Computers in Our Daily Life

WHAT MAKES A COMPUTER,

A COMPUTER?
Even though computers today are incredibly
advanced and come in many forms, the basic
functions of any computer can still be
summarized in a simple way:

Input -> Store -> Process -> Output

How Computers Work
 How Computers Work

Humans Computer

Human Language Machine Language

 Binary Language
a series of 0’s and 1’s
 Computer Number Systems
Type Purpose
Decimal Counting using fingers
“deci” means 10 Base 10 System (0-9)
For computers – since flip flops store either
Binary 0 or 1
“bi” means 2 Base 2 (0,1)
Octal To shorten long binary numbers
“octa” means 8 Base 8 (0-7)

Hexadecimal Since data is stored in bytes

“hexa” means 16 Base 16 (0-9, A-F)
Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal
0 0000 000 0
1 0001 001 1
2 0010 002 2
3 0011 003 3
4 0100 004 4
5 0101 005 5
6 0110 006 6
7 0111 007 7
8 1000 010 8
9 1001 011 9
10 1010 012 A
11 1011 013 B
12 1100 014 C
13 1101 015 D
14 1110 016 E
15 1111 017 F
 ENCRYPT THE FOLLOWING WORDS:

1. computer
2. processor
3. binary
 DECRYPT THE FOLLOWING WORDS:

1. 01011 10101 01101 10101 10011

10100 00001
2. 00001 01110 00111
3. 00010 01111 01000 00001 01001
00010 01111 01000 00001 01001
 WHAT THE ARE
COMPUTER PARTS?
How Computers Interpret Data
1. From the keyboard, pressure pads are typically found
underneath each key. Upon typing a letter, the pressure pad
sends information to the CPU for processing.
2. The information is then transmitted in the form of 0’s and
1’s using the ASCII code.
3. The CPU determines what character has been typed and
sends the information to the computer monitor, again in 0’s
and 1’s.
4. The monitor displays the information in its equivalent
character, this time readable and understandable by
humans.
 Information Coding Schemes
The combination of 0s and 1s that represent characters

POPULAR CODING SCHEMES

• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange)
• EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange
Code)
• UNICODE (UNIform CODE capable of representing world's
language)
 ASCII EBCDIC UNICODE
• Widely used to represent • Widely used to represent • Widely used to represent
text based on data for text based on IBM text based data using any
computer processing on mainframe computers written language, including
many types of computers • Primarily is used on those in different alphabets
• Traditionally used with PCs mainframe computers and such as Chinese Greek, and
• Use 8 bits to represent a high-end servers Russian
character • Use 8 bits to represent a • Use 16/32 bits to represent
• Can represent 256 character a character
characters • Can represent 256 • Can represent more than
• Can work in many computer characters 65000 characters
systems • Can work in many computer • Can work in several
systems computer systems, such as
Windows, Mac OS, and Linux
How Computers Communicate
with One Another
System Bus
• is a pathway composed of
cables and connectors used to
carry data from a computer’s
peripheral devices
• There are three types of buses,
the data bus, address bus and
control bus.
 Data bus
• can transfer data to and from the memory of a computer, or into or out of
the CPU
• files transferred from a flash drive to the computer’s hard drive and a
document sent to the printer for printing
 Address bus
• is used by the CPU to specify a physical address for instruction, files, and
other devices within the computer system
• For example, in a given computer unit, there are typically 6 to 8 USB ports.
The address bus is responsible for checking which of the USB ports has a
printer connected to it along with the mouse, keyboard, speaker and
sometimes even external drives.
Control bus
• is used by CPUs to
communicate with other
devices within the computer
system. As the address bus
carries the location of the data
being sent and the data bus
carries the actual data being
processed, the control bus
carries the commands or
instructions from the CPU.
halt instruction via the control bus
 32-bit 64-bit
Number of bits 32 64
64-bit architecture is based on
32-bit architecture is based on registers, address
registers, address or data buses 64
Architecture and or data buses 32 bits (4 octets) wide. For
bits (8 octets) wide. For software, 64-
Software Description software, 32-bit typically means use of 32-bit
bit means code use with 64-bit
linear address space.
virtual memory addresses.
64-bit OS requires 64-bit CPU, and
32-bit operating systems (OS) and applications
Compatibility 64-bit applications need a 64-bit OS
require 32-bit CPUs
and CPU
32-bit systems are limited to 3.2 Gigabytes (GB) of
RAM 32 bit Windows with address limitation do 64-bit systems allow up to 17 Billion
Memory Limits
not attain to a full 4GB. It's hardware dependent, GB of RAM.
typically 3.25GB.
• More RAM access • More
Pros Fewer issues, more widely compatible efficiency • More virtual memory
allocation • More security features
• Possible driver compatibility •
Less RAM access, less memory, less efficiency,
Cons Some motherboard RAM limits •
fewer security features
How Computers Connect to
other Computers
Wireless VS Wired
DO YOU KNOW?
Wireless Fidelity
 Computer Network Systems
1.PAN – Personal Area Network
2.LAN – Local Area Network
3.WAN – Wide Area Network
4.MAN – Metropolitan Area Network
Personal Area Network (PAN)
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
1. It is mostly personal devices network equipped within a
limited area.
2. Allows you to handle the interconnection of IT devices at the
surrounding of a single user.
3. PAN includes mobile devices, tablet, and laptop.
4. It can be wirelessly connected to the internet called WPAN.
5. Appliances use for PAN: cordless mice, keyboards, and
Bluetooth systems.
Local Area Network (LAN)
 Local Area Network (LAN)
1. It is a private network, so an outside regulatory body never
controls it.
2. LAN operates at a relatively higher speed compared to other
WAN systems.
3. There are various kinds of media access control methods like
token ring and ethernet.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
1. The software files will be shared among all the
users; therefore, all can access to the latest files.
2. Any organization can form its global integrated
network using WAN.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
1. It mostly covers towns and cities in a maximum 50
km range
2. Mostly used medium is optical fibers, cables
3. Data rates adequate for distributed computing
applications.
 Methods of Communication
• Wired Communication
• Wireless Communication
 Wired Communication
• Computer systems have different connections which
usually depend on the motherboard’s form factor.
Popular wired connections nowadays include the
following:
• USB
• FireWire
• Ethernet Cable
• HDMI
 Connector Genders
Female Connector Male Connector
 Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Universal Serial Bus is a connection or interface that allows the
computer to communicate with system peripherals
 FireWire
•is a type of connector that
can transmit data to and
from devices which has
typical high data rates, such
as external hard drives. The
transfer speed of a FireWire
is faster than that of a USB.
Ethernet cable
•an Ethernet cable transmits
signals between a compute
and a network device such
as a router, switch or other
computers.
 HDMI
• High-definition Multimedia Interface is a
connector for transmitting audio/video data
which are compatible to computers, projectors
and digital televisions.
 VGA
• The 15-pin Video Graphics Array
connector has been provided on
many video cards, computer
monitors, laptop computers and
projectors. It is now slowly being
phased out in favor of the faster and
more compact HDMI connector.
 Serial
• an RS-232 serial connection was once a standard feature of a
personal computer used for connections to modem, printer,
mouse and other peripheral devices. Now, it has been replaced
by USB connections.
 DVI
• Digital Visual Interface
(DVI) was introduced in
1999.
• It’s the first widely used
digital video standard for
computers, but it also
supports analog signals.
 DisplayPort
• was introduced in 2008 by the Video Electronics Standards
Association (VESA)
• it was designed to be an industry standard and replace VGA and
DVI.
 Thunderbolt
• All Apple laptops made right now contain this port
• supports not only video devices but also several other
types of peripherals.
• In terms of versatility, it’s really only second to USB
 Parallel
• similar to the serial connection, parallel connections were used
before to connect other computer peripherals such as printers.
It has also been replaced since then by the USB connections.
 PS/2
• the PS/2 is a 6-pin connector used to connect the mouse and
keyboard to a computer. It is color-coded to identify which
peripheral will be connected to the port. Purple is for keyboard
and green is for the mouse.
 Audio jacks
• the audio jacks are the 3.5
mm jacks used for
microphones (as input) and
speakers (as output). It uses
color codes as well to
indicate the type of input
and output lines.
Digital Out - used with surround sound or loudspeakers

Sound in or line in - connection for external audio

sources (e.g., tape recorder, record player, or CD player.)
Microphone - connection for microphone or headphones
Sound out or line out - The primary sound connection
for your speakers or headphones.
Sometimes with black (2nd) or orange (3rd) sound out
connector

• MIDI or joystick (15 pin yellow connector) –

• Used with earlier sound cards to connect MIDI
keyboard or joystick.
 Wireless communication
• wireless communications include microwave transmission,
satellite communication, cellular transmission, and radio
transmission such as Wi-Fi connectivity.
• Wireless technologies differ hugely from one another, but the
most popular types are Bluetooth and Wi-Fi.
 Wi-Fi
• The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a
professional technical association with members all across the
globe identified standard 802.11 for Wi-Fi
• uses radio waves to wirelessly transmit information across a
network. Wi-Fi’s signals are transmitted in frequencies of
between 2.5 and 5 gigahertz (GHz), which are higher than radio
and TV signals to avoid interference.
 Bluetooth
• The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a
professional technical association with members all across the
globe identified standard 802.15 for Bluetooth in the wireless
standards.
• uses radio waves to connect to other devices. The connection
via Bluetooth is called pairing. Once paired, devices are able to
send and receive information provided they are within a given
range which is typically 10 meters.
End of Lesson