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Lecture 3

The document discusses mobile and wireless networking, focusing on simplex and duplex communication methods, including Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD). It highlights the need for ubiquitous computing and personal communication services (PCS), detailing various PCS systems and their applications. Additionally, it addresses challenges in integrating mobile users with existing networks and the demand for seamless communication services.

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tasmia.nova3
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9 views19 pages

Lecture 3

The document discusses mobile and wireless networking, focusing on simplex and duplex communication methods, including Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD). It highlights the need for ubiquitous computing and personal communication services (PCS), detailing various PCS systems and their applications. Additionally, it addresses challenges in integrating mobile users with existing networks and the demand for seamless communication services.

Uploaded by

tasmia.nova3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ch.

2 Mobile and
Wireless Networking

1
Simplex Communication

 Normally, on a channel, a station can


transmit only in one way.
 This is called simplex transmision
 To enable two-way communication (called
full-duplex communication)
 We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing
 We can use Time Division Multiplexing

2
Duplex Communication - FDD

 FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

Mobile Forward Channel Base Station


Terminal Reverse Channel B
M

Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency


bands

3
Duplex Communication - TDD

 TDD: Time Division Duplex

Mobile Base Station


Terminal M B M B M B
B
M

A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time


slots. Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots
alternately.

4
Example - Frequency Spectrum
Allocation in U.S. Cellular Radio Service
Reverse Channel Forward Channel

991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799 991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799

824-849 MHz 869-894 MHz

Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz)


Reverse Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 825.0
991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 825.0

Forward Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 870.0


991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 870.0
(Channels 800-990 are unused)
Channel bandwidth is 45 MHz

5
What is Mobility
 Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is
designed assuming the user terminals are
static
 No change of location during a call/connection
 A user terminals accesses the network always from a
fixed location
 Mobility and portability
 Portability means changing point of attachment to
the network offline
 Mobility means changing point of attachment to
the network online

6
Degrees of Mobility

 Walking Users
 Low speed
 Small roaming area
 Usually uses high-bandwith/low-latency access

 Vehicles
 High speeds
 Large roaming area
 Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access
 Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)

7
The Need for Wireless/Mobile
Networking
 Demand for Ubiquitous Computing
 Anywhere, anytime computing and
communication
 You don’t have to go to the lab to check your email
 Pushing the computers more into background
 Focus on the task and life, not on the computer
 Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make your
life more easier.
 Computers should be location aware
 Adapt to the current location, discover services

8
Some Example Applications of
Ubiquitous Computing
 You walk into your office and your computer
automatically authenticates you through your
active badge and logs you into the Unix
system
 You go to a foreign building and your PDA
automatically discovers the closest public
printer where you can print your schedule
and give to your friend

9
More Examples
 You walk into a Conference room or a shopping Mall
with your PDA and your PDA is smart enough to
collect and filter the public profiles of other people
that are passing nearby
 Of course other people should also have smart PDAs.
 The cows in a village are equipped with GPS and
GPRS devices and they are monitored from a
central location on a digital map.
 No need for a person to guide and feed them
 You can find countless examples

10
How to realize Ubiquitous Computing

 Small and different size computing and


communication devices
 Tabs, pads, boards
 PDAs, Handhelds, Laptops, Cell-phones
 A communication network to support this
 Anywhere, anytime access
 Seamless, wireless and mobile access
 Need for Personal Communication Services (PCS)
 Ubiquitous Applications
 New software

11
What is PCS
Personal Communication
Services

12
What is PCS

 Personal Communication Services


 A wide variety of network services that includes
wireless access and personal mobility services
 Provided through a small terminal
 Enables communication at any time, at any place,
and in any form.
 The market for such services is tremendously
big
 Think of cell-phone market

13
Several PCS systems

 High-tier Systems
 GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications
 The mobile telephony system that we are using
 IS-136
 USA digital cellular mobile telephony system
 TDMA based multiple access
 Personal Digital Cellular
 IS-95 cdmaOne System
 CDMA based multiple access

14
Several PCS systems

 Low-tier systems
 Residential, business and public cordless access
applications and systems
 Cordless Telephone 2 (CT2)
 Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone (DECT)
 Personal Access Communication Systems (PACS)
 Personal Handy Telephone System (PHS)

15
Several PCS systems

 Wideband wireless systems


 For Internet access and multimedia transfer
 Cdma2000
 W-CDMA, proposed by Europe
 SCDMA, proposed by Chine/Europe

16
Several PCS systems

 Other PCS Systems


 Special data systems
 CDPD: Cellular Digital Packet Data
 RAM Mobile Data
 Advanced Radio Data Information System (ARDIS)
 Paging Systems
 Mobile Satellite Systems
 LEO, MEO, HEO satellites for data/voice
 ISM band systems: Bluetooth, 802.11, etc.

17
PCS Problems

 How to integrate mobile and wireless users to


the Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN) (Voice Network)
 Cellular mobile telephony system
 How to integrate mobile and wireless users to
the Internet (Data Network)
 Mobile IP, DHCP, Cellular IP
 How to integrate all of them together and also
add multimedia services (3G Systems)

18
Looking to PCS from different
Angles
PSTN Internet
(Telephone Network)

Wireless Access

Mobile Users
Mobile Users -Laptop users
-Cell phone users
-Pocket PC users
-Cordless phone users
-Mobile IP, DHCP enabled
computers
Telecom People View Data Networking People View

19

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