SUggestedTActivity 1

One-One and Onto Function

Objective
To demonstrate a
function which is orne-one and onto.
Method ofConstruction
1 Take two functions A {1, 2, 3;
and B =(a b, d Material Required
Take three points on left hand side of the white as shown in gure.
them as 1,2, 3. It represents set A. paper sheet and name A drawing board
sheet
3 Take three pOLnts on the right hand Awhite paper
side of the white paper sheet and and
Board pins, pencil
name them as a, b, c. It represents set B.
Scale
4. Join point 1of set A to point a of set B. point 2 of set A
et B and join point 3 of set A to point c of to point b of
set B.
Demonstration, Observation and Conclusion 1

1. We observe from figure that: 2

Element 1of set A has element aof set B as its ímage. 3

Elemernt 2of set A has element b of set B as its image. Set B
Set A
Elernent 3 of set A has elerment c of set B as its image. Function f
It shows that each element of set Ahas one image in set B.
Frorn this observation, we conclude that the function is one-one.
2. From the figure, we observe that: 2
Element a of set B has its pre-image 1 in set A.
Element b of set B has its pre-image 2 in set A. 3
Element cof set B has its pre-image 3 in set A. Set A
Set B

This observation shows that each element of set B has a pre-image

in set A. onto.
observation we conclude that the function is
From the above demonstration and a), (2, b), (3, c} is one-one
to set B = (a, b, c defned as K1,
Hence, the function rom set A = (1,2, 3)
and onto.

Application and onto or not.

can be used to verify whether a given function is one-one
This activity

Viva Voce
onto.
is one-one as well as only one image
. Define function which one-one when each element of set A has one and set A.
set B is called
Ans. Afunction from set A to called onto when each element of set B has a
pre-image in
in set B and the function is
and onto.
a set which isone-one d is one-one
2. Give an example of
3, 4} to set B (a, b, c, defined as (1, a), (2, b), (3, d, (4, element of set
Ans. Afunction from set A= |1,2, A has one image in set B and it is also onto because each
because each element of set
in set A.
B has a pre-image invertible function. function
define an
. Can you
function which is one-one and onto is invertible
AR. IaVerttble function: A
 2. Continuity and Differentiability
Activity 2.1 Continuity and Discontinuity of a
Function at a Point
Objective
continuity of the function at that point
Fnd analyticallythe linit of a function fA at x- cand also to check the
Method of Construction
x-16 whenx* 4 Material Required
1. Take a function:f( = X4
A drawing board
when x=4 A white paper sheet
Board pins, pencil and
Take some values of x on left side of 4, very close to 4 Scale
A 3.9, 3.99, 3.999, 3.9999, 3.99999, 3.999999, 3.9999999
3. Workout corresponding values of fx) for above given values of x with
the help of calculator
A7.9, 7.99, 7.999, 7.9999, 7.99999, 7.999999, 7.9999999
1.
4. Now record the above given values of x and fx) in the following Table
Table 1
3.999 3.9999 3.99999 3.999999 3.9999999
3.9 3.99
7.999 7.9999 7.99999 7.999999 7.9999999
7.9 7.99

5. Take some values of x on right side of 4, very close to 4

2=4.1, 4.01, 4.001, 4.0001, 4.00001, 4.000001, 4.0000001
the help of calculator.
6. Now workout the corresponding values of f() for the above given values of xwith
7. Now record above given values of x and f() in the following Table 2.
Table 2

4.1 4.01 4.001 4.0001 4.00001 4.000001 4.0000001

8.01 8.001 8.0001 8.00001 8.000001 8.0000001

8.1

Demonstration
1. The above two Tables 1 and 2 are showing the values of x and their corresponding values of f4.
2. These two tables are demonstrating that when x is very near to 4 either through values ofx smaller
than 4or greater than 4, the value of f is approaching to 8.
Observations
The valueof f \ is approaching to 8 as x’ 4.
The value off is approaching to 8 as x 4+.

Conclusion
lim f(x) 8exists 2. f\4) =8 (given) 3. lim fx) - f 8
f ) is continuous at x =4.

Application
Thn activity ia useful in understanding the concept of limit and continuity of a function at a given point.
 Suggested Activity 10 Graph of an Inverse
Function Trigonometrie
Objective
To draw the graph of sin x. using the graph of sin x and demonstratethe concept of mirror reflectinn laly

the line =)
Method of Construction
cm. Material Required
1. Take a cardbord of suitable dimensions, say, 30 cm x 30
2. On the cardboard, paste a white chart paper of
size 25 cn x 25 Cardboard, white chart
cm (say). paper, ruler, coioured
perpendicular to each other and pens, adhesive penil
J. On the paper, draw two lines, figure). eraser, cutter, naits and
name them X'OX and YOY as rectangular axes (see thin wires
4. Graduate the axes approximately as shown in figure by taking
unit on X-axis unit of Y-axis.
1.25 times the
Y

5. Mark approximately the points sin sin sin in the coordinate plane and at each
point fix a nail.

6. Repeat the above process on the other side of thex-axis, marking the points
approximately and fix nails on these points as N', N', N,, N, Also fix a nau a
7. Join the nails with the help of atight wire on both sides of x-axis to get the graph of sin x Iron g
8. Draw the graph of the line y x(by plotting the points (1,1), (2, 2), (3, 3), ... etc. and hxng
these points).
 the nails N,, N, N3, N4,draw perpendicular on the line y = xand
9. Fromn perpendicular on produce
At these pointsthese
length of both sides of the line y = Xare lines such
equal.
¡0. Repeat the above activity on the other side of x-axis and fix nails at I', I;, I , l4:fx nails, I,, , that
l. la
Join the nails on both sides of the line y= x by a tight wire
11. that wil show the graph of y = sin!
Demonstration
the line y=x The image of the graph of sin xin the
iror on mirror will represent the graph of
Put a
showing that sin x is mirror reflection of sin X and vice versa. sin'x
Dbservation
1 The image of point N, in the mirror (the line y = ) is I,.
) The image of point N, in the mirror (the line y = ) is I,.
1 The image of point N, in the mirror (the line y= is Ig.
4 The image of point N, in the mirror (the line y= is L,.
The image of point N' in the mirror (the line y is I,.
6 The image point of N, in the mirTOr (the line y= ) is I',.
7. The image point of N, in the mirror (the line y= ) is I'4.
8. The image point of N, in the mirror (the line y = x) is I'4.
9. Theimage of the graph of sin x in y = xis the graph of sin x, and the image of the graph of sin'
in y= x is the graph of sin x.

Application
Sumilar activity can be performed for drawing the graphs of cos'x, tan
X, etc.
 Inverse
Sugested Activity 11 Principle Value of an
rigonometric Function

Objective
function sin'x using a unit circle.
Io expiore the principal value of the
Method of Construction paper
Takea cardboard of aconvenient size and paste a white chart Material Required
1 Cardboard, white chart
On it.
paper, rails, ruler,
2. Draa unit circle with centreO on it. X'OX adhesive, steel wres and
Through the centre of the circle, draw two perpendicular lines in needle.
3. shown
and raxis, respectively as
and YOY representing raxis
igure (). raxis and
Mark the points A. B,C and D, where the circle cuts the
+. figure (). wire between
axis, respectively as shown in cardboard which are parallel to y- axis. Fix one steel
sides of the
5. Fix two rails on opposite can be moved parallel to x-axis asshowm in figure (). move
the rails such that the wire circle and the other end to
length. Fix one end of it at the centre of the
6. Take a needle of unit
freely along the circle figure (t).

Rail
Rait

B0. 1) P. Steel
wire
Needle
Needie
A
A(1.0)
C(-1, 0)

|D(O. -1)

(i) (i)

Demonstration
of x-axis. Measure o! ai
1. Keep the needle at an arbitrary angle, say x, with the positive direction
radian is equal to the length of intercepted arc of the unit circle. of
with free end
2. Slide the steel wire between the rails. parallel to xaxis such that the wire meets
needle (sav P) (figure (il). Wre froi
steel
3. Denote the y-coordinate of the point P, as y,, where y, is the perpendicular distance of
the x-axis of the unit circle giving y, = sin x y-c0ordnate
4. Rotate the needle further anticlockwise and keep it at the angie n - X;. Find the value of points P
of intersecting point P, with the help of sliding steel wire. Value of y-coordinate fordemonstrates
the
P, are sane for the different value of angles, y, sinx, and y; = sin (r - x,). This
sine function is not one-to-one for angles considered in first and second quadrants
 K. respectively. By sliding down the steel wire parallel ta
and - +
argles- P, and P, are the same and thus sine function is
reedie #t that COordinate fur the points
deOnstrate considered in 3rd and 4th quadrants as
shown in figure liù.
points diflerent. Move the necdle in arnticlockwise
ais,
-t-orie for points P, and P, are
y-coordinate of the
the and look at the behaviour of y-coordinates of points Ps, P. P and
Hewe er,
6dretion to
statingfrom 2 2
to Xaxis accord1ngly. y-coordinate of points Ps, Pe, P, and P, are
steel wire parallel
sidingthe domian and its range lies
P, by Hence, sine function is one-to-one in the
(see igure (i).
diierent

the interval-"
ietweenland1. I and denote the y-coordinate
say 0 lying in 2

the needleatanyarbitrary angle Then Sin 9 or = arc sin y) as sine function is

Keep figure
(see
(u). y=
point Py as y. sine function exist. The
of the intersecting and range [-1, 1]. So, its inverse arc
domain
in the
ofe-oneand onto This range is called the principal
value of
and range
arcsine function is -1, 1]
dormain of
function for sin function).
arc sinc

B Sin

(0. y) arc

/(0. Y4)

(0.-Y,)
(0.- Y)

(iv)
(ii)

Ohservation
and second quadrants.
1 Sine function is non negative in first
non-positive.
2. For tie quadrants 3 and 4", sine function is
1. arc sin ys s= sin t where
37 for arc Sine

4. Tlhe other dormains of sine function on which it is one--one and

onto provides

fuRction.

Application
vty can be used for finding the principal value of arc cosine function (cos Y