Grammar

First Year, Faculty of Education, General

GRAMMAR
In
PRACTICE
(I)
By

Prof. Nabila Ali Marzouk

Professor of English Literature, Faculty of Arts, Fayoum

University
 Faculty of Education

Vision
Faculty of Education, Fayoum University is keen on attaining
development of education in levels in both the pre-university education
and the higher education. All this is currently done with the aim of
achieving a social human comprehensive and sustainable development
of the Egyptian community in its communication with the Arab and
foreign world.
Mission
It is confined in constructing the concepts and unifying the procedures
in order to create the educational specialists in all levels, in cooperation
with the university faculties, ministry of education, public and private
schools, and all other bodies concerned with education.
 Course Description
1) Course Basic data: Year/ Level: First Year- First Term
Course title: Grammar 1 Course Code: 02116 Eng.
Teaching hours: 3 hours weekly. Lecture: 3 hours weekly
Academic Consultation hours: Total: 45 hours
2) Course General Aims:
By the end of this course, students are expected to be able to:
1. acquaint to the structure of contemporary English
2. develop their ability practice and apply rules of contemporary grammar in their
speech
3. enhance their ability to incorporate rules of grammar in their writing 4. apply rules
of cohesion and coherence in their own writing
5. recognize common errors caused due to the violation of grammatical rules in both
speech and writing.
3) Course Intended Learning Outcomes:
Course Intended Learning Outcomes:
A) Knowledge and Concepts: By the end of this course, students are expected to be
able to:
1.1.identify the structure of English grammar
1.2.list the differences between the tenses
1.3.recognize tenses indicators
1.4.list the main prepositions of place and time
1.5.recall the main parts of speech in English such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
B) Professional Skills: By the end of this course, students are expected to be able to:
2.1. apply rules of English grammar in speech
2.2. write a paragraph using correct tenses
2.3. evaluate other people's speech regarding errors
2.4. practice skills for correcting grammatical mistakes in a written text 2.5. respond to
exercises and tasks that assist them in using structures and grammatical rules
2.6. develop their ability to use grammar to become a better learner
2.7. demonstrate forms of the language through the construction of sound sentences
C) Intellectual Skills: By the end of this course, students are expected to be able to:
3.1. categorize common grammatical errors
3.2. distinguish between adjectives and adverbs
3.3. apply subject-verb agreement in a written text
3.4. correct a faulty use of the language and structures putting forward the reasons
3.5. help others to form coherent meaningful sentences
7) Assessment Methods:
Total mark (150 marks)
7.1. Quizzes (10 marks): every week to assess knowledge and understanding.
7.2. Weekly test (10 marks): to assess students‟ advance level.
7.3. Semester work (10 marks): to assess students‟ achievements.
7.4. Final exam (120 marks): to assess students‟ achievement regarding course aims
and ILO's.
8) Books and References:
8.1. Booklets: • Notes provided by the instructor.
8.2. Textbook: • Sidney Greenbaum, A College Grammar of English, London:
Longman, 1989……..
8.3. Suggested books:
• Comprehensive English Grammar. Longman. 2000 8.4.
Journals and Periodicals:
• http://grammar.ccc.comment.edu/grammar/
9) Teaching and Learning Requirements:
9.1. Providing language labs, big classrooms, microphones.
9.2. Admitting students with better command of English.
Contents:
Subject Page
Be, have, do 1
Present Simple 4

Present Progressive Tense 5

Past Simple Tense 23
Past Continuous Tense 26
Present Perfect 03
Present Perfect Continuous Tense 03
Past Perfect Tense 03
Exercises 33
Future plans and Intentions 30
Active and Passive 37
Hypothetical situations at present 43
Hypothetical situations in the past 44
Reported Speech (Indirect Speech) 45
Relative Pronouns 50
Quantifiers with countable nouns 55
Quantifiers with uncountable nouns 56
Adjectives and Adverbs 61
Articles 71
Ways of giving emphasis 75
Modal Verbs 77
Exercises in English 111
 Part I

GRAMMAR

In
PRACTICE
 Be, have, do
These verbs are used in two ways in the sentence:
1. As main verbs ً‫أفعال رئيظيت اِ نٍا معىّ بانجمه‬
Be (am, is, are, was, were, been)
Ali is my Friend. They are my brothers. I am a student.
Negative: Put “not” after the verb
Ali is not my friend.
Question: Am/Is/are/was/were+ Subject + …..?
Is Ali your friend?
Have (have, has, had)
She has a car. I have two brothers. They had ameeting
yesterday.
Negative: Put “don‟t, doesn‟t, didn‟t” before the verb + inf
(have)
She doesn‟t have car. Or She has no car.
I don‟t have brothers. Or I have no brothers.
Questions: Use “do, does, did” + subject+ have?
Do you have brothers? Does she have a car?

Do/ Does/Did
He does his work honestly. I did my best.
Negative: Put don‟t, doesn‟t, didn,t + inf (do)
He doesn‟t do his work honestly.

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I didn‟t do my best.
Questions: Do/Does/did +Subject+ inf (do)
Did you do you best?
Does he do his work honestly?

2. As Auxiliary verbs ‫حظخخذو ايضا ٌذي األفعال كأفعال مظاعذي فّ حكُيه‬

ّ‫االسمىً َانظؤال َانىف‬
Be (am, is, are, was, were,) + V.+ing in progressive tenses
We are studying English now. She was cleaning the room.

Have (have, has, had) + P.P. in perfect tenses

He has lost his key. I have lived in Cairo for three years.
Do (do, does, did, / don’t, doesn’t, didn’t) + inf.
Used for negation and forming question with simple tenses
(present simple and past simple)
He Works in a factory.
Negative: He doesn‟t work in a factory
Question: Does he work in a factory?
General rules
َ‫بعذ الفعل المغاعذ ا‬not ‫ لىفّ اِ جملً بٍا فعل مغاعذ اَواقص ضع‬.1
‫الىاقص‬
He is writing a letter. He is not writing a letter.
She has gone to London. She hasn‟t gone to London.

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 They will arrive tomorrow. They will not (won‟t) arrive
tomorrow.
ّ‫ لىفّ جملً ليظ بٍا فعل مغاعذ اَ واقص كما فّ المضاسع البغيك َالماض‬.2
‫البغيط‬
Subject + don‟t/ doesn‟t/ didn‟t + inf.

He went to Cairo. He didn‟t go to Cairo.

She studies French. She doesn‟t study French.
Short Answers ‫لالجابً علّ الغؤال اجابة مخحصشي‬
-Yes, subj.+ auxiliary verb ‫(الفعل المغاعذ اَ الىاقص المُجُد‬
)‫بالغؤال‬.
-No, subj.+ auxiliary verb ‫(الفعل المغاعذ اَ الىاقص المُجُد‬
)‫ بالغؤال‬+not
* Did you send her an invitation?
Yes, I did Or N, I didn‟t.
*Have you gone to Paris?
Yes, I have. Or No, I haven‟t.

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 Present Simple

I usually take a taxi to work. He usually

takes a taxi to work.

Usage

1. Habitual action (things that happen again and

again).‫( نهخعبيز عه انعاداث انمخكزري‬Habits)

She always gets up at 8 o‟clock.

He usually takes the bus to school

‫كهماث دانً عهّ انمضارع انبظيط‬

Always, often, usually, sometimes, frequently,

occasionally, rarely/seldom, never, every+ ‫سمه‬

2. Ability

Sami plays the piano. (Sami can play and knows how to
play the piano).

3. Description of a profession

Ali is a teacher.

5. Used for immutable events or „fixtures‟.

When is high tide? What time is the football match?

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6. Scientific, natural or permanent truth (facts, things
that stay the same for a long time). ‫نهخعبيز عه انحقائق‬

Water boils at 100 C.

The earth goes round the sun.

7. Present Simple expresses future in talking about fixed

times like timetables….etc. ‫نهخعبيرز عره انمُاعيرذ انتابخرً ل رذَل‬
)‫انخ‬..‫انمُاعيذ نهقطاراث انظيىما‬

The train leaves to Alexandria tonight.

The film begins at 7.

8. Used in subordinate clauses that are conditional (if,

unless) or temporal (time) introduced by after, before,
when, as soon as.

If he studies hard he will get high marks.

They will leave before he comes.

9. To tell a story, to describe the dramatic action of a

play or a film or action in sport, while they are
happening.

„Hosam gives the ball to Rami‟

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 Positive: Ali gets up early

Negative: Ali does not get up early. I don't get up late.

He never gets up early

Question: When does Ali get up?

Do as shown between brackets

1. He usually (get up) early. (Correct)
2. She often (take) a taxi to school. (Correct)
3. Ali meets his friends on Friday. (Negative)
4. They sometimes travel by train. (Negative)
5. He studies English and French. (Ask a question)

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 Present Progressive Tense

Subject+am/ is/ are +V. +ing

He is watching the film now.
Look, they are playing the match

Present Continuous tense is used in the following contexts:

1. An action happening at the time of speaking.
He is writing a letter now. (Look!, listen!, at the moment,
now)
2. Temporary habit. An action happening around the time of
speaking. The action may not be happening at the moment of
speaking. The situation is thought of as continuity for the
time being.
He is reading a novel these days.
I am learning English these days.

Normaly, I take the train to work. (This is what I usually do)

but this week I'm coming by bicycle. (for a limited period)

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3. Repeated happening- coincidence or non-habit-
unavoidable happening, events for which there is no
proper explanation.
She is always losing her handkerchief. (incurable habit; can‟t
help or avoid losing it) Compare: She always losing her
handkerchief..- deliberate action on principle or purpose.
My car is always breaking down.

4. Simple futurity: To mean that one has arranged to do

something in the future.
I am travelling to London tomorrow. I have got my plane
tickets.

Some verbs are not used in the present continuous:

a. verbs of thinking: think, know, believe, agree,
understand, remember, forget
b. Verbs of feelings: want, wish, like, love, hate, adore,
detest
c. Verbs of possession: have, own, belong
d. Reporting verbs: say, say, tell, answer
e. Verbs of perception: see, hear, feel, touch, taste, smell

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f. Some other verbs e.g. cost, weigh, appear, seem, need,
recognize, contain, cost, prefer.
*I see you now. Or I can see you now.
Note:
1. He is very friendly. (This is his character)
b. He is being very friendly. (He is behaving this way;
he is not usually like this)
2. a. They have an apartment. (They possess an apartment)
b. They are having tea. (they are taking/drinking tea.)
3. a. I think you're right. (This is my opinion)
b. I'm thinking of buying a car. (considering; it is in my
mind)

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Verbs of State/ State Verbs
Some English verbs, which we call state, non-continuous or
stative verbs, aren‟t used in continuous tenses (like the
present continuous, or the future continuous). These verbs
often describe states that last for some time. Here is a list of
some common ones:

Stative (or State) Verb List like know belong

love realise fit
hate suppose contain
want mean consist
need understand seem
prefer believe depend
agree remember matter
mind recognize see
own appear look (=seem)
sound taste smell
hear astonish deny
disagree please impress
satisfy promise surprise
doubt think (=have an opinion) feel (=have an opinion)
wish imagine concern

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dislike be have
deserve involve include
lack measure (=have length etc) possess
owe weigh (=have weight)
……………………………………………………………

You can use the present continuous with some state verbs
(e.g. like, sound, look, love, attract) to indicate and emphasize
that a certain situation is temporary or has arisen for a period
of time "around the present".
Compare the following
 Amir gives us regular visits with his dog. My
grandsons love playing with the dogs.
 Amir is visiting us now with his dog. My grandsons are
loving having the dog here.
……………………………………………………
Need(n't), don't need to and don't have to
You can use "need" as an ordinary or a modal verb (followed
by an infinitive). When it is used as a modal verb, you should
not change its tense. You should also notice that you do not
add (s) with the third person singular. Look at the following
examples.

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  My daughter needed to delay her journey. (ordinary
verb)
 He's really very sick. He needs a doctor. (ordinary
verb)
 You needn't finish the work today. (modal verb)
"Need" is used as a modal verb usually in negative sentences.
 Nadia has already fixed the printer so you needn't
bother to fix it.
 I was very tense before the exam, but I needn't have
worried- I got an A.
- Some verbs are usually used with "needn't", (e.g., fear,
panic, involve, mean, concern, apply)
- Sometimes, "need" as a modal verb is used in
questions, but "need" as an ordinary verb and "have to"
are more preferable.
 Need you drive so fast?
- In the previous question, need is a modal verb. It makes
the question rather formal and it is not common to use
it like that.
 Do you need to drive so fast?
 Do you have to drive so fast?

11
 - The previous two examples are more common and less
formal because "need" is used as an ordinary verb.
- "Need to" is rarely used in affirmative sentences (it is
not used in questions or negative sentences).
Sometimes, however, it is used in written texts,
especially fiction.
 We need have no worries for Nadeem, he can easily
take care of himself.
- In formal written English, "need" is used with negative
words such as hardly, only, no one, nobody and never.
 The modifications need only be slight to make the
drawings acceptable. (if "only need" is used the
sentence becomes less formal. Notice the word order)
 Nobody ever need know about what you have done last
summer. (If "Nobody ever needs to know" is used, the
sentence becomes less formal)
 I don't want the children to hear about what happened.
They need never find out. ("They never need to find
out" is less formal)
……………………………………………………
"Needn't" or "don't need to" can be used to give permission
NOT to do something.

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  You needn't wash the dishes, the maid will do it later.
OR
 You don't need to wash the dishes, the maid……
- "Don't need to" is preferable when you talk about a
general necessity.
 You don't need to be a teacher to borrow from this
library.
……………………………………………………
You can use "needn't" or "don't have to" with a slight
difference in meaning to indicate that it is unnecessary to do
something.
 You needn't shout. I can perfectly hear you.
-Sometimes, speakers prefer "needn't" when it is the speaker
who determines whether an action is necessary or not, while
they prefer "don't have to" when the necessity is determined
by eternal rules or policy or by someone else.
 As you sent the article by email, you needn't come
before the meeting. (the speaker's decision)
 I've been told that I don't have to show up at the office
before the meeting. (reporting someone else's decision)
……………………………………………………..

13
"Needn't" or "don't have to" can be used to deliver the
meaning that something is not necessarily true. Notice that
"mustn't" cannot be used in this way.
 Students needn't/don't have to get an A in all subjects
to be classified as very good.
 Nowadays it needn't/doesn't have to cost a fortune to
travel abroad.
……………………………………………………
Exercises
Join the sentence beginnings and ends using "needn't" and the
bare infinitive of one of the given verbs.
bother change concern panic worry

Column A
1. Amir'll drive you to the airport so you…
2. You'll have a handout with all the answers so you
3. The fences are so high so you
4. Our company provides high standard security computer security so
you
5. The new tax laws will not be applied this year so you

Column B
a. about calling UBER.

13
b. to copy everything like this.
c. about leeching the dogs.
d. yourself with viruses.
e. the information on the template.
……………………………………………………..
Rewrite the following sentences making them more formal.
1. It is hardly necessary for the teacher to remind you that the
homework will be due by tomorrow.
2. It is only necessary for the readers to see the photos of
forest fires to see the seriousness of the case.
3. It is not necessary for anyone to know who was planning
the sabotage.
4. After she got her huge inheritance, it is not necessary for
her to keep her miserable job.
………………………………………………….
Verb+ing forms and infinitives
Some verbs can be followed either by an object+-ing or a
possessive +ing with a similar meaning. It should be noted,
however, that the possessive+ing form is usually considered
to be rather formal.
 They resented Hala taking the credit.
 They resented Hala's taking the credit. (more formal)

14
 Nada recalled him selling the car.
 Nada recalled his selling the car. (more formal)
PS. You can only use a possessive form (Hala's, his
selling) when referring to a person or a group of
people. Consider the following sentence:
 I remember the dog tearing the leash.
You cannot say, "the dog's tearing …"
……………………………………………..
Some verbs can be followed by to+ing, using to as a
preposition.
 The boy confessed to breaking the window.
 She doesn't object to lending us the car, does she?
These verbs (also adapt, adjust, admit, look forward, own
up, resort) can also be followed by to+ noun phrase.
 The boy confessed to the deed.
 She doesn't object to the lending, does she?
………………………………………………….
The following are examples of verbs that can be followed
by a preposition + ing.
Examples
Begin, end, open, close, finish (up/off), start (out/off) can
be followed by "by" + ing

15
 Can you begin by reading the lesson, and then answer the
questions?
On+ing or on + object + ing (count, depend, concentrate,
focus, rely, depend, insist)
 Reham insisted on Mostafa going to the party.
Of + ing or of+ object + ing (approve, hear, speak, talk,
know, tell)
 Have you ever heard of anyone winning a lottery twice
on a raw before?
Object + from +ing (deter, discourage, keep, prevent,
prohibit, stop)
 The hilarious news from London prevented me from
sleeping.
…………………………………………………….
The following verbs can be followed by an object and after
the object either an ing form or bare infinitive with a slight
difference in meaning.
See, watch, observe, overhear, hear, notice, feel
Compare the following sentences:
 I saw them talking and laughing from the balcony of
my flat.
 I saw her dismantle the washing machine.

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The first sentence uses the verb "saw" followed by v + ing, a
form which indicates an action in progress.
The second sentence uses bare infinitive, a form that indicates
a completed action.
Compare the following sentences:
 We were able to watch the young people building the
theatre from the office window.
 I watched him sneak through the door, and then I called
the security.
The –ing form in the first sentence suggests that we watched
part of the building process, i.e. we did not watch it from the
beginning to the end.
The bare infinitive in the second sentence, suggests that I
watched the whole action of "sneaking through the door"
from start to finish and then I called the security.

Dare and Help

After the two verbs "dare" and "help", you can use either a
bare infinitive or to+ infinitive
Examples

17
  I knew he was wrong, but I didn't dare contradict him.
 I knew he was wrong but I didn't dare to contradict
him.
 We hope the pamphlets and TV ads will help amass
money for the refugees.
 We hope the pamphlets and TV ads will help to amass
money for the refugees.
 I dared her to contradict the manager to his face.

Notice that when "dare" has an object, it must be followed by

to + infinitive as in the last sentence. You cannot say:
 I dared her contradict the manager to his face.
Notice also that after have, let and make you can use an
object + bare infinitive. You cannot use to + infinitive:
 Having twins might make them accept the new jobs.
(Correct)
 Having twins might make them to accept the new jobs.
(Incorrect)
 I had her sign the receipt before I let her go up to her
room. (Correct)
 I had her sign the receipt before I let her to go up to her
room. (Incorrect)
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Exercises
Rewrite the following sentences using the possessive form of
the object.
Example:
 I love you staying with the children on weekends.
 I love your staying with the children on weekends.
1. I hate you shouting at the top of your mouth whenever
you are opposed.
2. We don't approve of the neighborhood watch calling
the police upon each and every trivial detail.
3. I have always detested the lions hunting and tearing
their helpless preys.
4. No one heard the doorkeeper shouting for help.
5. It is difficult to think of him accepting a supporting part
in the play.
6. No one in the company will forget Ahmed fighting and
struggling on behalf of the underpaid workers.
7. Everyone remembers them smashing everything when
they were young.
…………………………………………………….

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Replace the underlined part of each sentence with one of the
following verbs making sure not to change the original
meaning.
rely own up end discourage approve adapt

1. During an official survey, 70% of teachers said that

they had applied corporal punishment in their classes.
2. I don't think women should go to work while they are
breastfeeding.
3. I'd like to finish with a summary of the main ideas of
my speech.
4. Her friends said they thought she shouldn't marry so
quickly.
5. I can't trust Hind to take care of the children while I'm
away.
6. I grew up in a big family, and I found it depressing to
get used to living alone.

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 Past Simple Tense
Study the following sentence:
The ancestors 'of man (lived) in the trees.
Lived is in the simple past tense. This tense is used to
describe actions which was performed and completed in the
past and have little or no connection, with the present
situation. There is often an adverbial of past time in the
sentence. This may indicate either
(a) a point of time
1. He died in 1920.
2. The Second World War broke out in 1939.
3. I saw him. on Thursday.
4. The plane took off an hour ago.
or b) a period of time
1. He studied music while he was in France.
2. He lived in Lebanon during, the civil war.
3. The forests were uprooted during the Ice Age.
or c) the time may be implied or indicated by the
context or situation (as in the model sentence)
1. I bought this car in Germany.
2. Wellington defeated Napoleon at Waterloo.
3. When I was young I loved playing with toys.

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 -The action can be short or long, single or repeated .
He took the train to work every day.
I dropped the glass and it broke on the floor.
-The past simple is used to talk about states in the
past.
When I was young, I loved playing football.

Note that the regular past is formed by adding ed to the

infinitive
lived - developed -. enabled - tended – pretended –
invented

But note that verbs ending in e add 'd' only

died - saved- waved
Verbs ending in (y) following a consonant change to i
before adding 'ed'
applied - tried - carried- fried – complied –
but obeyed – delayed

*Negative: Sub. + didn’t + inf.

They went to Cairo last week. They didn‟t go to Cairo
last week.

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 *Question: Did+ subj.+ inf. ?
Did they go to Cairo last week?
When did they go to Cairo?
Put the verbs in brackets either in the simple present
Or the simple past.
1. I (see) her every day on the way to the
university
2. I (meet) him yesterday by chance.
3. England (be) cold in the winter.
4. My mother (bake) a cake this morning.
5. I (learn) to ride a bicycle when I (be) very
young.
6. My children (like) travelling.
7. I usually (get) up early In the morning.
8. They (graduate) in 1971.
9. She (have) two beautiful daughters.
10. Her father (die) last summer.
11. It seldom (rain) in Upper Egypt
12. He often (go) sailing in the summer.

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 Past continuous tense
Subject+ was/were + V. ing
-She cut her finger while she was cooking dinner.
- The past continuous tense is used to describe actions or
states that were in progress at appoint of time in the past
‫حخكُن صيغت انماضّ انمظخمز مه مهخيه احذاٌما فّ انماضّ انمظرخمز َانتاويرت‬
‫فّ انماضّ انبظيط‬
While / As + past continuous, past simple
Past simple + while/ as + past continuous
While I was reading the newspaper, he knocked the door.
He knocked the door while I was reading the newspaper.
When he was studying his lessons, his sister broke the vase.
ّ‫يمكرره اطررخخذاو مهررت َاحررذي فقررط فررّ انماضررّ انمظررخمز ان كرران انفعررم يررذل عهرر‬
‫االطخمزار‬
The children were playing football yesterday.

2. The past continuous tense is used to describe incomplete

actions
I read a book about fairies. (I read it all)
I was reading a book about fairies on the plane. (I probably
didn‟t read it all)

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3. The past continuous tense is used to actions in progress
at a time in the past.
I was having breakfast at 7 o‟clock.

4. The past continuous tense is used to describe the

situation or the background to a story while the past
simple is used for the main action.
The sun was shining and I was walking along the road.
Suddenly someone shouted at me

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 Subject +used to+ inf.
I used to go to my grandmother every Sunday
‫جغتحخذ للحعبيتش عته عتادن كاوتث جاتذخ باوح تا فتّ الماضتّ َلعىٍتا لت جعتذ‬
.‫جاد االن فّ الُقث الااضش‬
He used to play tennis before marriage. (Now, he no
longer plays it)
Subject + didn’t use to + inf.
never
- I didn’t use to get up late. / I never used to get up
late.
not …….any longer
not ……..any more
(this means that an action or state was true in the past but
is not true now)

I used to smoke but I don‟t any longer. (I no longer

smoke)
She doesn‟t drink coffee any more.

16
 Subject+ am/is/are+used to +V.ing
)‫جغحخذ للحعبيش عه عادن جاذخ باوح ا فّ الُقث الااضش (المضاسع‬
He is used to going to the theater. (at present)

*Still is used to emphasize that an action or state has not

stopped or changed but continuous up to the present
I still remember how beautiful she was.

17
 The Present Perfect
1-Form
Subject+ have/ has +P.P.
He has finished work.
She has had breakfast.
(2)Negation
The negative of the present perfect is formed by putting
not after have or has.
Affirmative Negative
I / We / They / You have finished. I / We / They / You
have not finished.
He / She / It has finished. He / She / It has not
finished.
(3)Questions
The interrogative is formed by putting have or has before
the subject.
Interrogative
I / We / They / You have finished. Have I / we /
they / you finished?
He / She / It has finished. Has he / she / it
finished?

03
 (4)Use
The Present Perfect mixes the present and the past. In
other words, the relationship between the past and the
present is strong. It is very commonly used in
television and radio reports, conversations and
newspapers.
1. The state or action continues to the present

-He has lived in Cairo for ten years. (He is in Cairo

now)
He lived in Cairo for ten years. (in the past but he is not
in Cairo now)
-He lost his key. (He lost it in the past but I don‟t know
if he found it or not)
He has lost his key. (He is still searching for his key;
the key is not with him now)
-As a child, I spent a lot of time with my grandfather. (I
am an adult now)
- I‟ve spent a lot of time abroad this year. (this year is
not finished)

01
2. The result of the past action is important in the
present

She's broken her leg. (her leg is broken now)

He‟s lost his key. (He doesn‟t have it now; he is still
searching for it)
3. The time reference includes the present

He‟s been ill all this week. (this week isn‟t finished)
4. when we mean ‘in my whole life’: we don’t give a
specific time

I‟ve been to London lots of times. (in my whole life)

-The Present Perfect is used with just to refer to a
recently completed action.
Example
She has just finished typing the letter. = The letter was
typed only a short time ago.
 Just is put between have or has and the main verb. It
is not normally used in the negative.
 The present perfect is used with lately, recently,
never, and ever.
 It is also used with for and since.

 For is used with a period of time.

01
 For + period of time/ the last week/ ages/ a
long time/
Example
We have lived in Paris for three years (= we still
live there).
 Since is used with a point in time to
indicate that the action began in the past and
has not finished to the time of speaking.
Since + past simple
Since + yesterday, last, 1990, the quarrel,
5 o’clock,
Example
I have worked since 6.30 am (= I am still
working).
Exercise 1
Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect.
1-She just (go) out.
2-I already (pay) the telephone bill.
3-He (not pay) the telephone bill yet.
4-You ever (be) to Paris?
5-You (hear) from him lately?

00
 Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Form: have been +v.ing
has been
He has been working all the day.
Negative: He has not been working.
Question: Has he been working all the day?
We use the present perfect continuous if:
1. We want to emphasize that the action is long or
repeated.

She „s been trying to pass her driving test for years.

2. The action is in progress/ not complete

I have been doing my homework. (perhaps it is not

finished)
I have done my homework. (it is finished)
3. The action is temporary

He has been working in a restaurant this summer.

(afterwards he‟s going to university)

Note: Some verbs are not used in the continuous tenses

(See Module 1)
Incorrect: I‟ve been knowing her all my life.
Correct: I‟ve known her all my life.
03
 THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

FORM: [HAD] + [PAST PARTICIPLE]

EXAMPLES:
- I had studied a little English when I came to the U.S.
- They had never met an American until they met John.
- The plane had taken off before I arrived at the airport.
- She went to the cinema after she had finished her homework.

NOTE: When you are using a verb tense with more than one part
such as Past Perfect (had met), adverbs often come between the
first part and the second part (had never met).

USES:
1. The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred
before another action in the past. It can also show that
something happened before a specific time in the past.
EXAMPLES:
- I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to
Miami.
- Had you ever visited the United States before your trip in
1992?
- Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before in 1988.
- I had finished my homework before I went out for a walk.

03
2. With Non-progressive Verbs and some non-progressive uses of
Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something
started in the past and continued up until another action in the
past.
EXAMPLES:
- We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
- By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London
for over eight years.

IMPORTANT: Specific Times with the Past Perfect

Unlike the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words
or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is
usually not necessary.
EXAMPLE:
- She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before
she moved in with them in 1996.

If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the

Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when before or
after is used in the sentence. The words before and after actually
tell you what happens first so the Past Perfect is optional. Both
sentences below are correct.

04
EXAMPLE:
- She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before
she moved in with them in 1996.
- She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she
moved in with them in 1996.

HOWEVER, if the Past Perfect action did not happen at a

specific time, Past Perfect MUST be used at all times. Compare
the two sentences below.
EXAMPLE:
- She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska.
Correct
- She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska.
Not Correct

05
 THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
FORM: [HAD BEEN] + [VERB+ing]
EXAMPLES:
- I had been waiting there for two hours before she finally
arrived.
- She had only been studying English for two years before she
got the job.

NOTE: When you are using a verb tense with more than one part
such as Past Perfect Continuous (had been studying), adverbs
often come between the first part and the second part (had only
been studying).

USES:
1. We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something
started in the past and continued up until another time in the
past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations
which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice
that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however,
the duration does not continue until now.
EXAMPLES:
- They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
- She had been working at that company for three years when it
went out of business.

06
 - James had been teaching at the University for more than a
year before he left for Asia.

2. Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the

past is a good way to show cause and effect.
EXAMPLES:
- Jason was tired because he had been jogging.
- Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.
- He earned a lot of money because he had been working very
hard.

IMPORTANT:
If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for
two weeks" or "since Friday", many English speakers choose to
use the Past Continuous. There is also a difference in meaning.
Compare the examples below.
EXAMPLES:
- I was reading when my roommate returned.
- The reading will be interrupted.
- I had been reading for an hour when my roommate returned.
- The reading stopped just before my roommate returned.

07
 EXERCISES

1. Put the verbs in the following passage into their correct

forms: Simple Past / Past Perfect

I can‟t believe I (get) that apartment. I (submit) my

application last week, but I didn‟t think I had a chance of actually
getting it. When I (show) up to take a look around, there were at
least twenty other people who (arrive) before me. Most of them
(fill, already) out their applications and were already leaving. The
landlord said I could still apply, so I did.
I (try) to fill out the form, but I couldn‟t answer half of the
questions. They (want) me to include references, but I didn‟t want
to list my previous landlord because I (have) some problems with
him and I knew he wouldn‟t recommend me. I (end) up listing my
father as a reference.
It was total luck that he (decide) to give me the apartment. It
turns out that the landlord and my father (go) to high school
together. He decided that I could have the apartment before he
(look) at my credit report. I really lucked out!

33
II. Put the verbs between brackets in the following sentences into
their correct forms: Simple Past, Present Perfect or Past
Perfect.

1. When I (arrive) home last night, I discovered that Jane (prepare) a

beautiful candle-lit dinner.

2. Since I began acting, I (perform) in two plays, a television

commercial and a TV drama. However, I (speak, never even)
publicly before I came to Hollywood in 1985.

3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting (begin, already) without
me. My boss (be) furious with me and I (be) fired.

4. When I (turn) the radio on yesterday, I (hear) a song that was

popular when I was in high school. I (hear, not) the song in years,
and it (bring) back some great memories.

5. Last week, I (run) into an ex-girlfriend of mine. We (see, not) each

other in years, and both of us (change) a great deal. I (enjoy) talking
to her so much that I (ask) her out on a date. We are getting together
tonight for dinner.

6. When Jack (enter) the room, I (recognize, not) him because he (lose)
so much weight and (grow) a beard. He looked totally different!

7. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of

the Yucatan; however, their culture (disappear, virtually) by the time
Europeans first (arrive) in the New World.

31
8. I (visit) so many beautiful places since I (come) to Utah. Before
moving here, I (hear, never) of Bryce Canyon, Zion, Arches or
Canyon lands.

III. Read the following passage and put the verbs between brackets
into their correct forms: Past Perfect / Past Perfect
Continuous.

I‟m sorry I left without you last night, but I told you to meet me
early because the show started at 8:00. I (try) to get tickets for that play
for months, and I didn‟t want to miss it. By the time I finally left the
coffee shop where we were supposed to meet, I (have) five cups of
coffee and I (wait) over an hour. I had to leave because I (arrange) to
meet Kathy in front of the theater.

When I arrived at the theater, Kathy (pick, already) up the tickets

and she was waiting for us near the entrance. She was really angry
because she (wait) for more than half an hour. She said she (give,
almost) up and (go) into the theater without us.

Kathy told me you (be) late several times in the past and that she
would not make plans with you again in the future. She mentioned that
she (miss) several movies because of your late arrivals. I think you owe
her an apology. And in the future, I suggest you be on time! Several
movies because of your late arrivals. I think you owe her an apology.
And in the future, I suggest you be on time!

31
 Future plans and Intentions
1. Going to+ inf. (to talk about present intentions in the
future; near future or more distant future)

- I am going to do something= I have already decided o do

it, I intend to do it.
-I‟m going to have a bath in a few minutes. (the near
future)
-Sarah has won some money. She is going to buy a new
car.

2. Present continuous (I am doing)

a. We use the Present Continuous when we say what we
have arranged to do in the future.

I‟ve got my ticket. I‟m leaving tomorrow.

What are you doing tonight? (=asking about your plans)
I‟m visiting my uncle this week. (=I‟ve arranged this)
Note: I’m going to do something= I’ve decided to do it
(but perhaps not arranged to do it)
A: Your shoes are dirty. B: Yes, I know. I‟m going to
clean them.(=I‟ve decided to clean them, but I have not
arranged to clean them)

30
-I‟ve decided not stay here any longer. Tomorrow I‟m
going to look for somewhere else to stay.
-We‟re going to get married one day (=an intention)
- We‟re getting married soon. (=the wedding is arranged)
b. In some cases, it doesn‟t matter whether we use the
Present continuous or going to.

-I‟m going to play football this evening.

I‟m playing football this evening.

3. Will
We use will for talking about things we think will happen
without any special plan or arrangement. We predict they
will happen or see them as a future fact
- I can give it to her- I‟ll see her at work. (=I don‟t need to
arrange this)
-We use will/‟ll when we decide to do something at the
time of speaking.
- Oh, I‟ve left the door open. I‟ll go and shut it.
- What would you like to drink? I‟ll have an orange
juice, please.

33
-You can use won‟t to say that somebody refuses to do
something.
I‟ve tried to give her advice, but she won‟t listen.
The car won‟t start. (=the car „refuses‟ to start)
-Shall I…..? Shall we…..? (to ask somebody’s
opinion especially in offers and suggestions)
-Shall I open the window?
-I‟ve got no money. What shall I do? (=What d you
suggest?)
- Will I meet you at the station? (=asking about a future
fact)
- Shall I meet you at the station? (a offer)
- Will we have dinner at the hotel? (asking about a
future fact)

- Shall we have dinner at the hotel? (a suggestion)

33
 4. Other ways to talk about the future
a. Verbs
hope: We‟re hoping to buy a flat later this year.
plan: I‟m planning to sell my scooter.
think: we‟re thinking of having a party soon.
want: I want to finish this by tonight.
b. Phrases
-due to: we use due to for something that is formally
arranged.
The plane‟s due to take off in about twenty minutes.
-be about to: when something will happen very soon or
immediately.
She‟s about to have a baby.

34
Note:
1. The Present continuous tense is used to talk about a future
arrangement. Details about things like time and place have
been decided.
I‟m meeting my friends at 11 tomorrow morning.
We’re going to get married soon.
2. be going to is used to talk about a plan or intention with no
details. Details have not been decided.
We‟ve decided we‟re going to get married soon.
3. Be going to is used to make prediction based on what you
can see or hear now.
Sami is going to be the manager. I heard him talking to Ali
about it.
4. will is used to make predictions based on what you know
or believe. Verbs like think, believe, hope are used in this
case.
I think Ranis will get the full mark. She is really good.
5. will is used to talk about decisions made at the time of
speaking. The verb think can be used in this case.
That‟s a good idea. I think I will go to the theatre now.

35
 Future clauses with if, when, etc

If, when, As soon as, Once, + present simple , Future

As soon as I get home I‟m going to have a shower.
When Ali arrives, I‟ll invite him to the party.
Note
You can also say that something is going to happen in the
future when there is some indication that something is
going to happen.
Look at those black clouds! It‟s going to rain. (The clouds
are there now)
I feel terrible. I‟m going to be sick. (I feel terrible now)
-was going to do = I intended to do something in the
past but I didn’t do it.
I was going to travel by train, but then I decided to travel
by car.

36
 Passive (1) (be done / have been done)
a)Active and passive
Study this example:
This house was built in 1895. This is a passive sentence.
Compare:
Somebody built this house in 1895. (active)
This house was built in 1895. (passive)
We often prefer the passive when it is not so important who or
what did the action. In this example, it is not so important who
built the house. In a passive sentence, if you want to say who did
or what caused the action, use by:
This house was built by my grandfather. (= my grandfather built
it). Have you ever been bitten by a dog? (= Has a dog ever bitten
you?)
b)In passive sentences we use the correct form of be is/are/was/
were/has been etc.) + the past participle:
(be) done (be) cleaned (be) damaged (be) built (be) seen
c)The passive infinitive is be done l be cleaned / be built etc.
We use the infinitive after modal verbs (will, can, must etc.) and a
number of other verbs (for example: have to, be going to, want to).
Compare:
Active: We can solve this problem.
Passive: This problem can be solved.
-The new hotel will be opened next year.

37
-George might be sent to America by his company in August.
-The music at the party was very loud and could be heard from far
away.
-This room is going to be painted next week.
-Go away! I want to be left alone.
There is a past infinitive form:
have been done / have been cleaned / have been built etc.:

Active: Somebody should have cleaned the windows yesterday.

Passive: The windows should have been cleaned yesterday.
-My bicycle has disappeared. It must have been stolen.
-She wouldn't have been injured if she had been wearing a
seat-belt.
-The weather was awful. The football match ought to have been
cancelled.
Exercise 1:Complete these sentences with one of the following
verbs (in the correct form):
arrest - wake - knock - check - translate - find - drive -make -
spend - hear - carry
Example: The music at the party was very loud and could be
heard from far away.
1.A decision will not……………until the next meeting.
2.That building is dangerous. It ought to ……………down before
it falls down.

33
3.When you go through Customs, your luggage
may……………by a customs officer.
4.I told the hotel receptionist that I wanted to……………up at
6.30.
5.Her new book will probably……………into a number of foreign
languages.
Exercise 2:Now you have to read a sentence and write another
sentence with the same meaning:
Example: We can solve the problem. The problem can be
solved.
1.People should send their complaints to the head office.
2.They had to postpone the meeting because of illness.
3.Somebody might have stolen your car if you had left
4.An electrical fault could have caused the fire.

31
 Passive (2) (present and past tenses)
These are the passive forms of the present and past tenses:
Present simple: am/is/are + done/cleaned etc.
Active: Somebody cleans this room every day.
Passive: This room is cleaned every day.
Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving.
I'm not often invited to parties.
How many people are injured in road accidents every day?
Past simple: was/were + done/cleaned etc.
Active: Somebody cleaned this room yesterday.
Passive: This room was cleaned yesterday.
During the night we were all woken up by a loud explosion.
When was that castle built?
The house wasn't damaged in the storm but a tree was blown
down.
Present continuous: am/is/are being + done/cleaned etc.
Active: Somebody is cleaning the room at the moment.
Passive: The room is being cleaned at the moment.
Look at those old houses! They are being knocked down.
(shop assistant to customer) Are you being served, madam?
Past continuous was/were being + done/cleaned etc.
Active: Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived.
Passive: The room was being cleaned when I arrived.
Suddenly I heard footsteps behind me. We were being followed.

31
Present perfect: have/has been + done/cleaned etc.
Active: The room looks nice. Somebody has cleaned it.
Passive: The room looks nice. It has been cleaned.
Have you heard the news? The president has been shot.
Have you ever been bitten by a dog?
I'm not going to the party. I haven't been invited.
Past perfect: had been + done/cleaned etc.
Active: The room looked much better. Somebody had cleaned it.
Passive: The room looked much better. It had been cleaned.
Jim didn't know about the change of plans. He hadn't been told.
Exercise 22:
In this exercise you have to read a sentence and then write
another sentence with the same meaning. Begin each
sentence as shown.

Examples:
Somebody stole my bag in the shop.
My bag was stolen in the shop.
The police have arrested three men. Three men have been
arrested by the police.
I. The bill includes service.
Service…………….in the bill.
2.People don't use this road very often.
This road …………….
30
3.They cancelled all flights because of fog.
All flights…………….
4.Somebody accused me of stealing the money.
I…………….
Exercise 3: This time you have to make a passive sentence from
the words in brackets.
Examples: That church looks very old. (when /it I build?)
When was it built?
A: Is Margaret popular?
B: Yes. (she / like / by everybody) She is liked by everybody.
1.This is a very popular television programme. (every week it /
watch / by millions of people)
2.What happens to the cars produced in this factory? (most of
them / export?)
3.A: Was there any trouble at the demonstration?
B: Yes. (about 20 people / arrest)
4.A: There is no longer military service in Britain. B: Really?
(when / it / abolish?)
5.A: Did anybody call an ambulance to the scene of the accident?
B: Yes. (but nobody / injure / so it I not / need)
6. A: Last night someone broke into our house .
B: Oh dear. (anything /take?)

33
 Passive (3)
a)Some verbs can have two objects.
For example offer:
They didn't offer Ann the job. (the two objects are Ann and the
job) So it is possible to make two different passive sentences:
-Ann wasn't offered the job.
-The job wasn't offered to Ann.
It is more usual for the passive sentence to begin with the person.
Other verbs like offer which can have two objects are:
Ask - tell - give - send - show - teach – pay

Here are some examples of passive sentences with these verbs:

-I was given two hours to make my decision. (= they gave me two
hours)
-The men were paid £800 to do the job. (= someone paid the men
£800)
-Have you been shown the new machine? (= has anyone shown
you the new machine?)
b)Born: remember that be born is a passive verb and is usually
past:
-Where were you born? (not „are you born‟) [past simple]
-I was born in Chicago. (not „I am born‟) [ past simple]
-How many babies are born in this hospital every day? [present
simple]
33
c)The passive -ing form is being done / being cleaned etc.:
Active: I don't like people telling me what to do.
Passive: I don't like being told what to do.
-I remember being given a toy drum on my fifth birthday.
(= I remember someone giving me...)
-Hurry up! You know Mr. Miller hates being kept waiting.
(= he hates people keeping him waiting)

-He climbed over the wall without being seen.

(= without anyone seeing him).
Sometimes you can use get instead of be in the passive:
-There was a fight at the party but nobody got hurt. (=nobody was
hurt)
-Did Ann get offered the job? (= was Ann offered the job?)
You can use get in the passive to say that something happens
to someone or something. Often the action is not planned; it
happens by chance:
-The dog got run over by a car. (= the dog was run over)
In other types of situation get is not usually possible:
-George is liked by everyone. (not „gets liked‟)
Get is used mainly in informal spoken English. You can
use be in all situations.

34
Exercise 4:
In this exercise you have to read a sentence and then write
a new sentence with the same meaning. Begin in the way
shown each time.
Example:
They didn't offer Ann the job. Ann wasn't offered the job.
1.They don't pay Jim very much.
Jim………………………………
2.They will ask you a lot of questions at the interview.
You………..
3.Nobody told me that George was ill. I
…………………………….
4.His colleagues gave him a present when he retired.
He…………………………
Exercise 26:This time you have to complete the sentences.
Each time you have to use being with one of these verbs:
keep - pay - attack - give - invite - use - ask
1.He came to the party without ...........................
2.She won't go out alone after dark. She is afraid……………….. .
3.I don't like………………stupid questions.
4.Few people are prepared to work without .............………….. .
5.Mr. Kelly doesn't like his………………………by other people.
6.Most people like………………….presents.
35
 It is said that ... / He is said to ... etc. and supposed to
a)Study this example situation:
This is Henry. He is very old but nobody knows exactly how old he is.
But:
It is said that he is 108 years old.
He is said to be 108 years old.
Both these sentences mean: People say that he is 108 years old.
You can also use these structures
with:
Thought believed reported understood
Known expected alleged considered
It is said that Henry eats ten eggs a day or
Henry is said to eat ten eggs a day.
It is believed that the wanted man is living in New York. Or
The wanted man is believed to be living in New York.
It is expected that the strike will begin tomorrow. Or
The strike is expected to begin tomorrow.

It is alleged that he stole £60. Or

He is alleged to have stolen £60.
It was alleged that he stole £60.
or
He was alleged to have stolen £60.
These structures are often used in news reports:
36
 It is reported that two people were killed in the explosion.
or
Two people are reported to have been killed in the explosion.

b)Supposed to
Sometimes (be) supposed to means „said to‟:
-Let's go and see that film. It's supposed to be very good.
(= It is said to be very good; people say that it's very good.)
-He is supposed to have stolen £60. (=He is said to have stolen
£60.)
But sometimes supposed to has a different meaning.
You can use supposed to to say what is planned or arranged
(and this is often different from what really happens):
-I'd better hurry. It's nearly 8 o'clock. I'm supposed to be meeting
Tom at 8.15.
(= 1 arranged to meet Tom; I said I would meet Tom.)
-The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was 40 minutes
late.
(= The train should have arrived at 11.30 according to the
timetable.)
-You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn't you do it?
We use not supposed to to say what is not allowed or not
advisable:
-You're not supposed to park here. (= You aren't allowed to park
here.)
37
-Mr. Collins is much better after his illness but he's still not
supposed to do any heavy work.
Exercise 28:In this exercise you have to read a sentence and then
write another sentence with the same meaning. Example:
It is believed that the wanted man is living in New York.
The wanted man is believed to be living in New York.
1.It is said that many people are homeless after the floods.
Many people are said…………………………………………….. .
2.It is known that the Prime Minister is in favour of the new law.
The Prime Minister ……………………………………………… .
3.It is expected that the government will lose the election.
The government ........................................……………………… .

43
 Have something done
a)Study this example situation:
The roof of Jill's house was damaged in a storm, so she arranged
for a workman to repair it. Yesterday the workman came and did
the job. Jill had the roof repaired yesterday.
This means:
Jill didn't repair the roof herself. She arranged for someone else to
do it for her.
Compare:
-Jill repaired the roof. (= she did it herself)
-Jill had the roof repaired. (= she arranged for someone else to do
it)
Now study these sentences:
-Did Ann make that dress herself or did she have it made?
-Are you going to repair the car yourself or are you going to have
it repaired?
To say that we arrange for someone else to do something
for us, we use the structure have something done.
The word order is important:
the past participle (done/repaired etc.) comes after the object (the
roof):

41
 have + object + past participle
Jill had the roof repaired yesterday.
Where did you have your hair done?
We are having the house painted at the moment.
Tom has just had a telephone installed in his flat.
How often do you have your car serviced?
Why don't you have that coat cleaned?
I want to have my photograph taken.

b)„Get something done‟ is possible instead of have something done

(mainly in informal spoken English):
-I think you should get your hair cut. (= have your hair cut)
c)Have something done sometimes has a different meaning.
For example: -He had all his money stolen while he was on
holiday.
This doesn't mean that he arranged for somebody to steal
his money!
„He had all his money stolen‟ means only:
„All his money was stolen‟.
With this meaning, we use have something done to say that
something (often something not nice) happen to someone:
-George had his nose broken in a fight. (= his nose was broken)
Exercise 31:In this exercise you have to answer the questions
in the way shown.
41
Example: Did Ann make that dress herself?
No, she had it made.
I. „Did you cut your hair yourself?‟
No, I ................………………. .
2. „Did they paint the house themselves?‟
„No, they................………………. .
3. „Did Jim cut down that tree himself?‟
No, ................………………. .
4. „Did Sue repair the car herself?‟
No, ................………………. .
Exercise 32:
This time you have to complete the sentences. Use the words in
brackets.
Examples: We (the house / paint) at the moment.
We are having the house painted at the moment.
(you / your hair / cut) last week?
Did you have your hair cut last week?
I. Your hair is too long.
I think you should (it / cut).
2. How often (you / your car /service)?
3.The engine in Tom's car couldn't be repaired, so he had to (a
new engine / fit).

40
 Hypothetical situations at present
Unreal Past/ Contrary-to-fact statements/
Imaginary situations (at present)

If + past simple Subject + would/could/might

+Inf

I don't have a car, but if I had one I'd (would) give you a lift.
It's raining now; if it wasn't raining we could eat outside.

If I were you I'd tell him the truth.

If I were a bird I would fly.
If I were in your shoes, I would send him an invitation

ً‫ بىفظ الطشيق‬I wish , If only ‫يمعه اعحخذا‬

I wish + past simple or Sub. + could/ would +inf

If only
I wish I could speak French = I can't speak French.
If only I had a car. = I don't have a car.
I wish my room were larger.
I wish I didn't have to work. (I have to work)

43
 I wish ‫(بعذ‬would, could) ‫محّ وغحخذ صمه الماضّ البغيط َمحّ وغحخذ‬

I wish + Sub.+ would/wouldn’t +inf.

I wish ‫بعذ‬would/wouldn't ‫يمعه اعحخذا‬-

‫نهخعبيز عّ شئ حخمىّ حذَثً َنكىك حعخقذ اوً نه يحذد‬.1
I wish my professor would give the full mark
annoyance ‫ نهخعبيز عه انغضب‬.1
I wish you'd hurry up! (You're very slow.)
:ً‫ فّ الااالت الحالي‬would ‫لعه وغحخذ صمه الماضّ البغيط َال وغحخذ‬
‫ نُ كاوج انجمهً حعبز عه شئ ال يمكه حغييزي‬.1
I wish I were younger. (One can't change this) (NOT: I wish I would be
younger)
I wish I were taller ! (One can't change this) (NOT: I wish I
would be taller)
I wish you'd be more helpful! (One can change this)

:‫( مع‬Unreal past) ‫يمعه اعحخذان وفظ القاعذي‬

It's time + past simple
It's time we went home.

43
 Hypothetical situations in the past
Contrary-to-fact statements/ Imaginary situations (in the
past)

If + sub.+ had + P.P. Sub+ would have/could have

+P.P.
might have

I wish + Sub.+ had + P.P.

If only
I wish I'd gone to the party. (I didn't go)
I wish I hadn't eaten so much. (I ate too much)
If only I 'd known that Ann was ill. I would have gone to her.
Note: We can not use would have after wish
I wish it had been warmer. (not 'would have been')

44
 Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)
Reporting People's exact Words
He says: "It is raining." (Direct speech; Exact words of the
speaker"

He says (that) it is raining. (Reported speech; Indirect speech)

He said: “I don't like tea."

He said that he didn't like tea.

-To report someone's exact words:

:ّ‫ ) كما يل‬say, said( ‫ حُل فعل القُل‬.1
Say/ says say/ says
Say to/ says to tell/ tells

said said
said to told
:‫ مثل‬say, tell ّ‫يمعه اعحخذا افعال اخشِ باالضافً ال‬
Answer: He answered that he had sent the letter the day
before.
Reply: He replied that he had sent the letter the day before.
Add: He added that he wanted to travel by plane.

45
 ‫اَ بذَوٍا‬that ‫ يجب حزف القُعيه َالفاصلً َسبط الجملحيه باعحخذا‬.2
"I believe that what I am doing is right," she said. "I will
continue to fight for justice."

She said that she believed that what she was doing was right
and that she would continue to fight for justice.
ُ‫ نرزبط شئرّ انجمهرً االصرهيً الن انمخحرذد ٌر‬and that ‫الحع اوىرا اطرخخذمىا‬
.‫وفض انشخص‬

: said ّ‫الحظ جغييش الضمه داخل االقُاط فّ حالً ما كان فعل القُل ماض‬
Present simple (I do) past simple (I did)
Present continuous (I am doing) past continuous (I was
doing)
Present perfect (I have done) past perfect (I had done)
Past simple (I did) past perfect (I had done)
Past continuous (I was doing) Past perfect continuous (I
dad been doing)
Past perfect (I had done) no change (I had done)
Past perfect continuous no change
Will/ can/ must would/ could/ had to
Is/are going to was/were going to
He said to me: "I will take the exam next week."
He told me that he would take the exam the following week.

46
 :‫اما ارا كان فعل القُل مضاسع ال يحغيش الضمه داخل االقُاط‬
He says: "It is raining."
He says that it is raining.
: Reported Speech ‫الحظ جغييش العلمات الحاليً فّ ال‬
Today/ tonight that day/ that night
Yesterday the day before
Last week the week before
The day before yesterday two days before
Tomorrow the next (following) day
The day after tomorrow in two days' time
Next week the following week
A year ago a year before or the previous year

Now then
This/ these that/ those
Here there
Thus so
:‫لحاُيل الغؤال الّ غيش المباشش‬
1. say ask/ want to know/ inquire/ want to know
said asked/ wanted to know/ inquired/ wanted to know

47
(What, where, when, ‫ جازف االقُاط َوغحخذ وفظ اداي االعحفٍا‬.2
etc.)

He said to me: "How can you solve this problem?"

He asked me how I could solve that problem.
if / ‫ لتُ لت يعته ٌىتاا اداي اعتحفٍا (يُجتذ فعتل مغتاعذ اَ وتاقص) وغتحخذ‬.3
whether
He said to her: "Do you like more sugar?"
He asked her if she liked more sugar.
ً‫ كمتا بالجملت‬if/ whether َ‫ الحتظ ان جشجيتب الجملتً بعتذ اداي االعتحفٍا ا‬.4
) do/does/did ‫الخبشيً (مع حزف‬
He said: "Did you see the film?"
He asked me if I had seen the film.
.‫يجب مزاعاي حغييز انشمه كما طبق‬

53
 ‫لحاُيل جملة االمش الّ غيش المباشش‬
8ّ‫ يحُل فعم انقُل كما يه‬.1
said ordered, advised, warned, requested,
reminded, wished, threatened, begged, told,

ّ‫فّ حانت انىف‬ not to َ ‫فّ حانت االثباث‬to ‫ ححذف االقُاص َوزبط باطخخذاو‬.2
to + inf
not to + inf

The teacher said to his student: "Don't waste your time."

The teacher advised his student not to waste his time.

1. verb + that + sub. + V.

(agree, complain, explain, insist, recommend, say, suggest)
He insisted that he would accompany her to the party.
She agreed that she would attend the meeting.

2. Verb + object + that + Sub + V.

(warn, assure, persuade, tell)
He warned us that they might catch flue.
She told me that she had passed the exam successfully.

3. Verb + gerund
(deny, admit, recommend, suggest)
51
He denied stealing the money.
She suggested going to the theater.
4. verb + prep. + gerund
(apologize for, insist on, object to)
He said: "I'm sorry. I have broken the vase."
He apologized for breaking the vase.
He apologized that he had broken the vase.
5. verb + object +Prep. + gerund
(accuse someone of, blame someone for, congratulate someone on,
suspect someone of)
The police accused him of killing the woman.
6. Verb + inf.
(agree, decide, demand, offer, promise, threaten)
She refused to give her telephone number.

51
 Relative Pronouns

(who, whom, which, that, where, when)

....... ،‫اللزان‬،ّ‫الح‬،ِ‫الز‬
‫ ضميش الُصل ٌُ ادان سبط جشبط جملحيه بٍما اع معشس‬.1
ً‫ يازف االع المعشس َيُضع ضميش الُصل فّ بذاية ٌزي الجمل‬.2
ّ‫ ضميش الُصل َالجملً يُضعان بعذ االع الزِ جعُد عليً بالجملة االَل‬.3

Who (that) (with people)

‫مفعُل عاقل‬/‫ضميش َصل يال مال فاعل‬

1. The man is coming to tea. He wrote a poem.

The man is coming to tea. who He wrote a poem.
The man who wrote the poem is coming to tea.
The man that wrote the poem is coming to tea.
2. This is the man who I met at the party.
This is the man that I met yesterday.

Whom (that)
‫ضميز َصم يحم محم مفعُل عاقم‬
- The girl got the full mark. You met her yesterday.
The girl got the full mark. whom you met her yesterday.
The girl whom you met yesterday got the full mark.
The girl that you met yesterday got the full mark.

50
 Which (that) (with things)
‫ضميش َصل يال مال فاعل اَ مفعُل غيش عاقل‬
1. The car was expensive. I bought it last week.
The car was expensive. which I bought it last week.
The car which I bought yesterday was expensive.
The car that I bought yesterday was expensive.
2. This is a shop that/which sells computer games.
what ‫َليظ‬which/that ‫الحظ اوىا وغحخذ‬
ً‫فّ حالة َجُد حشف جش يمعه َضعً قبل ضميش الُصل اَ يبقّ معاو‬
This is the man whom I talked to yesterday.
This is the man to whom I talked yesterday.

Whose (possessions)
A widow is a woman. Her husband has died.
A widow is a woman whose husband has died.

Where = which/that + preposition (places)

1. This is the room. Ali sleeps in this room.
This is the room where Ali sleeps.
This is the room which/ that Ali sleeps in.

53
2. This is the house where I lived when I was young.
This is the house in which I lived when I was young.
This is the house which I lived in when I was young.

When (Time)
A public holiday is a day when all shops close.

(who-which-that(‫حاالت حزف ضميش الُصل‬

who-which-that ‫ ادا جاء بعذ‬.1
be+v+ing
be ‫وحذف ضميز انُصم مع‬
They are going to let in the people who are waiting outside
the building.
They are going to let in the people waiting outside the
building.
.‫ ارا جاء بعذ ضميش الُصل اع اَ ضميش فاوىا وازفٍا‬.2
I relieved the letter which you sent last week.
I received the letter you sent last week.
َ‫ ارا ل ت يتتعت بعتتذ ضتتميش الُصتتل اع ت اَ ضتتميش َجتتاء بعتتذي فعتتل مضتتاسع ا‬.3
:‫– لفعل‬ing ‫ماضّ وازف ضميش الُصل مع اضافة‬
There are many patients who come to the clinic.
There are many patients coming to the clinic.

53
*Defining relative clauses
‫ معلُمتتات اعاعتتيً (ال يمعتته حتتزفٍا) عتته‬relative clause ‫عىتتذما جقتتذ ال‬
‫قبتتل اَ بعتتذ ال‬Commas ‫الشتتخص اَ الشتتذ التتزِ وحاتتذخ عىتتً ال وغتتحخذ‬
relative clause
The man who wrote the poem is coming to tea.
I read the book (which) you gave me last week.

*Non-defining relative clauses

‫ معلُمتتات اضتتافيً عتته الشتتخص اَ الشتتذ‬relative clause ‫عىتتذما جقتتذ ال‬
ّ‫ َفت‬relative clause ‫قبتل َ بعتذ ال‬Commas ‫الزِ وحاذخ عىتً وغتحخذ‬
‫ َايضتا ال يمعته‬who, whom, which ‫بتذال مته‬that ‫ٌزي الاالً ال وغتحخذ‬
.‫حزف ضميش الُصل‬
Ali, who is my brother, arrived late yesterday.
Chrismas Day, which is on a Thursday this year, is always a
public holiday.

54
 Quantifiers with countable nouns
1- Several, a few, quite a few, very few + plural noun
He speaks several languages. (several means more than a
few)
There are very few people in the room. (a small number of
people)
(we don't use a before very few)

2-many, a number of + plural noun (used in formal

situations to talk about a non-specific number)
-These shirts come in a number of colours.

3- loads of, hundreds of, dozens of + plural noun (used in

informal situations, conversations)
Hundreds of people

4-too many + plural noun (more than we need/ negative

meaning)
He has eaten too many cakes.

55
 Quantifiers with uncountable nouns
1-a little of, very little + uncountable noun
A bit of, quite a bit of + uncountable noun (used in
conversation and informal situation)
*There is still a bit of juice left, would you like it?
*There's very little time left. (emphasise a small quantity)
2-Much+ uncountable noun = a large quantity of
(used in questions and negatives)
There isn't much milk in the fridge.
3-a great deal of + uncountable noun (in positive
sentences and more formal situations)

Quantifiers with countable and uncountable nouns

1. too much + uncountable noun (more than we need or is
good)
There is too much noise. I can't sleep.
2. a lot of, lots of + uncountable noun or plural noun (used
in positive statements)
There are a lot of people here.
3. enough + uncountable noun or plural noun = as much
as we need

56
*Have you got enough money to pay the bill?
4. plenty of + uncountable noun or plural noun = more
than we need
Don't worry, we've got plenty of time to get to the airport.

Some + plural noun or uncountable noun

‫عادة فّ انجمهً انخبزيت انمتبخت‬Some ‫حظخخذو‬
I‟d like some juice, please. He bought some
books.
8‫ فّ االطخفٍاو فّ انحاالث انخانيت‬some ‫يمكه اطخخذاو‬
1. Offer: Would you like some tea?
2. Suggestion: What about having some soup?
3. When I think the answer will be yes: Did you buy
some milk as I asked you?
some ‫ مع‬but not all ‫يمعه اعحخذا‬
Some (but not all) people like getting up early.

57
 Any + countable or uncountable nouns
any pen, any books, any food, any milk
8‫ فّ انحاالث انخانيت‬any ‫وظخخذو‬
1. Questions: Are there any shops near here? Is there
any milk in the fridge?

2. Negative sentences:
No, there are not any shops near here.
No, there isn't any milk in the fridge.
none ّ‫ َفّ انجمم انمىفيً نخعى‬all ّ‫فّ انجمم انمتبخً نخعى‬any ‫حظخخذو‬
You can get online at any cybercafé. (all of them; it
doesn't matter which)
-I can't think of any reasons to ask him to stay. (=none)

63
 Adjectives and Adverbs
Notes about comparing:
1- Use only one form of comparison at a time. In other
words, do not use both an –er ending and more or both
an –est ending and most. For example:
Incorrect: My mother‟s suitcase is always more
heavier than my father‟s.
Correct: My mother‟s suitcase is always heavier than
my father‟s.
2- Learn the irregular forms of the words shown below:
good, well better best
bad worse worst
much, many more most
little (in amount) less least
Do not use both more and an irregular comparative or
most and an irregular superlative.
Incorrect: It is more better to give than to receive.
Correct: It is better to give than to receive.
Incorrect: Last night I got the most worst snack attack I
ever had .

61
Correct: Last night I got the worst snack attack I ever
had.
Exercises: Add to each sentence the correct form of the
word in the margin:
Good 1- The ……chocolate cake I ever ate had
bananas in it
Wonderful 2- The ………… day of my life was when
my child was born.
Bad 3- The ……..job I ever had was baby-sitting for
spoiled four-year-old twins.
Young 4- Aunt Sonja is the ……of three sisters.
Bad 5- A rain that freezes is ……than a snowstorm.
Unusual 6- That‟s the …….home I‟ve ever seen- it‟s
shaped like a teapot.
Little 7- Being painfully shy has made Leon the
…………friendly person I know.

61
Adverbs
Notes: 1- Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, or other
adverbs. They usually end in –ly. For example:
The father gently hugged the sick child. (The adverb
gently describes the verb hugged.)
Newborns are totally innocent. (The adverb totally
describes the adjective innocent.)
The lecturer spoke so terribly fast that I had trouble
taking notes. (the adverb terribly describes the adverb
fast.)
2- People often mistakenly use an adjective instead of
an adverb after a verb.
Incorrect: Sam needs a haircut bad.
Correct: Sam needs a haircut badly.
Incorrect: I laugh too loud when I‟m embarrassed.
Correct: I laugh too loudly when I‟m embarrassed.
Incorrect: You might have won the race if you hadn‟t
run so slow at the beginning.
Correct: you might have won the race if you hadn‟t run
so slowly at the beginning.

60
Exercises: Underline the adjective or adverb needed.
1- As Mac danced, his earring bounced (rapid, rapid).
2- A drop of (thick, thickly) pea soup dripped down his
chin.
3- I hiccuped (continuous, continuously) for fifteen
minutes.
4- The detective opened the door (careful, carefully).
5- All she heard when she answered the phone was
(heavy, heavily) breathing.
Notes: Two words that are often confused are well and
good. Good is an adjective; it describes nouns. Well
(rather than good) is also used when referring to a
person‟s health.
Exercises: Write well or good in each of the sentences
that follow.
1- If you girls do a ……….job of cleaning the garage,
I‟ll take you for some ice cream.
2- If I organize the office records too …………, my
bosses may not need me any more.

63
3- After eating a pound of peanuts, I didn‟t feel too
………. .
4- When Ernie became ill, he discovered who his
………friends really were.
5- Just because brothers and sisters fight when they‟re
young doesn‟t mean they won‟t get along ……..as
adults.

63
 Adjectives & Adverbs
I. Adjectives in English have more than one form. There are
three degrees of comparison. These are:
a) positive degree
b) comparative degree
c) superlative degree
Examples:
Positive Comparative Superlative
______ __________ _____
old older oldest
hot hotter hottest
careful more careful most careful

I. One-syllable adjectives and two-syllables adjectives

ending in -y
8‫نهمقاروً بيه اثىيه باطخخذاو صفت قصيزي‬
adj. + -er than
Cheap cheaper / nice nicer / young younger
-Ali is taller than Sami. Sami is shorter than Ali
-Adjectives end in y ----------- ier or iest

64
Friendly ---------------- friendlier y ------- ier
Pretty----------------prettier

-One vowel+ one consonant ----------double the consonant

thin ---------thinner big ------ bigger
‫( باطخخذاو صفت قصيزة‬Superlative) ‫نهمقاروً بيه اكتز مه اثىيه‬
adj. + est in+ place
of+ people
Ali is the tallest student in the class.
Friendly -------------------- friendliest

II. Other two-syllable adjectives and longer adjectives

‫نهمقاروً بيه اثىيه‬
more +adj. + than
less
This book is more expensive than the pen.
The pen is less expensive then the book.
8‫نهمقاروت بيه اكتز مه اثىيه‬
the most +adj.
the least+ adj.
It is the most interesting story I have ever read.

65
But we use –er and –est with clever, quiet, simple,
gentle, heavy and adjectives ending in –ly.
Cleverer, the cleverest, simpler than
-Large and small differences
‫ قبم‬far, a lot, much , a little, a little bit, slightly ‫يمكه اطخخذاو‬
8ً‫صفت انمقاروً نخُضيح در ت انمقارو‬
Cairo is much bigger than Luxor.
This bag is slightly heavier than yours.
- Common phrases with superlatives.
1. by far the most ……/est
Brazil is by far the largest country in South America.
2. one of the most .. /est
Cairo is one of the most crowded cities in the world.
3. the second/third most …../ -est
Birmingham is the second biggest city in England.
4. the least
It is the least expensive pens in the bookshop.
-Preposition with superlatives
in + places
of + people
He is the tallest student in the class.
She is the most beautiful girl of all her friends.

66
- as + adj.+ as ً‫ عىذ انخظاَِ فّ انصف‬not as+ adj + as
She is as beautiful as her mother.

- similar to , the same as, different from

- exactly/about the same as, slightly different from,
completely different from, very similar to
-Her eyes are very similar to her mother‟s.
Making comparisons with nouns
There is less space in this room than the other one.
There are fewer people in this class than the other one.
Notes:
1- Use only one form of comparison at a time. In other
words, do not use both an –er ending and more or both
an –est ending and most. For example:
Incorrect: My mother‟s suitcase is always more
heavier than my father‟s.
Correct: My mother‟s suitcase is always heavier than
my father‟s.
2- Learn the irregular forms of the words shown below:
good, well better best
bad worse worst
much, many more most

67
little (in amount) less least
far farther/ further farthest/furthest
-Do not use both more and an irregular comparative or
most and an irregular superlative.
Incorrect: It is more better to give than to receive.
Correct: It is better to give than to receive.
Incorrect: Last night I got the most worst snack attack I
ever had.
Correct: Last night I got the worst snack attack I ever
had.

73
 The Indefinite Article (a – an)
We put an indefinite article (a – an) before singular
nouns that can be put in the plural (countable nouns).
Examples: -
a book books
an island islands
(A) is used before singular countable nouns beginning
with consonants.
Examples: -
a colour a chair
a timetable a student
a tomb a temple
(An) is used before singular countable nouns beginning
with
a vowel sound (a – e – i – o ).
Examples: -
an archaeologist an instructor
an example an optician
an oculist an army

71
Indefinite article a, an is used
1. with jobs: an engineer, an actor, a doctor, a nurse
Hosam is a doctor.
the ‫نكه عىذما حكُن انُظيفً نشخص َاحذ فقط يمكه اطخخذاو‬
Obama is the President of the USA.
2. with these phrases: a lot of , a long time, half a
dozen
3. when the noun s mentioned for the first time
I ate a sandwich.
4. when it is unique
I bought a Ferrari.

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 The Definite Article (the)
The definite article (the) is used:
1)Before nouns of which there is only one:
the moon the Earth
The Earth goes round the Sun

- With times of day: in the morning, in the evening (But at

night)
- With theses phrases:
* in the city centre/ in the middle in the east/ in the west/ in
the south/ in the north, on the coast
* on the right, on the left/ on the coast/ on the border
* at the top/ at the bottom, at the beginning, at the end, in the
world, the other day, the other, the same

* go to the cinema, the shop, the station, listen to the radio,

put something on the television
2)Before a noun mentioned previously:
I ate a sandwich. The sandwich was tasty.
3)Before a noun followed by a phrase or clause:

70
 the girl whom I know
the man with a beard
4)Before superlatives:
the most important issue
the greatest, the tallest
5)the + a singular noun can represent a class:
the pharos, the pre-Islamic poets,

6)the + adjectives represent a class of persons:

the poor means poor people in general
the blind means blind people as a whole
7)the is used before names of seas, rivers, groups of
islands, deserts, chains of mountains and plural names of
countries, names of theaters, cinemas, hotels, gallaries,
museums:
the Mediterranean the alps
the Nile the U.S.A.
the Sahara The United States of
America
the national theatre,
8. When it is followed by a phrase
The man whom I met yesterday got the prize.

73
We don't use any article (a, an, the):
1. with towns and cities: Cairo, London
2. with most countries: Egypt, America (but The
Sudan, The USA, The Arab Republic of Egypt,
the Arab World, The Netherlands)
3. with "by+ means of transport"
by car, by taxi, …
4. with times + days
at one o'clock, on Monday
5. with these phrases
go home, come home, go to work, most
people, watch a film on T.V.
 at home/ at school/ at university/ at work/ at night/
 in bed/ in hospital/ in prison/
 on holiday
 have breakfast, have lunch, dinner, supper
Note
-He goes to schools every day. (He is a student)
She went to the school to ask about her son. (She is not a
student)

73
-The man was very ill. He was taken to hospital. (He is a
patient)
Ali went to the hospital to visit his friend who was ill.

6. When we talk about things in general

Do you like sport? I like flowers.
7. With roads, streets, parks, bridges, shops, and
restaurants

74
 Ways of giving emphasis
1. Using intensifiers (absolutely, completely+ ungradeable
adjective like perfect, awful,
so+ Adjective) so pleased,
This program is so funny.
The weather was absolutely perfect.
far too + adj.
or far too much/many + noun -far much trouble, far too
many people
far+ comparative far taller, far shorter

2. using auxiliary verbs

Subjective + positive auxiliary + main verb
He does make me laugh!
I really do apologize.

3. Cleft sentences
1. Subject + Verb + Object …
I like his enthusiasm.
What I like most is his enthusiasm

75
2. His rudeness annoys me.
What annoys me is his rudeness.
Or we can use:
It + be(is/was)+ who ….
It was not me who broke the vase.
It was Ali who paid all the money.

4. Question word + on earth+ …………? To emphasize

surprise, annoyance, …
What on earth is he wearing?

5. So + adj. , Such + (a, an) noun + adj.

He is so lucky.
He had so many problems.
It takes so much time

It was such a long journey. Such loud music, such beautiful

picture.

76
 Modal Verbs
Present
Should +inf = it is a good idea = used for giving advice= it
is advisable
Ought to + inf =
You should/ ought to buy a new alarm clock. (It is a good
idea for you to buy a new alarm clock)

Should be +v. ing (it is a good idea to do something now)

You should be reading the report. (now)

Shouldn't + inf = It is not a good idea= It is not

advisable
You shouldn't leave your bag open.

Past
should have +P.P = It was a good idea to do something but
you didn't do. ‫كان يجب ان‬
ought to have + P.P.

77
Ali came late yesterday. He should have come on time. (He
didn't come on time)

Shouldn't have+ P.P. = It was not a good idea to do

something in the past but you did it) ‫ما كان يجب ان‬
He shouldn't have left the door open.

…………………………………………………………
(Necessity)
Present/ affirmative
Must + inf = It is necessary to do something (an obligation
from the speaker's point of view)
I must go home now. It's late. (I have decided this)

Have to/ has to +inf = It is necessary to do = an obligation

comes from someone or something else (outside)
The train is leaving after 30 minutes. So, I have to go now.

Present/ negative
don't have to +inf = it is not necessary to ‫نر داعرّ ان ل نريض‬
‫ضزَريا ان‬
doesn't have to

133
There is enough milk in the fridge. You don't have to buy
more.

Past / affirmative
Had to + inf = It was necessary to do something in the past
‫اضطز ان‬
I didn't have enough money to buy the car. So, I had to
borrow some.
Past/ negative
Didn't have to +inf = It was not necessary to do something ,
so, I didn't do it.
There was a lot of time. So, I didn't have to take a taxi to
work.

131
 (Deduction / Logical necessity)
Present/ affirmative
Must+ inf = from the evidence I'm sure that this is true ‫البرذ‬
...ً‫او‬
(I'm certain/ sure )
He is not answering the phone. He must be asleep.
Present/ negative
May / might/ could + inf (I'm not sure/certain) (It is
possible)
He may come to the party tonight. (I'm not certain that he
will come)
Can't+ inf (it is impossible that ) ‫ال يمكه ان‬
Ali traveled to London yesterday. He can't be at university
today.
She looks very beautiful. She can't be sixty.

Past/ affirmative
Must have+ P.P = from the evidence I'm sure that this was
true

131
John didn't come to the party. He must have been ill.

Past/ negative
Can't have+ P.P. (It is/ was impossible that this happened)
Ali didn't attend the lecture. He can't have understood the
lesson.
Could have+ P.P. (he was able to do something in the past
but he didn't)
(It was possible for someone to do something but he didn't)
He had a lot of money. He could have bought the car. (But he
didn't.)
May have+ P.P.
Might have + P.P. (It is possible that this happened)

130
 Can
Can is used to express
1. Ability
He can speak French. = He is able to speak French.

2. Permission
Can I take you camera for an hour? (Is it allowed for me to
take your camera?)

3. general possibility (not specific possibility)

It can be freezing in winter.
Look in the cupboard. It could/may/might be in there.
(Specific possibility)

Could
Could is used to express
1. ability (past of can) = was able to × couldn't = wasn't
able to
He could use the bicycle at anytime.

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2. Permission &Request
Could I leave now? Could I have your Pen, please?
Also we can use May/might for permission
May I leave now?

3. Future possibility
I'm afraid Ali couldn't come to the meeting tomorrow as he's
got flue.

133
Sentence Types

Summary:

Knowing how to use different structures and different

types of sentences correctly is essential to avoid producing
boring or monotonous writing. This part introduces tips about
how to vary the structure of your sentences, followed by
sentence types and also some items that can help you vary
your style.

With respect to structure, an English sentence could fall

into one of four different types, each of which comprises an
almost indefinite number of structures. These types are
defined according to how many dependent and independent
clauses the sentence contains. An independent clause consists
of a complete sentence standing on its own, while a
dependent clause cannot stand on its own. A dependent clause
needs another clause to make a complete sentence. In order to

134
add variety and complexity to your writing style, you need to
learn how to understand and use these different types.

Simple sentence: A sentence with one independent clause

and no dependent clauses.

 I enjoy having meals with my mother.

 Egypt's ancient civilization marked an era that was
never surpassed in history.

Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple

independent clauses but no dependent clauses.

 The teacher examined the students and they felt

confident about the results.
 The indigenous citizens held their conference on
February 2, 1965, and they were determined to start
communications with many organizations.

 Complex Sentence: A sentence with one

independent clause and at least one dependent
clause.

135
 After Amir revised the annual accounts, he discovered
that everything was accurate.
 While all of her paintings are simply outstanding,
Magda Al-hakim‟s triptychs, full of details and colours,
are the real masterpieces of her art.

 Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with

multiple independent clauses and at least one
dependent clause.

 The Trilogy is widely acclaimed as Naguib Mahfouz‟s

best novel, and because Mahfouz lived in a popular
area, which the novel describes, the classical but
interesting atmosphere of the novel packs an extra
punch.

…………………………………………

136
Do not make the following special cases of subject verb agreement
confuse you.

The subject is considered "singular" in the following cases:

1. If the subject consists of two nouns/adjectives that refer to the same

thing.

Example:

1. A white and brown dog was successfully catching the saucers.

Tea and biscuits is my breakfast.

Their knowledge of languages and social relations helps them

immensely in running the business.

2. If the subject consists of two nouns that are connected by these

words: together with, along with, or as well as. (If the first name is
singular)

She, as well as I, is opposed to the latest layoffs.

137
My daughter along with her friends is going to Alexandria for a one-day
trip.

The dean of the faculty along with the two vice deans and their wives
was seated at front raw.

3. If the subject consists of two nouns that are connected by

"neither…..nor", or "either….or", the verb agrees with the second noun
(subject).

Either she or I am taking the job.

Neither she nor you have got the job.

……………………………………………………………

There are words that could confuse you. They might look as plural
subjects but actually they are singular.

either somebody

neither every one of them

many a no one

each of them no body

someone every one of them

Many a football player is not tall.

Either of the two sisters is engaged to be married.

113
Neither of them studies hard.

Each of them writes with her left hand.

When you use conjunctions, you should be aware of how they should be
used in a sentence, not just their meaning.

……………………………………………………………

111
EXERCISES IN ENGLISH

111
 Exercises In English - Part I
Tense Revision

Supply the correct tense:

1- He (go) away every week-end.

2- No, Ali isn‟t here. He just (go) out.

3- She is busy now; she (study) her lessons.

4- I often (not take) a taxi.

5- I (hear) the news last night, but I (not hear) it today.

6- He (stay) in Paris since 1990.

7- We still (live) in London when my uncle (die).

8- I (expect) you (hear) how he (win) the match.

9- I (come) as soon as my work is finished. You (be)

ready?

10- Violets (bloom) in the spring.

11- Yesterday, I (go) home after I (finish) work.

12- I (study) English for eight years now.

13- I expect he (travel) to Paris as soon as he (get) a visa.

110
14- After leaving school he (study) English in London for

three years then (move) to America where he now (live).

He (visit) Paris once or twice and (know) French well,

but (not have) yet the opportunity of visiting European

countries.

15- This is the first time I (drive) a car.

16- This is the second time you (break) a vase; you (break)

one yesterday. My last servant (never break) anything,

and you (break) nearly half the things in the house.

17- She died after she (be) ill a long time.

18- I (be born) in Luxor but (spend) most of my childhood

in Cairo.

19- He already (repair) the chair.

20- We (go) to the Zoo last week. While we (eat) lunch

there, a man (fall) from the stones and (hurt) his head.

We (take) him to hospital.

21- The population of the world (rise) very fast.

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22- The economic situation is very bad and it (get) worse.

23- The train to Alexandria (leave) at six a.m. tomorrow.

24- Tomorrow (be) Sunday.

25- What time the film (begin)?

26- Hosam has got the visa. He (travel) to America.

27- There are many clouds in the sky. It (rain).

28- I feel terrible. I think I (be) sick.

29- There is a hole in the bottom of the boat. It (sink).

30- I (travel) by car but then I decided to go by train.

31- She (visit) our uncle but later she changed her mind.

32- I hope he (pass) the exam.

33- I expect she (get) the job.

34- By next year, he (get) his diploma.

35- Until the snow (go) the train will not be able to move.

36- He (not have) lunch until he (have) a shower.

37- I (finish) the book before my next birthday.

113
38- Yesterday I (buy) a new watch as my old one (be

stolen).

39- If I (be) a ghost, I (try) to frighten all the people I

dislike.

40- Lend me your rubber. I (make) a mistake and (wish) to

rub it out.

41-A: Why are you filling that bucket with water?

B: I (wash) the car.

42- I (see) her since she went to Cairo.

43- She (clean) the room before her husband arrived.

44- Look at these clouds! It (rain).

45- If I (be) a rich man, I (help) the poor.

46- We (meet) you tomorrow after you (finish) your work.

47- I wish I (not break) the vase.

48- If only I (not eat) so much food last night!

49- It‟s time you (go) to bed.

50- I‟d rather you (leave) now.

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51- If only I (know) earlier, I‟d have sent him a telegram.

52- He said he wished he (never see) me.

53- If we (not go) early yesterday, we (miss) the train.

54- If I (be) in your position, I (invite) him to come.

55- If He (go) to the party yesterday, he (meet) his friends.

56- This machine (invent) in 1956.

57- The room looked good. It (clean).

58- A: Where‟s my car?

B: It (steal).

59- I prefer (drive) to (travel) by train.

60- I would prefer (play) tennis rather than (watch) TV.

61- I‟d rather you (clean) the room now.

62- He came in, looking as if he (see) a ghost.

63- He (find) the bag which he (lose) last week.

64- Sami didn‟t catch the train. When he (arrive) the train

(leave) the station.

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65- While Tom (have) lunch, his brother (come) through the

door.

66- He (paint) the wall all day and is still painting it.

67- Water (boil) at 100 C.

68- As he (run) to jump over the ditch, he (fall) and (twist)

his ankle. We (have) to carry him home. He now (lie) on

the sofa, and he (read) a book until a few minutes ago.

The doctor just (leave) and (say) as he (go) out that he

must rest for a week.

69- I hope it (stop) raining by six o‟clock.

70- “You forever (misunderstand) what I (explain) to you!

Why you (not listen) while I (speak) to you?”

71- I would have lent him the money if he (ask) me.

72- Tom and Jim are talking about graduation as if it (be) to

take place tomorrow.

73- Oh, how I wish that suit (be) cheaper then dollars

cheaper.

116
74- The word “comet” (come) from the Greek adjective

Kometes, which means “wearing long hair.”

75- She (leave) hours before we got there.

76- Lend me your rubber. I (make) a mistake and wish to

rub it out.

77- I (hope) he (get) better now, I (hear) he (have) a bad

cold all the week.

78- I‟m sorry I‟m late. You (wait) long?

79- He thinks it (rain).

80- By the end of the month, he (work) here for five years.

117
 Active & Passive Voice

Turn the following sentences into the passive voice:

1- People have seen the lion in the street.

2- He must shut all the doors before going to bed.

3- They persuaded him to leave the town.

4- I remember them taking me to the theatre.

5- He decided to sell the car.

6- Someone has stolen my car.

7- She should have cleaned the room yesterday.

8- They are going to hold the next conference in

Cairo.

9- They had to put off the meeting because of rain.

10- I don‟t like people cheating me.

11- The manager gave me two hours to finish work.

12- He offered her a ring.

13- People said that he was clever.

14- They believe that he is living abroad.

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15- People think that money brings happiness.

16- No one has opened the door for the last three

days.

17- She showed them the new machine.

18- People oughtn‟t speak about such things in

public.

19- It is time for someone to put the children to

bed.

20- Teachers should make lessons more

interesting for children.

21- The father promised his son a bicycle if he

passed the exam.

22- He gave her a bunch of flowers for her

birthday

23- This is a good idea but one cannot carry it

out in practice.

24- No one can answer this question.

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25- People will laugh at you if you insist on

wearing such clothes.

26- I‟ve only used this machine once since the

day I had it repaired.

27- There‟s a new block of flats they are

building down the road; perhaps you‟d like

someone to introduce you to the landlord.

28- Poverty drove him to desperation.

29- People no longer say that anyone inhabits the

moon any more than Mars.

30- Shut the door.

31- Give her the book.

32- They know that she is in love.

33- It amazed me that she did not accompany

them in the journey.

34- He promised her that he would give her all

the money.

111
35- He likes people to respect him.

36- Don‟t touch that button.

37- I would like someone to take me out to

dinner.

38- She must have left the door open.

39- Did they invite you to the party?

40- Why didn‟t he tell me of the new schedule?

41- Has he sent the letter?

42- Did the noise frighten you?

43- Didn‟t they tell you to come early?

44- When I was a child, people used to read to

me out of a book of fairy tales someone had

given me for my birthday.

45- He should have told me the truth.

46- Someone might cancel our English class.

47- No one can control the weather.

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48- People have to place stamps in the upper

right-hand corner of an envelope.

49- The teacher promised Mary a prize if she

worked hard.

50- People generally assume that money brings

happiness.

51- They say that tortoises live longer than

elephants.

52- His grandmother brought him up, and he got

his education in Paris.

53- Why do we leave a space at the joint of a

railway station?

54- We can use the expansion and contraction of

solids at different rates?

55- We can make use of the fact that solids

expands when we heat them.

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 Reported Speech

Put the following into Reported Speech with the

introducing verb in the Past Tense:

1- I shouldn‟t do that if I were you. Isn‟t it very

dangerous?

2- Tom and Carol are getting married next month.

3- I have been playing football a lot recently.

4- Read the instructions before you turn on the

machine.

5- Don‟t be late.

6- If I had enough money, I would buy a new car.

7- I have to go to the post office tomorrow.

8- Tom, open the door for me, please.

9- Do as you are told! You are a lazy boy.

10- Hello! What do you want?

11- What a lovely picture!

12- Help me!

113
13- Help me! Help! Quick!

14- Look out! A car is coming.

15- What on earth has happened?

16- “Will you come with me tonight?” “Yes.”

17- “Do you like this picture?” “No.”

18- Why did you lock the door? No one will disturb us.

19- The dog has stolen the food. What are we to do?

20- Are you free tomorrow? I would like you to come

to my birthday party.

21- How far is it to Aswan? I hope we can get there

before dark.

22- I‟ll give you a thousand pounds to keep your mouth

shut.

23- We needn‟t take a taxi as we have much time.

24- It is cold here. Is the window open?

25- Come to my house tomorrow and bring the camera

with you.

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26- Could you tell me where is the post office, please?

27- Open the door. Didn‟t you hear the door ring?

28- I‟m very sorry but there was a terrible traffic jam. I

promise I‟ll never be late again.

29- Congratulations!

30- Where have you been all night?

31- I‟m looking forward to meeting you t the

conference.

32- I think we should go to the doctor‟s.

33- Why don‟t we go to the cinema?

34- You should lose weight.

35- Don‟t play with matches.

36- Where do you live?

37- How long will you stay here?

38- Do you want to move in with me?

39- Must you always tell me what to do?

12- Where were you when I called you?

115
13- Are you listening? I‟ve asked you a question

three times already.

14- “Will you come with me to visit our friend

Sami next Friday?” “I don‟t know if I shall

be free, but I should love to come if I am.”

15- “Would you like to have some coffee?” “No,

I don‟t like coffee.”

16- Will you take these pills?” “No, I don‟t like

them. Do you think a medicine I don‟t like

will do me good?” “No, I suppose not.”

17- Go away!

18- Give me another one!

19- Have a cup of tea!

20- I must go now.

21- I needn‟t go.

22- I mustn‟t go.

23- I must go next week.

116
24- I needn‟t go next week.

25- You mustn‟t park here.

26- Good gracious! It‟s impossible!

117
 Relatives
Join the following pairs of sentence, using a relative
pronoun. Don‟t use “that”

1- The man talked all the time. I sat next to him in

the bus.

2- The flight was fully booked. We wanted to

travel on it.

3- Tom works for a company. It makes washing

machines.

4- I know the man. His car was stolen.

5- This is the man. I gave the bag to him

yesterday.

6- Bring me the keys. I left them on the sofa. The

sofa stands by the window.

7- The matter has been settled. You were arguing

about it last night.

8- The chair was hard. I was sitting in it yesterday.

103
9- The film was boring. I watched it last week.

10- The people are coming to see you. You met them

at the conference last month.

11- He told me a tale. I never heard it before.

12- The man became poor. The thieves robbed his

shop.

13- There were a building round the corner but its

windows were all broken.

14- You spoke to a man yesterday. He is coming to

tea. (Begin with: The man…)

15- The matter has been settled. You were arguing

about it last night.

16- Do you know the man? He lives next to me.

17- I have some valuable antiques. I found them in

my grandmother‟s attic.

18- I couldn‟t understand the girl. I talked to her

yesterday.

101
19- The plane takes off at 5 p.m. I‟m taking it to

London.

20- The man shouted “Stop! Thief!” His wallet

was stolen.

21- The father was happy. His son passed the

exam.

22- The world was to be a great adventure for him.

He knew very little about the world.

23- This is the plane. I came to Cairo by it.

24- Meet me at the same place. You met me in it

last week.

25- Here is the book. You asked me for it

yesterday.

101
Show the difference in meaning between each pair of
sentences:
1- a) They are going to watch the match on TV.
b) They will be watching the match on TV.

2- a) He is going to travel by air.

b) He was going to travel by air.

3- a) They will have played the match by 8 o‟clock.

b) They will be playing the match at 8 o‟clock.

4- a) He will build a new house next month.

b) He is going to build a new house next month.

5- a) When Rami arrived, we were having lunch.

b) When Rami arrived, we had lunch.

6-a) Tom lost his key.

b) Tom has lost his key.

7-a) He has gone to Cairo.

b) He has been to Cairo.

100
8-a) It has rained for two hours.
b) It has been raining for two hours.

9-a) He has painted the wall.

b) He has been painting the wall.

10- a) When I looked out of the window, it had rained.

b) When I looked out of the window, it had been
raining.

11- a) When I looked out of the window, it had been

raining.
b) When I looked out of the window, it was raining.

12- a) I have a bath every day.

b) I have got a bath.

13- a) I used to smoke a lot.

b) I am used to smoking a lot.

14- a) He could buy the car.

b) He could have bought the car.

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15- a) I wish I had gone with them to the theatre.
b) I hope I can go with them to the theatre.

16-a) We will buy more food If Tom comes.

b) We will buy more food in case Tom comes.

17- a) Sami washed his car.

b) Sami had his car washed.

18- a) Tom had to go to hospital.

b) Tom went to the hospital.

19- a) Hosam loves her more than me.

b) Hosam loves her more than I.

20- a) He advised me like a teacher.

b) He works as a teacher.

21- a) I saw her walking across the road.

b) I saw her walk across the road.

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22- a) I like playing tennis.
b) I like to play tennis.
23-A) She tried to write in pencil.
b) She tried writing in pencil.

24-He remembered to close the door.

b) He can remember closing the door.

25-A) She forgot to send the letter.

b) She forgot sending the letter.

26- I should like to have gone.

b) I should have liked to go.

27- a) I have an opportunity of going to the club.

b)-There will be an opportunity to see him.
28- a) He had his car washed.
b) He washed his car.
29- a) Tom is fairly tall.
b) Tom is rather tall.
30- a) I‟m writing a letter to Tom.
b) I‟ve written two letter since breakfast.

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 c) I‟ve been writing letters all the morning.
31- a) I haven‟t seen you since Saturday.
b) I haven‟t seen you for a week.
32- a) There is a cow in the garden.
b) Cows are animals.
c) We shall see some cows in the farm.
33- a) He is too ill to need a doctor.
b) He is ill enough to need a doctor.
34- a) We needn‟t have taken a taxi.
b) We didn‟t have to take a taxi.
35- a) I didn‟t need to answer all the questions.
b) I needn‟t have answered all the questions.

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Note: The following verbs are often used in simple
tenses. For example: Sami sees very well without glasses.
(Not is seeing). However, these verbs can be used in the
progressive, sometimes with a change of meaning. Give
the meaning of these verbs when they are used in the
progressive.
1- Sami is seeing a doctor on Friday.
2- He is appearing in the program.
3- I‟m considering selling the car.
4- I‟m still corresponding with my pen-friend in London.
5- This holiday is costing me a lot of money.
6- I‟m feeling the temperature of the water.
7- I‟m hoping to have a holiday next month.
8- Am I imagining it, or did I hear the doorbell?
9- I‟m measuring the room.
10- I‟m thinking of travelling abroad.
11- The baby is always screaming when they are weighing
him.
12- I am just admiring your paintings.

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Find the mistakes in the following sentences and correct
them.
1- There are a lot of information in that book.

2- The oil is a natural source.

3- Our teacher gives us too many homeworks.

4- We all have a few problem in the life.

5- I‟d rather to go by a car.

6- It‟s no good to persuade me. You won‟t succeed.

7- I usually spend my spare time in reading.

8- I‟m having difficulty in sleeping at night. I have

tried to take sleeping tablets.

9- I wish you were here yesterday. I found difficulty in

answering all the questions.

10- It‟s nearly midnight. It‟s time we go home.

11- I enjoyed the film which I watched it yesterday.

12- This is all which I can do.

13- He asked me for some advices.

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14- I like studying the English.

15- there‟s nothing prevent him taking what he wants.

16- I really appreciate to have time to relax.

17- I let him doing what he liked.

18- This is the first time I see such a wonderful film.

19- The man was hit very hardly.

20- I‟ll send you a card as soon as I‟ll arrive in Cairo.

21- I‟m late, am not I?

22- He‟s in a very good health.

23- I opened the window but I couldn‟t see nobody.

24- I will ever remember you.

25- You have better sleep early.

26- Nice day, doesn‟t it?

27- This the first time I am here.

28- Do you enjoy to read short stories?

29- It‟s important obeying the instructions.

30- I went to the bank for cashing a check.

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31- He asked me that I sent the parcel.

32- She told to me that she had met him before.

33- The car which I bought it last year broke down.

34- I met a girl who her eyes were blue.

35- This is all which I can say about this problem.

36- The man became poor who his shop was robbed.

37- An accident was happened yesterday.

38- I was interesting in the matter.

39- He used to playing football when he was young.

40- He is accustomed with hot weather.

41- She is good in speaking English.

42- It was an embarrassed experience.

43- She say that her mother goes to the market every

day.

44-He spoke too loud when he was angry.

45- Everyone are working hard to get his money.

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 Exercises In English - Part II
1- Put in the suitable prepositions:
1- This novel was written ……. Naguib Mahfouz.
2- The book is written ………. English.
3- She put the two books side ….. side.
4- They went home ……. Foot.
5- He travelled to Cairo …… his uncle‟s car.
6- Sami went to Luxor ………. car.
7- He took …… his coat and put …… a pull-over.
8- She was afraid …… the dog.
9- The plane took ….. ….. six o‟clock.
10- It is kind ….. you to ask me, but I can‟t come as I am
going …. tomorrow ……..business.
11- She is good ….. English.
12- It is dangerous to drive ….. fifty miles per hour ….
busy streets.
13- I was born …… Cairo ……. the 1st of April.
14- Cats like to sit ….. the roof.
15- The bottle was full …. milk.
16- Will you come … me …. A swim …. the new
swimming pool ….. lunch.
17- He throw his ball …. the wall …… mistake.

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18- A woman …. blue went …. the house just now.
19- A man … a white beard went ……. the house just
now.
20- I took a book …… literature … the library, and began
to turn …. the pages.
21- She broke …… her engagement …….. Sami.
22- Will you be ….. if I ring you up …… dinner-time?
23- The rocks are worn ……by wind and rain.
24- Speak ……, I can‟t hear you. You let you voice die
….at the end of every sentence.
25- They cut the enemy …..pieces.
26- The father turned …… the television because it was
too loud.
27- I wish I could give ….. smoking.
28- When I opened the bottle, it gave …..a strong smell.
29- It‟s cold. Put your coat ….. when you go out.
30- They arrived suddenly with nowhere to stay so I put
them …….. for the night.
31- How much did you have to put …… as a deposit on
your house?
32- The usual representative was ill so I had to stand …..
….. him.

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33- I will stand ……. the agreement.
34- I won‟t stand ……. any more insults.
35- She broke …… while telling me about the accident.
36- The football match was put ….. because of the rain.
37- The mother had to stay with the children to look …..
them.
38- When war breaks ……. prices usually go ……. .
39-The second World War broke ……. in 1939.
40- The management is not responsible ….. such errors.
41- ….. first he opposed the agreement, but ….. the end he
had to give his consent.
42- She is always sacred …..the dark.
43- You must break ….. the horse before riding it.
44- she broke …… her engagement to Tom because she
discovered that he was a liar.
45- I have not arrived …… any decision ……. the matter
………. question.
46- I am interested ……… literature and politics.
47- This wall defends the city ….. attack …..the west.
48- The flat consists ……. four rooms, all leading ….the
hall.
49- It is very rude to point …… people …..that way.

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50- She is not much good ……tennis.
51- Fire broke ….in the whole building.
52- My car broke …….last week.
53- The police accused him …..murder.
54-Speak ….., I can‟t hear you. You let your voice die
….at the end of every sentence.
55- We set ….as soon as the old man pointed …..the way
to us.
56- I don‟t get ……very well …..him.
57- The roots take ….water together with other
substances dissolved …..it and pass it ….the middle
of the stem to leaves and flowers.
58- I don‟t believe ……astrology.
59- They cut the enemy …..pieces.
60- He was afflicted …..a curious twitching …..the eyes.
61- Make sure that the label is attached ……..your
suitcase.
62- I‟m fed up ……..my work.
63- I‟ve never very keen ……….playing cards.
64- She was shy ……….meeting strangers.
65- I‟m up this ladder and can‟t get …….. .
66- He is looking …… ……… her arrival.

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67- Now they are grown …….. They must behave in a
good way.
68- I want to take part ……… the party preparation.
69- The match has been put ……….till next week.
70- You don‟t have to show me ……in public.
71- It‟s hot here. You should take ……..your jacket.
72- Aren‟t the children …….bed yet?
73- I saw this film ……..TV before.
74- We will arrive ……..London at 5 O‟clock.
75- He always takes a long time to respond ….my letter.

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2- Add relatives where necessary:
1- The knife ….we use to cut the bread with is very sharp.
2- The girl …….you talked to yesterday had an accident.
3- The girl …..mother I was talking to has got the full
mark.
4- The film …..I watched yesterday was interesting.
5- I like the people with ….. I work.
6- A stenographer is a person ….. can write in shorthand.
7- The man ……. I told you about is standing over there.
8- The chair on ….. I was sitting was hard.
9- The meat … we had for lunch was very tough.
10- This is the man …..wallet has been stolen.
11- The horse ……I selected won the race.
12- All ………..I have, is yours.
13- I know the girl …….eyes are blue.
14- This is the man by ……….I was helped.
15- I live in a house ………is surrounded by a high fence.

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3- Add a question-tag to the following sentences:
1- She won‟t be late, ……………………?
2- Sami doesn‟t play the guitar, ……………….?
3- Don‟t waste your time,……………………?
4- Someone opened the window, ………………….?
5- I needn‟t come early, ………………………?
6- I am reading a novel, ……………………..?
7- I may talk to her, ……………………?
8- He ought to visit her, ………………..?
9- Let me give it to you, ………………?
10- He could barely walk, ……………..?
11- Just read it to yourself, ……………..?
12- I‟d rather leave, …………………….?
13- Let‟s play tennis, ……………………?
14- Let us go to the cinema, ………………?
15- Everyone is here today, ………………?
16- Somebody was unhappy, ……………..?
17- I‟m not having dinner, …………………?
18- Come early tomorrow, ………………..?
19- I used to go to the farm when I was young, ……….?
20- You‟d rather stay, …………………………….?
21- Stop that noise, ……………………?

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22- I suppose he ought to have known that, ……………?
23- One day it‟s quite possible that everyone will have his
own computer, ………………………?
26- I thought you didn‟t want any more, ……………..?
27- I don‟t think you can do it, …………………….?
28- You never used to come late, ………………….?
29- You never play tennis, …………………………?
30- He mustn‟t be late , …………………..?
31- They can‟t have been clever, ……………………..?
32- He seldom went to the theatre, …………………..?
33- You need to come early, ……………………….?
34- I have a car, ……………………..?
35- He dares play here, ………………………..?
36- There‟s one book in the box, ………………?
37- He could hardly speak, ……………………?

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4- Supply “a,” “an,” “the” or “some” where necessary:
1- ……..Egypt is the gift of …….Nile.
2- I‟d like …… tea, please.
3- I drank …… glass of ……water.
4- She plays ……piano.
5- ……man gave me ……pens yesterday.
6- He goes to …….school every day.
7- She needs half …..dozen.
8- Do you like ……..coffee?
9- I usually have ……breakfast at home.
10- he will come in …….evening.
11- ………highest mountain in the world is mount
Everest.
12- Do you like ……..fruits?
13- A: let‟s go to ……..cinema tonight?
B: That sounds like ………good idea.
14- ……..earth goes round ………sun.
15- I usually listen to ……radio.
16- He watched the news on ……television.
17- Can you turn off …….television, please?
18- After lunch, they went swimming.
19- ……..rich should help ……….poor.

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20- It‟s time for children to go to ….bed now.
21- ……..books are interesting for ……children.
22- ………birds can fly very high in …….sky.
23- He took up ……..swimming as ………sport ……last
year.
24- I want ….tin of …….peaches, …..sugar, and
……pound of …….raspberry jam.
25- I often have ……..lunch at home but ……..lunch I
had yesterday with my friends was tasty.
26- My aunt lives on …….third floor of ………old house
near …………railway station.
27- He is ……..fool.
28- ….page of ……….book is missed.
29- You should give her ………food and ………cup of
tea.
30- Could you give me ………advice?

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5- Insert either “fairly” or “rather” in the blank spaces:
Notes: “fairly” and “rather” are two words used to
express “to a moderate degree.” “Fairly” is used when the
speaker wants to affirm some positive or pleasant idea;
“rather” is used when the idea is negative or unpleasant.
We say, “Someone is rather ill”; but “Someone is fairly
well”.
Exercises:
1- I hope this exercise will be ……easy.
2- Well, I‟m afraid it will be …….difficult.
3- I‟m afraid the soup is ….cold.
4- He has a ……bad cold.
5- You hands look …..dirty.
6- The bread is ……stale.
7- I live …….near.
8- This pencil seems ……sharp.
9- What‟s the matter? You look …..tired.
10-I know him ……well.

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6- Complete the following sentences using “since” and
“for”.
Notes: “Since” denotes “from some definite point or
period in the past till now.” “For” denotes “a length of
time till now.”
Exercises:
1- I‟ve been at home ………ten o‟clock.
2- I haven‟t seen you …….ages.
3- I have known him ………I lived in the street.
4- I haven‟t seen her …….a long time.
5- I have been studying English ……….I was nine years
old.
6- We haven‟t gone to the cinema …….the last three
months.
7- “How long have you been waiting? “…….half an
hour.”
8- He has been living in Cairo …….1990.
9- Have you been waiting long? “No, not ….long.”
10- He hasn‟t sent any letter to his friend …….the last
three months.
11-I have been working here …….a year.
12- The strike has lasted …….three weeks.

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13-He has been in hospital …….the accident.
14- I haven‟t spoken to him …….the quarrel.
15- There hasn‟t been a famine in Egypt ……..centuries.

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7- Supply the correct forms of „do,‟ „make,‟ „have,‟ or
„take‟:
1- If you pay in cash, we can ……..you a small
discount.
2- …….a step towards me.
3- I think you should ………it easy for a while.
4- Please let me know if you have any criticisms to
……… .
5- Tying a knot In my handkerchief ……….me remember
what I have to do.
6- Your explanation simply doesn‟t …….sense.
7- I‟m just learning how to ………the steps of the tango.
8- Pesticides …………immense damage to the
environment.
9- Overwork finally caused her to ……a nervous
breakdown.
10- I can‟t join you for coffee. I ……..a lecture in ten
minutes.
11- They ……..a row yesterday and aren‟t on speaking
terms.
12- When do the regulations ……….effect?
13- You never ……..my side in any argument.

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14- Teachers ………a lot of influence on the young.
15- We all spent the evening together and really ……..a
laugh.
16- I wonder if you could …….me a small favour.
17- First your teacher gives us an explanation, then we
…….an exercise.
18- You‟ve …….me a very good turn and I won‟t forget
it.
19- You ……..a nerve coming to me for advice!
20- We …….a lot of fog in this part of the country.
21- I wonder who ……….the gardening.
22- Your mother will ………a fit when she sees what
you‟ve done to your room.
23- I‟ve applied for a teaching job and I ………..an
interview tomorrow.
24- How many will be ………part in this play?
25- It‟s time for me to ………..my medicine.
26- She still hasn‟t got over ………that miscarriage.
27- I can‟t do it. Why don‟t you ……….a try?
28- I‟m …………problems with my car at the moment.
29- The baker got into debt and was ………..bankrupt.
30-Silly questions really ………me angry.

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31- I‟ve never had to ………such a difficult choice.
32- I ……….a small profit on the sale of my car.
33- Matthew ………..a degree in engineering two years
ago.
34- You should ………….. advantage of this
opportunity.
35- I‟m very glad I ……….your advice.
36- It‟s time for us to …………a move.
37- I think I‟ll ………..a short nap.
38- ………..a look at this, will you?
39- Something I‟ve eaten has ………..a very bad effect
on me.
40- Delia ………….excellent taste.

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