the output is bounded for
bounded input.
❖ For a bounded input, if the output is unbounded in the system then it is
said to be unstable.
❖A system is stable if for any bounded input x defined by:
❖the corresponding output y is also bounded defined by:

❖where k1 and k2 are finite real constants.

❖bounded-input/bounded-output (BIBO)
❖Examples of bounded signals: dc, sin(t), cos(t) and u(t).

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

I. Stable Systems
Example 1:
𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙 𝒕 + 𝟐; is this system is stable or not ?
❖Let x(t) = 4; which is bounded.
❖So, 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝟔;

❖While the input is bounded the output is bounded.

❖The system (BIBO) is stable

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

Example 1: y (t) = x2(t)

Let the input is u(t) (unit step bounded input) then the output y(t) = u2(t)
= u(t) = bounded output.
Hence, the system is stable.
Example 2: y (t) = ∫x(t)dt
Let the input is u (t) (unit step bounded input) then the output
y(t) = ∫u(t)dt = ramp signal (unbounded because amplitude of ramp is
not finite it goes to infinite when t → infinite).
Hence, the system is unstable.

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

Example 2:

𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒕 . 𝒙 𝒕 ; is this system is stable or not ?

❖Let x(t) = u(t); which is bounded.

❖So,𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒕 . 𝒖 𝒕 = 𝒓 𝒕 ; 𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒑 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒍;

X(t)
❖While the input is bounded the output is
unbounded.
❖The system is unstable
t

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

Systems with Memory (Dynamic) and without Memory(Static)

❖A system is said to be memoryless if the output at any time depends
on only the input at that same time. Otherwise, the system is said to
have memory.
❖An example of a memoryless system is a resistor R:

❖An example of a system with memory is a capacitor C:

❖A second example of a system with memory is a discrete-time system

whose input and output sequences are related by

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

Example 1: y(t) = 2 x(t)

For present value t=0, the system output is y(0) = 2x(0). Here, the output
is only dependent upon present input.
Hence the system is memory less or static.
Example 2: y(t) = 2 x(t) + 3 x(t-3)
For present value t=0, the system output is y(0) = 2x(0) + 3x(-3).
Here x(-3) is past value for the present input for which the system
requires memory to get this output.
Hence, the system is a dynamic system.

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

Example: (Problem 1.34)

Consider the system shown in Fig.

Determine whether it is (a) memoryless, (
b ) causal, ( c ) linear, ( d ) time-invariant,
or ( e ) stable.

Solution:
a)From Fig. we have 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙 𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒄 𝒕
Since the value of the output y ( t ) depends on only the present values
of the input x ( t ) , the system is memoryless.

b) Since the output y ( t ) does not depend on the future values of the
input x(t).
the system is causal

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

the system is linear

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Signals and Systems Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

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