MODULE 1

CHAPTER I.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

1. Integrate integrands using Power formula

PART 1: POWER FORMULA

Integral Calculus

A branch of mathematics concerned with the determination, properties

Anti-Differentiation

Is the reverse process to differentiation.

Example: What is an integral of 2x?

Integral

2x 𝒙𝟐

Derivative

Given the derivative of a function, to find the function, the required

∫(𝑥 3 − 4𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Integrand

= ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥4 4𝑥 2
= 4
− 2
Integration

𝑥4
= 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶 Integral

The Indefinite Integral

The indefinite integral is a function that takes the anti- derivative

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 1
 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Notation:

Integrand is anti-derivative of f(x)

∫ 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 +C constant of
Integration
Integral Sign

Where the symbol ʃ is called the integral sign and C is called the
constant of integration.

1.2.The Power Formula

If n is not equal to minus one, the integral of 𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 is obtained by

𝑈 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑈 𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶 , 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1

Negative Exponents:
𝑎
Any function look like f(x)=𝑥 𝑛 can be written using a negative
exponent:

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂. 𝒙−𝒏

Fractional Exponents:
𝑛
Functions look like f(x) = a. √𝑥 𝑚 can be written as power of x using
fractional components:
𝒎
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂. 𝒙 𝒏

Integrands with more than one term:

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 2
 To evaluate such integrals, we integrate each term:

∫(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 )𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙

General Power Rule for Integration:

If g is differentiable function of x, then

[𝒈(𝒙)]𝒏+𝟏
∫[𝒈(𝒙)]𝒏 𝒈′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = + 𝒄, 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏
𝒏+𝟏
Equivalently,if u=g(x),then

𝒖𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = + 𝒄, 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏
𝒏+𝟏
Note: The process of integration can be simplified by use of a
substitution or change of variable. The purpose of substituting a new
variable is to bring the problem to a form which the standard formula can
be applied.

Illustrative Example:

𝒙𝟐+𝟏
1.∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄
𝟐+𝟏

𝒙𝟑
= +𝑪
𝟑

𝒙𝟑+𝟏
2.∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝟑+𝟏

𝒙𝟒
= +𝑪
𝟒

3.∫ 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟓 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 ∫ 𝒙𝟓 𝒅𝒙

𝒙𝟓+𝟏
=𝟏𝟎. 𝟓+𝟏 + 𝒄

𝒙𝟔
=10. 𝟔 + 𝒄

𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟔 𝟓𝒙𝟔
= +𝒄= +𝒄
𝟔 𝟑

4.∫ 𝟗𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝟗 ∫ 𝒙𝒅𝒙

𝒙𝟏+𝟏
=9. 𝟏+𝟏 + 𝒄

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 3
 𝒙𝟐
=9. 𝟐 + 𝒄

𝟗𝒙𝟐
= +𝒄
𝟐

𝟏
5.∫ 𝒙𝟒 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙−𝟒 𝒅𝒙

𝒙−𝟒+𝟏
= +𝒄
−𝟒+𝟏

𝒙−𝟑 𝟏
=− + 𝒄 𝒐𝒓 − 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝒄
𝟑

𝟏
6.∫ √𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟏
+𝟏
𝒙𝟐
= 𝟏 +𝒄
+𝟏
𝟐

𝟑
𝒙𝟐
= 𝟑 +𝒄
𝟐

7.∫(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 )𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟒 ∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙

𝒙𝟐+𝟏 𝒙𝟑+𝟏
=𝟑. 𝟐+𝟏 − 𝟒. 𝟑+𝟏 + 𝒄

𝟑𝒙𝟑 𝟒𝒙𝟒
= − +𝒄
𝟑 𝟒

= 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒄

8.∫(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐)𝒅𝒙 = ∫(𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟐)𝒅𝒙

= 𝟔 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒙𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙

𝒙𝟐+𝟏 𝒙𝟏+𝟏
=6. 𝟐+𝟏 + − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒅𝒙
𝟏+𝟏

𝒙𝟐
=𝟐𝒙𝟑 + − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟐

𝟏
9.∫ √𝒙(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙
𝟓 𝟏
=∫ (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙

𝟓 𝟏
+𝟏 +𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
=𝟓 + 𝟏 +𝒄
+𝟏 +𝟏
𝟐 𝟐

𝟕 𝟑
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
= 𝟕 + 𝟑 +𝒄
𝟐 𝟐

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 4
 𝟕 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐
=𝟕 . 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 . 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄

𝟕 𝟑
𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝟐
= + +𝒄
𝟕 𝟑

𝟏 𝟏
10.∫ 𝟔 (𝟐 − 𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟔 ∫(𝟐 − 𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝟏
= 𝟔 ∫(𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒙

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=𝟔 . 𝟒 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟔 (𝟒) ∫ 𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝟔 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝟏
= 𝟑 + 𝟑 ∫ 𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝟔 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝒙𝟏+𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟐+𝟏
= 𝟑 + 𝟑 . 𝟏+𝟏 + 𝟔 . 𝟐+𝟏 +𝑪

𝟐𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑
= + + 𝟏𝟖 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟑

Illustrative Example:

Evaluate the following integrals and check by differentiation

𝑥4
1. ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 𝑑𝑥
4 3.∫
(𝑥+5)2
Checking
1 =∫(𝑥 + 5)−2 𝑑𝑥
(4𝑥 3 ) = 𝑥 3
4 let u= x+5

du = dx

2.∫(6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 =∫(𝑢)−2 𝑑𝑢

= ∫ 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 =
(𝑥+5)−1
−1
𝑥3 𝑥2
=6 −4 +𝑥+𝑐 1
3 2 =-− 𝑥+5 + 𝑐

=2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝐶 Checking:
Checking:
−1(−1)(𝑥 + 5)−2
6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 1
(𝑥+5)2

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 5
 4.∫ 3(3𝑥 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥 5.∫ 𝑥 (2 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

u=3x-1
= ∫ 𝑥 (4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
du=3dx
= 4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 4
= ∫ 3(𝑢) ( )
3
2
4𝑥 3 𝑥 4
= 2𝑥 − + +𝐶
𝑢5 3 4
= +𝑐
5
Checking:
1 5
=5 (3𝑥 − 1) +c
4 1
4𝑥 − (3𝑥 2 ) + (4𝑥 3 )
3 4
Check:
4𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3
𝑑 1
[ (3𝑥 − 1)5 + 𝑐]
𝑑𝑥 5 𝑥(4 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 )
1 𝑥(2 − 𝑥)2
(5)(3𝑥 − 1)4 (3)
5

3(3𝑥 − 1)4

6. ∫(3𝑥 + 3)4 𝑑𝑥

Let u=3x+3

du=3dx

𝑑𝑢
dx= 3

𝑑𝑢
=∫(𝑢)4 ( 3 )

1 (𝑢)5
=3 5

1 (3𝑥+3)5
=
3 5

(3𝑥+3)5
= 15
+C

Checking

5
(3𝑥 + 3)4 (3)
15

(3𝑥 + 3)4

MATH 113– INTEGRAL CALCULUS | PREPARED BY: ENGR. SALVADOR R. CARAS JR. 6