"px 9.

35 # 10 kg &m/s
! 1.87 # 10 $24 kg &m/s.
! 1.13 # 10 $8 m ! 11 nm,
The uncertainty in the speed is given as 0.50% of the
measured speed. Because px depends directly on speed, which is about 100 atomic diameters.

PHYS1007 Week 13. 10 pointsexamples,

Additional for each problem. Totalpractice
video, and of 40 points
available at WileyPLUS

1. For the arrangement of Figs. 38-14 and 38-15, electrons in the incident beam in region 1 have

38-8
energy E = 800 eV and the potential step has a height of U1 = 600 eV. What is the angular wave
number in (a) region REFLECTION
1 and (b) regionFROM A POTENTIAL
2? (c) What STEP
is the reflection coefficient? (d) If the incident
Learning
beam sends 5.00 ×Objectives
105 electrons against the potential step, approximately how many will be
reflected?
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
38.32 Write the general wave function for Schrödinger’s energy step), where the incident electrons each
2. An electronequation for anin
is trapped electron in a region of constant
a one-dimensional infinite(including
potential well that is 100
potential pm wide;
energy U ! 0 the
and a mechanical energy
zero) potential energy. than the step
electron is in its ground state. What is the probability that you can detect the electron in an height Ub.
38.33 With a sketch, identify a potential step for an electron, 38.36 Identify that because electrons are matter w
interval ofindicating
width Δxthe= barrier
5.0 pm centered
height Ub. at x = (a) 25 pm, (b) 50 pm, might and (c) 90 pm?
reflect from a(Hint: Thestep even when th
potential
interval38.34
Δx isFor
so electron
narrow wave
that you can take
functions in twothe probability
adjacent density to more
regions, be constant
than enoughwithin it.) to pass through the st
energy
determine the coefficients (probability amplitudes) by 38.37 Interpret the reflection and transmission coef
3. Calculate matching values and
the probability thatslopes at the boundary.
the electron in the hydrogen atom, in its ground
terms of the state, willofbean electron reflecting o
probability
38.35 Determine the reflection and transmission coefficients
found between spherical shells whose radii are a and 2a, where a is the Bohr radius. and also in terms of the av
through the boundary
for electrons incident on a potential step (or potential ber of electrons out of the total number shot at th
4. A hydrogen atom is excited from its ground state to the state with n = 4. (a) How much energy
Key Ideas
must be●absorbed by the
A particle can atom?
reflect from Consider
a boundarythe photon
at which its energies that●can
For abebeam
emitted by the
of a great atom
many as R gives the
particles,
it de-excites to the
potential ground
energy changesstate in when
even the several possible
classically it wouldways.
not (b) How
fractionmany different
that will undergoenergies
reflection.
reflect. The transmission
are possible; what are the (c) highest, (d) second highest, (e) third highest, (f) lowest, (g) second
● coefficient T that gives the prob
The(h)
reflection coefficient R gives the probability of reflec- transmission through the boundary is
lowest, ●and third lowest energies?
tion of an individual particle at the
38-8 REboundary.
FLECTION FROM A POTE NTIAL STE P 1175T ! 1 2 R.

5 for potential energy as a function Canoftheposition

electron (Recall that U ! qV.
x.be Classically, the electron has
potential Vb is negative, the electron’s
reflectedcharge is negative, and so the
by theqregion too much energy to be
energy Ub is positive.) of negative potential?
consider the situation where E > Ub. Classically, the electrons should all
Reflection from a Potential Step
reflected by the potential step.

ugh the boundary—they certainlyV =have 0 enough

Vb < 0 energy. Indeed, we dis- Here is a quick taste of Energy
what you would see in more advanced quantu
uch motion extensively in Chapters 22 through 24, wherex electrons In Fig. 38-14, we Esend a beam of a great many nonrelativistic electrons,
Electron
nto electric potentials and had changes in potential energy and kinetic tal energy E, along an x Uaxis b through a narrow tube. Initially they are
We simply conserved mechanical energyx =and 0 noted that if the potential where their potential energy is U ! 0, but at x ! 0 they encounter a re
creases, the kinetic energyFigure
decreases by elements
38-14 The the sameofamount,
a tube inand negative electric potential Vb. The transition is called a potential step o
the speed
which
decreases. What we took for granted(the
an electron is that,
dot)because
approaches theaelectron energy step. The step is said to have a height Ub, which is the potential
region energy
ater than the potential energy Ub, all the
with a negative electrons
electric potentialpass electron will have once it passes through
Vb. through the x the boundary at x ! 0, as
0
y. However, if we apply Schrödinger’s equation, we find a big surprise—
Figure 38-15 An energy diagram containing
electrons are matter waves, not tiny solid (classical) particles, some of two plots for the situation of Fig. 38-14: (1)
ually reflect from the boundary. Let’s determine what fraction R of the The electron’s mechanical energy E is plot-
electrons reflect. ted. (2) The electron’s electric potential en-
gion 1, where U is zero, Eq. 38-23 tells us that the angular wave number is ergy U is plotted as a function of the elec-
tron’s position x. The nonzero part of the
2p 22mE plot (the potential step) has height Ub.
k! (38-29)
h
38-24 tells us that the general space-dependent solution to Schrodinger’s
is
c1(x) ! Aeikx " Be#ikx (region 1). (38-30)
2, where the potential energy is Ub, the angular wave number is

2p22m(E # Ub)
kb ! , (38-31)
h
eneral solution, with this angular wave number, is
c2(x) ! Ce ikbx " De#ikbx (region 2). (38-32)
oefficients C and D because they are not the same as the coefficients in

terms with positive arguments in an exponential represent particles

n the "x direction; those with negative arguments represent particles
n the #x direction. However, because there is no electron source off to
in Figs. 38-14 and 38-15, there can be no electrons moving to the left in
So, we set D ! 0, and the solution in region 2 is then simply
1 (a)
region
.

V = 1 . 60 + 10 M/s
E =
k = = mrz
3
=
Ex9 . 11 x 10 x 1 60. x 10
=
1. 17 x 10 J
=
128 8eV .

k, = E
2π
=
6 .
626x10-342x9 . 11 x 10. x 128 8 .
x 1 .
602x10"9
=
1 . 38 x 10 " mi

(b) k = ME U)
2T
=
6 . 626x10-342x9 . 11 x 10* x 228 8 x .
1 , 602x10
+ 9

=
1 75 . x 100 m
-

= Alix
1) Bek

↑ (0) =
Nel0S

A + B = C

d4,
dX
(x)(x = 0
= di* (x = 0

k, A -
k, B =
kzC

kz = 0. 56k ,

A -
B = 0. 56C

2A = 1 . 56C 2B =
0 . 44C
C
&
= 1 . 56

0. 099

(d) Nr = RNo
=
00195 x 3 .
00 x 109
= 2 . 385 x 108

2
. Nix =
Esin(x)
p(x) = /N(x))"dx
p(X) =
/Esin(x)) " dy
P(25) =
) Sin 120 25)) x x
5 0 .

= 0 . 050

P(50) = ) Sin 120 x 50)) x

5 0 .

=
0 .
10

p(90) =
) Sin 120x90)) x
5 0 .

=
0 . 0095
 42 zv/a
3 . P(r) =
ase
Placr(a)
= Dr de

Stdg fg-Sgdf =

f r2
-

zr/ad
=

dg = e
/a
df 2rdr ze
g
= =
-

Speirladr =- arreiraa Srearade

f = r dg = e-2/9 d
df=dr g = -
Gerla
Spezuladr
arreira -are-zra +
girl
2
-
=
2

arce-zr/a arre-zu/a ab -
zr/a
-
-
-
e
2
-

= -
a(E +
+
-zr/a 29

placrazal =
- + a

=
- + 1)e 2
2
4
[8 + p + 1)e [2 + 2 + 1]e -
-

=
-
+

= 0. 439

4 . (a) E =
Almi-mi)
=
13 . 6 /2 - )
= 12 . 775 e

(b) 6 different
ways
4 &3 -

4+ 2 4- 1

3+2 3 -> 1

2- 1

(C) Exec = 13 6 .
xl-)
=
12 . 8 e

(d) Esel = 13 . 6 x
(2-Egul
= 12 , 1 eV

(e) Eze1 =
13 . 6 (t-E2)
= , Zet
10

If) Exes =
13 6 .
x 1552-tel
= 0 . 66leV

(g) Esez =
13 6 .
(T2-se
= 1 . 89 el

(h) Ext2 =
13 6 . x(2 -

2)
= 2 , 55eV