Internal Project Presentation

Title : Commutative Algebra

Presented by: Guided by:

Subhasis Biswas Dr. Shouvik Bhattacharya
Joydeep Saha
Subhankar Sarkar

Department of Mathematics
Tripura University
Subhasis, Joydeep, Subhankar Commutative Algebra October 1, 2024 1 / 36
Introduction

Commutative algebra is a branch of mathematics that studies commutative ring, their

ideals, and modules over these rings.
Commutative Algebra, the study of commutative rings and their modules, emerged as a
definite area of mathematics at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Its origins lie in the works of eminent mathematicians such as Kronecker, Dedekind,
Hilbert and Emmy Noether who sought to develop a solid foundation for Number
Theory.

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Operation on Ideals

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Operation on Ideals

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Operation on Ideals

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Operation on Ideals

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Operation on Ideals

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Operation on Ideals

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Operation on Ideals

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Operation on Ideals

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Operation on Ideals

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Motivation for Radicals

Throughout the rest, A stands for a commutative ring with unity.

P be an property.
A P-radical is an ideal of all the elements having property P.
We want to get rid of this property.
Goal: To find rings for which the P-radical is zero i.e., P(A) = {0}.
Way: Quotient them out from A.
Result: Such a ring is “P-radical free” or P-semisimple.
Two types considered here are the nil and Jacobson radicals.
Factoring out by the nil and Jacobson radicals yields quotients closely related to integral
domains and fields.

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History

Joseph Wedderburn Nathan Jacobson

Gottfried Köthe
He gave the idea of a He studied Jacobson radicals for
He introduced Nilradical(1930)
radical(1908) arbitrary rings(1945)

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Nilradical
Theorem
Let A be a ring and put
N = {x ∈ A | x is nilpotent}.
Then
1 N ◁A
2 A/N has no nonzero nilpotent elements.

The ideal N is called the nilradical of A.

Definition (Reduced Ring)
A ring A is reduced iff N = {0}.

Corollary
A/N is a reduced ring.
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Nilradical

Proposition(Ideal Characterization)
The nilradical of a ring A is the intersection of all the prime ideals of A.
\
N= P
P ∈ ◁Prime A

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Jacobson Radical

Definition
The Jacobson radical R of a ring A is defined to be the intersection of all of the maximal
ideals of A. \
R= M
M ∈ ◁Maximal A

Definition (Membership test)

Let x ∈ A. Then x ∈ R ⇐⇒ ∀y ∈ A, 1 − xy is a unit.

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Jacobson Radical

Proposition
Let I ◁ A and ϕ : A → A/I be the natural map.
Then ideals J of A/I have the form

J = J/I = {j + I | j ∈ J}

for some J such that I ⊆ J ◁ A.

Clearly, the maximal ideals of A/R have the form

M/R where M is a maximal ideal of A
So,the Jacobson radical of A/R is
R/R = {R}, the trivial ideal.

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P-semisimple rings
Example
Let A = Z. Then R = N = {0} .
Since maximal ideals in Z , being a PID, are precisely nonzero prime ideals,so
T
R = p pZ = {0} = N

So, Z is semisimple.

Example
Let A = F[ x] where F is a field. Then R = N = {0} .
Consider α ̸= ( 0) ∈ F[ x] .
Then 1 − xα is a polynomial of degree ≥ 1.
(Units in F[ x] are just the nonzero constants). So, 1 − xα cannot be a unit.
Hence, by membership test α ∈ / R. So R = {0}.
So, F[ x] is semisimple.
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Quotients by radicals

T
Let B be a ring and {Ji | i ∈ I} is a family of ideals of B. Let J = i∈I Ji
B/N
B/R
Chinese Remainder theorem:
n n
Ji ∼
\ Y
B/ = B/Ji
i=1 i=1

Problem: Finite Intersection, Pairwise comaximal

Solution: Subdirect Product

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Subdirect Product

Let {Ai | i ∈ I} be a family of rings with direct product and projection maps.
Q
A = i∈I Ai , ρj : A → Aj

Definition (Subdirect Product)

Call a ring B a subdirect product of the family {Ai | i ∈ I} if there exists a ring homomorphism

ψ:B→A

such that
1 ψ is injective
2 ρj ◦ ψ : B → Aj is surjective for all j.

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Subdirect Product

Example
The “diagonal subring” S = {( n, n) |n ∈ Z × Z} is a subdirect product.

Proof.
It is a subring of Z × Z.
It projects onto each component of the product

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Quotients by radicals are subdirect products

Theorem
T
Let B be a ring and {Ji | i ∈ I} is a family of ideals of B. Put J = i∈I Ji
Then
1 J ◁B
2 B/J is a subdirect product of the family {B/Ji | i ∈ I}

Corollary
A/N is a subdirect product of integral domains.
A reduced ring is a subdirect product of integral domains.

Corollary
A/R is a subdirect product of fields.

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Remark
Since all maximal ideals are prime, nilradical ⊆ Jacobson radical.
In any integral domain, the nilradical is trivial
In any local ring, the Jacobson radical is the unique maximal ideal.
For a finite ring, R = N.

Remark
In general, the nil and Jacobson radicals need not be equal.

Idea of Proof.
Hint: There are local rings which are integral domains but not fields.
Nilradical= {0}
Jacobson radical = M.
Example: Power series ring

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Radical of an Ideal

Definition
Let A be a ring, and consider X ⊆ A . Define the radical of X (w.r.t A) to be

r (X ) = {z ∈ A|∃n ≥ 1 such that z n ∈ X }.

—comprising all “nth roots” of elements of X for all positive n.

Proposition
The set of zero-divisors of A is equal to its own radical.
[
D= r ( Annx)
x̸=0

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Radical of an Ideal

Theorem
Let I ◁ A and ϕ : A → A/I be the natural map. Then ϕ( r (I )) = NA/I
NA/I denotes the nilradical of A/I.

Properties
Let I, J ◁ A. Then
1 r(I) ⊇ I ;
2 r(r(I)) = r(I) ;
T T
3 r(IJ) = r(I J) = r(I) r(J) ;
4 r(I) = A ⇐⇒ I = A;
5 r(I + J) = r(r(I) + r(J)) .

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Radical of an ideal

Theorem
The radical of an ideal is the intersection of the prime ideals containing it.
\
r(I) = P
prime ideals P ⊇I

Example
Let A = Z and I = mZ where m ≥ 2. If m has distinct prime factors p1 , ..., pr , then

r(mZ) = p1 ...pr Z

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Extension and Contraction

Definition (Extension)
Let f : A −→ B be a ring homomorphism.
If I ◁ A, then extension I e , of I (with respect to f ) is defined as

I e =< f ( I ) >

ideal generated in B

Definition (Contraction)
If J ◁ B, then contraction J c of J (with respect to f ) is defined as

J c = f −1 ( J) ◁ A

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Primeness of an ideal
Contraction
The property of an ideal being prime is preserved under contraction.

Extension
There is no known simple relationship between prime ideals of f(A) and prime ideals of B

Example (Gaussian integers)

Consider extension with respect to the identity embedding of Z in Z[ i] .
The nonzero prime ideals of Z have the form pZ where p ∈ Z is prime, but

( pZ) e = {pα|α ∈ Z[ i]]} = pZ[ i]

1 if p ≡ 1 ( mod 4) then pZ[ i] is the product of two distinct prime ideals.

2 if p ≡ 3 ( mod 4) then pZ[ i] is prime in Z[ i] .
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References

M. F. Atiyah and I. G. MacDonald, Introduction to Commutative Algebra,2nd edition,

Taylor & Francis, 1994.
https://www.maths.edu.au/u/de/AGR/CommutativeAlgebra/materials.html

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 Thank you

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