Unit -1

Unit-I: Digital Image Fundamentals – Short Questions & Answers

Digital Image Fundamentals

 Q1: What is a digital image?

o A digital image is a two-dimensional array of pixels, where each pixel represents a

color or intensity value.

 Q2: What are the main components of digital image processing?

o The main components are image acquisition, preprocessing, enhancement,

restoration, compression, and analysis.

 Q3: What is image sampling?

o Image sampling is the process of selecting pixel values at regular intervals to

represent an image in digital form.

 Q4: What is image quantization?

o Image quantization is the process of mapping continuous pixel values into a limited
number of discrete levels.

 Q5: What is the relationship between pixels?

o Pixels can be related by spatial proximity, intensity similarity, or connectivity in an

image.

Image Transforms

 Q6: What is 2-D FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)?

o The 2-D FFT is used to convert an image from the spatial domain to the frequency
domain for analysis and processing.

 Q7: What are the properties of the 2-D FFT?

o Properties include symmetry, linearity, separability, periodicity, and convolution

theorem.

 Q8: What is the Walsh Transform?

o The Walsh Transform represents an image using only +1 and -1 values, making
computations faster and efficient.

 Q9: What are the properties of the Walsh Transform?

o It is orthogonal, uses only binary values (+1 and -1), and is useful for fast image
processing.

 Q10: What is the Hadamard Transform?

o The Hadamard Transform is a non-sinusoidal transform similar to the Walsh

Transform, used in signal processing.
  Q11: What are the properties of the Hadamard Transform?

o It is fast, orthogonal, binary-based, and useful in compression and denoising.

 Q12: What is the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)?

o The DCT transforms an image into frequency components and is mainly used in
image compression (e.g., JPEG).

 Q13: What are the properties of the DCT?

o It is real-valued, energy-compacting, and used in lossy compression techniques.

 Q14: What is the Haar Transform?

o The Haar Transform is a wavelet-based transform that represents images using

average and difference values.

 Q15: What are the properties of the Haar Transform?

o It is fast, lossless, localized, and widely used in image compression and edge
detection.

📌 These short answers cover the key points of Unit-I in simple language! 🚀

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 Unit 2

Unit-II: Image Enhancement – Short Questions & Answers

Image Enhancement (Spatial Domain)

 Q1: What is image enhancement?

o Image enhancement improves image quality by making features clearer for analysis.

 Q2: What is spatial domain image enhancement?

o It modifies pixel values directly to enhance an image.

 Q3: What is enhancement through point operation?

o It changes pixel values based on a fixed transformation function.

 Q4: What are the types of point operations?

o They include contrast stretching, thresholding, and logarithmic transformation.

 Q5: What is histogram manipulation?

o It adjusts image contrast by modifying the distribution of intensity levels.

 Q6: What are linear and nonlinear gray level transformations?

o Linear transformation includes contrast stretching, while nonlinear includes

logarithmic and power-law transformations.

 Q7: What is a local or neighborhood operation?

o It enhances images by modifying a pixel based on surrounding pixel values.

 Q8: What is a median filter?

o It reduces noise by replacing a pixel’s value with the median of its neighbors.

 Q9: What is the difference between image smoothing and sharpening?

o Smoothing reduces noise and blurs details, while sharpening enhances edges and
details.

Image Enhancement (Frequency Domain)

 Q10: What is filtering in the frequency domain?

o It enhances an image by modifying its frequency components using transformations

like FFT.

 Q11: How are frequency domain filters obtained from spatial filters?

o By applying the Fourier Transform to spatial filters.

 Q12: How are filters generated directly in the frequency domain?

o By designing filters like low-pass, high-pass, or band-pass directly in the frequency

space.
  Q13: What is the purpose of image smoothing in the frequency domain?

o To remove high-frequency noise and blur unwanted details.

 Q14: What is the purpose of image sharpening in the frequency domain?

o To enhance high-frequency components and improve edge details.

📌 These short Q&A cover the basics of Unit-II in simple terms! 🚀

 Unit -3

Unit-III: Image Restoration – Short Questions & Answers

Degradation Model

 Q1: What is an image degradation model?

o It represents how an image gets distorted due to noise, blur, or other imperfections.

Algebraic Approach to Restoration

 Q2: What is the algebraic approach to image restoration?

o It uses mathematical equations to reconstruct the original image from the degraded
one.

Inverse Filtering

 Q3: What is inverse filtering in image restoration?

o It is a method to recover an image by reversing the effects of blurring in the

frequency domain.

 Q4: What is the limitation of inverse filtering?

o It is highly sensitive to noise and may not work well if noise is present.

Least Mean Square (LMS) Filters

 Q5: What are least mean square (LMS) filters?

o These filters restore images by minimizing the mean squared error between the
original and degraded images.

 Q6: What is the advantage of LMS filtering?

o It balances between noise reduction and preserving important image details.

Constrained Least Squares Restoration

 Q7: What is constrained least squares restoration?

o It restores images by applying constraints to improve the accuracy of the restoration

process.

 Q8: How is constrained least squares better than LMS filtering?

o It gives better results by controlling noise amplification while restoring images.

📌 These short Q&A cover the basics of Unit-III in simple terms!

🚀