Instructions

1. Enable circular references

Tools > Options > Calculation
Tick to enable iteration
Maximum iterations = 1000
Maximum change = 0.00001

2. Enter subject responses in yellow boxes below, enter "x" for omitted
Item Dryness Grittiness
Frequency Intensity Frequency Intensity
Response - - - -

3. Delete "x" in cell C21 to run iteration

Reset button x

Ability -4.00 logits

(an) 0-100 scale Higher values indicate more

MNSQ ZSTD (estimate)

Outfit
Infit

4. To repeat for another subject, reset iteration by typing "x" in cell C21

Notes
Ability and fit statistics calculated with the polytomous Rasch model developed by Wright and M

The iteration should be reset before running again with new data, otherwise the correct estimat

The ZSTD value given is an approximation. More accurate values are provided by dedicated Ras

This programme computes for only one subject at a time, the entire data set can be assessed a
w, enter "x" for omitted items
Stingyness Tiredness Pain
Frequency Intensity Frequency Intensity Frequency
- - - - -

igher values indicate more severe symptoms

y typing "x" in cell C21 and return to step 2

odel developed by Wright and Masters

, otherwise the correct estimations cannot be assured

s are provided by dedicated Rasch software

ire data set can be assessed at the same time with Rasch software
 Itch
Intensity Frequency Intensity
- - -
Do not delete the contents of this workbook, it is essential for co

Comparative ability -3.99

(an + 0.01)
s of this workbook, it is essential for computations

Calculation of person ability

Item

Response

Numerator of Wright & Masters Rasch model

Denominator of Wright & Masters Rasch model

Liklihood of observed response pattern

(Given person ability shown in "OCI calculator" worksheet, cell B25)

Valid answer check (1=yes, 0=no)

Numerator of Wright & Masters Rasch model

Denominator of Wright & Masters Rasch model

Liklihood of observed response pattern

(Given person ability shown in "Calculations" worksheet, cell D39)

Uscale
Umean
(Used to convert logits to 0-100 scale)

Calculation of fit statistics

Probability of 0 response (Pni0)
Probability of 1 response (Pni1)
Probability of 2 response (Pni2)
Probability of 3 response (Pni3)
Probability of 4 response (Pni4)
Probability of 5 response (Pni5)
Probability of 6 response (Pni6)

Model's expected response

(Given person ability shown in "OCI calculator" worksheet, cell B25)

Response residual

Model's expected variance

Standard error of estimate

Means of squared residuals summerised over items

(item Outfit)

Weighted item fit

(item Infit)
or computations

Dryness
Frequency
-

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00
or" worksheet, cell B25)

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00
" worksheet, cell D39)

8.922
45.166
 9.173007123122080000000000000000E-01
7.681772048704330000000000000000E-02
5.592549967334510000000000000000E-03
2.784366675743780000000000000000E-04
1.047708643202310000000000000000E-05
1.032285959301550000000000000000E-07
2.508113808685770000000000000000E-10

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00
or" worksheet, cell B25)

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00
7.681772048704330000000000000000E-02
2.237019986933800000000000000000E-02
2.505930008169400000000000000000E-03
1.676333829123690000000000000000E-04
2.580714898253890000000000000000E-06
9.029209711268780000000000000000E-09

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0
Intensity
-

E
9.314468188628150000000000000000E-01
6.450476496356130000000000000000E-02
3.883508883903050000000000000000E-03
1.598913265587790000000000000000E-04
4.975343310967240000000000000000E-06
4.053839924555170000000000000000E-08
8.145127049759180000000000000000E-11

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00
6.450476496356130000000000000000E-02
1.553403553561220000000000000000E-02
1.439021939029010000000000000000E-03
7.960549297547580000000000000000E-05
1.013459981138790000000000000000E-06
2.932245737913300000000000000000E-09

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0
Grittiness
Frequency
-

E
9.470088151126370000000000000000E-01
5.056746582440740000000000000000E-02
2.347400161782680000000000000000E-03
7.451971196977080000000000000000E-05
1.787939215889570000000000000000E-06
1.123258534043270000000000000000E-08
1.740181025669870000000000000000E-11

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00
5.056746582440740000000000000000E-02
9.389600647130710000000000000000E-03
6.706774077279370000000000000000E-04
2.860702745423310000000000000000E-05
2.808146335108190000000000000000E-07
6.264651692411530000000000000000E-10

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0
Intensity
-

E
9.534221375033090000000000000000E-01
4.470376659924510000000000000000E-02
1.822224052719700000000000000000E-03
5.079576784706780000000000000000E-05
1.070165212774550000000000000000E-06
5.903635337127960000000000000000E-09
8.031116817967150000000000000000E-12

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00
4.470376659924510000000000000000E-02
7.288896210878820000000000000000E-03
4.571619106236100000000000000000E-04
1.712264340439280000000000000000E-05
1.475908834281990000000000000000E-07
2.891202054468170000000000000000E-10

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0
Stingyness
Frequency
-

E
9.538823245385590000000000000000E-01
4.428031910317100000000000000000E-02
1.787003713608800000000000000000E-03
4.931831895574930000000000000000E-05
1.028699716209590000000000000000E-06
5.618422172505450000000000000000E-09
7.567071610899380000000000000000E-12

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00
4.428031910317100000000000000000E-02
7.148014854435220000000000000000E-03
4.438648706017440000000000000000E-04
1.645919545935340000000000000000E-05
1.404605543126360000000000000000E-07
2.724145779923780000000000000000E-10

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0
Intensity
-

E
9.582431762365110000000000000000E-01
4.024966106835890000000000000000E-02
1.469763617101350000000000000000E-03
3.670294004791820000000000000000E-05
6.927104848578590000000000000000E-07
3.423324452735990000000000000000E-09
4.171882697421280000000000000000E-12

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00
4.024966106835890000000000000000E-02
5.879054468405410000000000000000E-03
3.303264604312640000000000000000E-04
1.108336775772570000000000000000E-05
8.558311131839980000000000000000E-08
1.501877771071660000000000000000E-10

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0
Tiredness
Frequency
-

E
8.177949072994660000000000000000E-01
1.539474915934350000000000000000E-01
2.519414384966520000000000000000E-02
2.819646663851800000000000000000E-03
2.384994154961370000000000000000E-04
5.282327735557250000000000000000E-06
2.885035040278810000000000000000E-08

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00
1.539474915934350000000000000000E-01
1.007765753986610000000000000000E-01
2.537681997466620000000000000000E-02
3.815990647938190000000000000000E-03
1.320581933889310000000000000000E-04
1.038612614500370000000000000000E-06

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0
Intensity
-

E
8.662940171622270000000000000000E-01
1.184184292369030000000000000000E-01
1.407252567276660000000000000000E-02
1.143649383097980000000000000000E-03
7.024433340301920000000000000000E-05
1.129731102094260000000000000000E-06
4.480501224512660000000000000000E-09

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00
1.184184292369030000000000000000E-01
5.629010269106630000000000000000E-02
1.029284444788180000000000000000E-02
1.123909334448310000000000000000E-03
2.824327755235650000000000000000E-05
1.612980440824560000000000000000E-07

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0
 Pain
Frequency
-

E
9.690161026637310000000000000000E-01
3.015290377764900000000000000000E-02
8.156917355687600000000000000000E-04
1.509006391792130000000000000000E-05
2.109860014703900000000000000000E-07
7.724343848934330000000000000000E-10
6.973603966542590000000000000000E-13

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00
3.015290377764900000000000000000E-02
3.262766942275040000000000000000E-03
1.358105752612910000000000000000E-04
3.375776023526240000000000000000E-06
1.931085962233580000000000000000E-08
2.510497427955330000000000000000E-11

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0
Intensity
-

E
9.713883771684920000000000000000E-01
2.790278109848140000000000000000E-02
6.967883065764610000000000000000E-04
1.189932461887860000000000000000E-05
1.535823526901570000000000000000E-07
5.190458393719900000000000000000E-10
4.325714351617330000000000000000E-13

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00
2.790278109848140000000000000000E-02
2.787153226305840000000000000000E-03
1.070939215699080000000000000000E-04
2.457317643042510000000000000000E-06
1.297614598429970000000000000000E-08
1.557257166582240000000000000000E-11

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0
 Itch
Frequency
-

E
9.379047601100920000000000000000E-01
5.877099252570660000000000000000E-02
3.201592712974570000000000000000E-03
1.192716527571770000000000000000E-04
3.358195203238620000000000000000E-06
2.475825495033280000000000000000E-08
4.501133044454720000000000000000E-11

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00
5.877099252570660000000000000000E-02
1.280637085189830000000000000000E-02
1.073444874814590000000000000000E-03
5.373112325181800000000000000000E-05
6.189563737583210000000000000000E-07
1.620407896003700000000000000000E-09

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0
Intensity
-

Item difficulty in logits

(ri)

Item difficulty in logits

(ri)
9.454087945453320000000000000000E-01
5.201943614553050000000000000000E-02
2.488343979571960000000000000000E-03
8.139979053764950000000000000000E-05
2.012489876037660000000000000000E-06
1.302835295057330000000000000000E-08
2.079854968766940000000000000000E-11

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00
5.201943614553050000000000000000E-02
9.953375918287850000000000000000E-03
7.325981148388450000000000000000E-04
3.219983801660260000000000000000E-05
3.257088237643320000000000000000E-07
7.487477887560990000000000000000E-10

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0.000000000000000000000000000000E+00

0
 Successive sum of ability-item-thresholds for response categories
1 2 3
-1.19 -1.05 -0.67
Dry -0.33 -2.48 -5.1 -8.1
-0.14 -2.67 -5.48 -8.67
Gritty 0.12 -2.93 -6 -9.45
0.25 -3.06 -6.26 -9.84
Stingy 0.26 -3.07 -6.28 -9.87
0.36 -3.17 -6.48 -10.17
Tired -1.14 -1.67 -3.48 -5.67
-0.82 -1.99 -4.12 -6.63
Painful 0.66 -3.47 -7.08 -11.07
0.74 -3.55 -7.24 -11.31
Itch -0.04 -2.77 -5.68 -8.97
0.09 -2.9 -5.94 -9.36

1 2 3
-1.19 -1.05 -0.67
Dry -0.33 -2.47 -5.08 -8.07
-0.14 -2.66 -5.46 -8.64
Gritty 0.12 -2.92 -5.98 -9.42
0.25 -3.05 -6.24 -9.81
Stingy 0.26 -3.06 -6.26 -9.84
0.36 -3.16 -6.46 -10.14
Tired -1.14 -1.66 -3.46 -5.64
-0.82 -1.98 -4.1 -6.6
Painful 0.66 -3.46 -7.06 -11.04
0.74 -3.54 -7.22 -11.28
Itch -0.04 -2.76 -5.66 -8.94
0.09 -2.89 -5.92 -9.33
esponse categories
4 5 6
-0.39 0.95 2.35
-11.38 -16 -22.02
-12.14 -16.95 -23.16
-13.18 -18.25 -24.72
-13.7 -18.9 -25.5
-13.74 -18.95 -25.56
-14.14 -19.45 -26.16
-8.14 -11.95 -17.16
-9.42 -13.55 -19.08
-15.34 -20.95 -27.96
-15.66 -21.35 -28.44
-12.54 -17.45 -23.76
-13.06 -18.1 -24.54

4 5 6
-0.39 0.95 2.35
-11.34 -15.95 -21.96
-12.1 -16.9 -23.1
-13.14 -18.2 -24.66
-13.66 -18.85 -25.44
-13.7 -18.9 -25.5
-14.1 -19.4 -26.1
-8.1 -11.9 -17.1
-9.38 -13.5 -19.02
-15.3 -20.9 -27.9
-15.62 -21.3 -28.38
-12.5 -17.4 -23.7
-13.02 -18.05 -24.48
 Exponent of latter table
1

8.374322559219600000000000000000E-02
6.925222530934600000000000000000E-02
5.339703814519710000000000000000E-02
4.688769521998850000000000000000E-02
4.642115485743130000000000000000E-02
4.200359790344550000000000000000E-02
1.882470656387470000000000000000E-01
1.366954254455240000000000000000E-01
3.111703066106090000000000000000E-02
2.872463965423940000000000000000E-02
6.266200474215320000000000000000E-02
5.502322005640720000000000000000E-02

8.458485900156470000000000000000E-02
6.994822174465540000000000000000E-02
5.393368730035600000000000000000E-02
4.735892439114090000000000000000E-02
4.688769521998850000000000000000E-02
4.242574108051140000000000000000E-02
1.901389801015200000000000000000E-01
1.380692373108930000000000000000E-01
3.142976201836770000000000000000E-02
2.901332708219700000000000000000E-02
6.329176835964070000000000000000E-02
5.557621261148310000000000000000E-02
 2

6.096746565515640000000000000000E-03
4.169329697904120000000000000000E-03
2.478752176666360000000000000000E-03
1.911245796632640000000000000000E-03
1.873400594222430000000000000000E-03
1.533810679324460000000000000000E-03
3.080741103275110000000000000000E-02
1.624451444194990000000000000000E-02
8.417731483785490000000000000000E-04
7.173117601093140000000000000000E-04
3.413558443395430000000000000000E-03
2.632029651013200000000000000000E-03

6.219909015942570000000000000000E-03
4.253555744815130000000000000000E-03
2.528826292229260000000000000000E-03
1.949855522845120000000000000000E-03
1.911245796632640000000000000000E-03
1.564795710394170000000000000000E-03
3.142976201836770000000000000000E-02
1.657267540176120000000000000000E-02
8.587780939743370000000000000000E-04
7.318024188804720000000000000000E-04
3.482516898211660000000000000000E-03
2.685200176953820000000000000000E-03
 3

3.035391380788670000000000000000E-04
1.716591042245300000000000000000E-04
7.868956527179470000000000000000E-05
5.327731111854060000000000000000E-05
5.170272861446200000000000000000E-05
3.830232341655550000000000000000E-05
3.447865276103120000000000000000E-03
1.320163086020500000000000000000E-03
1.557256259874330000000000000000E-05
1.224981160837450000000000000000E-05
1.271681921554340000000000000000E-04
8.610009871634040000000000000000E-05

3.127832810657110000000000000000E-04
1.768869022425670000000000000000E-04
8.108601930915200000000000000000E-05
5.489984679895230000000000000000E-05
5.327731111854060000000000000000E-05
3.946880282554350000000000000000E-05
3.552868406221360000000000000000E-03
1.360368037547890000000000000000E-03
1.604681773515000000000000000000E-05
1.262287391192590000000000000000E-05
1.310410401812390000000000000000E-04
8.872223709609820000000000000000E-05
 4

1.142164863866050000000000000000E-05
5.341521609404960000000000000000E-06
1.887985821628180000000000000000E-06
1.122446365234340000000000000000E-06
1.078434613732070000000000000000E-06
7.228963399233080000000000000000E-07
2.916371982355740000000000000000E-04
8.108601930915200000000000000000E-05
2.177321933974160000000000000000E-07
1.581060225754760000000000000000E-07
3.580529011116690000000000000000E-06
2.128698069712280000000000000000E-06

1.188777496215770000000000000000E-05
5.559513241650160000000000000000E-06
1.965035984673080000000000000000E-06
1.168254270388990000000000000000E-06
1.122446365234340000000000000000E-06
7.523982992164210000000000000000E-07
3.035391380788660000000000000000E-04
8.439520253333750000000000000000E-05
2.266180127765710000000000000000E-07
1.645584517612600000000000000000E-07
3.726653172078660000000000000000E-06
2.215571885959080000000000000000E-06
 5

1.125351747192590000000000000000E-07
4.352196864555740000000000000000E-08
1.186112015134380000000000000000E-08
6.192047682664040000000000000000E-09
5.890057953661490000000000000000E-09
3.572500736379950000000000000000E-09
6.459232857050460000000000000000E-06
1.304096622755160000000000000000E-06
7.971326614388410000000000000000E-10
5.343340023121960000000000000000E-10
2.639740835458250000000000000000E-08
1.378065554894580000000000000000E-08

1.183049765079830000000000000000E-07
4.575338769445830000000000000000E-08
1.246925278575100000000000000000E-08
6.509520756166850000000000000000E-09
6.192047682664040000000000000000E-09
3.755666765938300000000000000000E-09
6.790404807379470000000000000000E-06
1.370959086384090000000000000000E-06
8.380025269479490000000000000000E-10
5.617298924417320000000000000000E-10
2.775083242240750000000000000000E-08
1.448720486772060000000000000000E-08
 6

2.734232923861640000000000000000E-10
8.744596991273640000000000000000E-11
1.837555255980270000000000000000E-11
8.423463754468650000000000000000E-12
7.932919413890970000000000000000E-12
4.353678482539580000000000000000E-12
3.527822213769730000000000000000E-08
5.172032976967470000000000000000E-09
7.196582128380360000000000000000E-13
4.453125498810670000000000000000E-13
4.799136581763780000000000000000E-11
2.199953058155320000000000000000E-11

2.903308445323870000000000000000E-10
9.285332670145000000000000000000E-11
1.951183327096360000000000000000E-11
8.944341662995020000000000000000E-12
8.423463754468620000000000000000E-12
4.622894924668660000000000000000E-12
3.745970556295250000000000000000E-08
5.491853634881850000000000000000E-09
7.641593914129440000000000000000E-13
4.728491400990200000000000000000E-13
5.095898614379550000000000000000E-11
2.335990557833550000000000000000E-11
If the difficulty of items in an instrument and the ability of persons that these are given to are known it is

observed response to every item with the Wright and Masters Rasch model.

x
exp  (n – i – x)
j=1
pnix =
m x
1 +  [ exp  (n – i – x) ]
x=1 j=1

Here, pnix is the unconditional probability that a person n responds with rating x to item i; n and i
respectively; x is the threshold, relative to item difficulty, that must be exceeded for a response to exce

Then, assuming local independence, it is possible to compute the overall probability, and therefore likelihoo

by multiplying each of these person-item interaction probabilities together.

When scoring the OCI, whilst the difficulty of items and category structure has been determined by prio

Obviously, accepting non-perfectly predictable scoring due to random error, some person abilities are mor

values for this parameter can be tried to find the person ability that corresponds to the highest overall likeliho

This worksheet is based on the knowledge that the distribution of overall likelihood of the observed respons

person ability is compared with that associated with a marginally higher person ability. This is repeated i

observed responses.

References
Wright BD, Masters GN. Rating Scale Analysis: Rasch Measurement. Chicago: MESA Press, 1982.
Massof RW. The measurement of vision disability. Optom Vis Sci. 2002;7:516-552.
se are given to are known it is a relatively straight forward task to calculate the probability of every person’s

th rating x to item i; n and i represent the ability of person n and difficulty of item i in logits,
exceeded for a response to exceed rating category x most of the time.

bability, and therefore likelihood (probability / 1 – probability), of obtaining this particular pattern of responses

re has been determined by prior calibration, the ability of individuals taking the questionnaire is not known.

some person abilities are more expected than others to have generated the observed response array. Different

ds to the highest overall likelihood. This value is the most likely ability of the person taking the test.

elihood of the observed response array with person ability is unimodal. A likelihood associated with a very low

rson ability. This is repeated in a stepwise manner until a greater person ability reduces the likelihood of the

o: MESA Press, 1982.

6-552.
ility of every person’s

in logits,

ar pattern of responses

onnaire is not known.

sponse array. Different

g the test.

ciated with a very low

s the likelihood of the