School of Engineering

Department of Electrical and electronics Engineering

EENG491L—Electric machines 2 Lab
Section ID: C

Report ID: 1

Report Title: single phase transformers (toroidal)

Submitted by: Ali Wehbe Moussawui-82130453

Lab Instructor: Dr.khaled Khatib

Grade Weight
Objectives 10
Title 5
Cover 5
Equipment and 10
Roles
Simulation Part 25
Hardware Part 30
Conclusion 15
Total 100

Instructions
Report submission in individually
Hardware Part includes: title (2 pts), description (10 pts), and
Calculation (8 pts), results (10 pts).
Simulation Part includes: LTspice Circuit (10 pts), results (15pts)
Conclusion should include three points, your own decision,
recommendations or comments of you, real life application and the
(advantages/ disadvantages of the project.(5 pts/ each)
Please Don’t delete or edit the Mark Scheme
Copied Report Zero grade

Date:5/3/2025
I. Objectives of the Experiment (10points)

 Demonstrating single phase toroidal transformer operation

including voltage and current transformation and no load
current through practical experiment.
 Building and using a circuit using toroidal transformer to
measure short circuit voltage and current.
 Studying transformer performance with resistive loads and
measuring efficiency.
 Investigating transformer voltage response to inductive and
capacitive loads

II. Equipment used with role of each (10 Points)

 Single phase toroidal transformer it utilizes for efficient

magnetic coupling and enabling voltage and current .
 Resistive load it provides a known load on the transformer
allowing for the study of voltage regulation and efficiency
under purely resistive load
 Inductive load it is used to test the transformers reaction to
inductive reactance.
 Capacitive load it is used to test the transformers reaction to
capacitive reactance
 Cables for connection it is used to connect the various
components of the circuit .
 Voltmeters it is used to measure the input and output voltages
of the transformer and across the loads .
 Ammeters it is used to measure input and output currents of the
transformer and the current flowing through the loads .

III. Simulation Part: simulate toroidal transformer on ltspice (25 pts

for the whole experiment)

A. Circuit Design
Figure 1.1: toroidal transformer ,short circuit test.

Figure 1.2 : toroidal transformer , no load test .

Figure 1.3 : toroidal transformer , full load test.

Figure 1.3 : toroidal transformer under inductive load

Figure 1.4 : toroidal transformer under capacitive load

B. Results

Figure 1.5 : result of Vsc and Isc

Figure 1.6 : result of I2 and v2

Figure 1.7 : result of v2 and i2 at 200 ohm

Figure 1.8 : result of v2 and i2 at 25 ohm

Figure 1.9 : result of v2 and i2 under inductive load

Figure 1.10 : result of v2 and i2 under capacitive load

IV. Hardware Part: hardware connection of toroidal transformer
(30 pts for the whole experiment)

A. Description

 Short circuit test : the circuit connect a 230v,50-60hz ac source to the primery
winding of a transformer via an ammeter . the secondary winding of the
transformer is short circuited by connecting terminal and a voltmeter is connected
across the primary winding to measure the short circuit voltage .
 No load test: same circuit as short circuit but disconnecting the terminal on the
secondary side .
 Full load test :same circuit as short circuit but we put a resistor on the secondary side ,
in this full load configuration the ac source feeds the primery through the ammeter . the
transformer secondary now delivers power to the connected resistive load .by measuring
the currents and the voltage we can determine the efficiency under full load condition.

Figure 1.11: full load test .

 Figure 1.12: no load and short circuit test .

 Transformer under inductive and capacitive loads : a single phase transformer

connected to a 230v , 50-60 hz ac source , a voltmeter is connected across the primery
winding to measure the primery voltage the secondary winding is connected to an
inductive load , an ammeter is placed in series with the inductive load to measure the
current flowing through it and a seond voltmeter is placed in parallel to the inductive load
to measure the voltage across the load this connection allows for the measurement of how
an inductive load affects the voltage and current in the transformer secondary circuit.
To investigate the voltage behavior with a capacitive load we simply replace the
inductive with a capacitor

Figure 1.13 : inductive load connection

 Figure 1.14 : capacitive load connection

B. Calculation

Inductive calculation :

l1=N^2*U0*Ur*[ln(8D/d)-2]=847^2*4π*10^-7*(0.08/2)[ln(8*0.08/0.001)-2]*100=16H

l2=N^2*U0*Ur*[ln(8D/d)-2]=456^2* 4π*10^-7 *(0.08/2)[ln(8*0.08/0.001)-

2]*100=4.6H

efficiency calculation :

efficiency =pout/ pin

pin= V1 × I1 × Cos Φ

pout= V2 × I2

Φ = 360 × f × ∆t
R/% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 15

MEASURED I1/A 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.19 0.24 0.33 0.48 0.52 0.66

COS(O 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.99 1 1 1 1

)

V2/V 120 120 120 120 119.5 119 118.5 117.5 117 116.5

I2/A 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.28 0.34 0.43 0.6 0.88 0.96 1.22

CALCULATED P1/W 26.8 29 31.2 36.1 43.3 54.6 75.9 110.4 119.6 151.8

P2/W 24 26.4 28.8 33.6 40.6 51.2 71.1 103.4 112.3 142.1

N/% 89.6 91 92.2 93.2 93.9 93.6 93.7 93.7 93.9 93.6

Table1.1: voltage behavior and efficiency for a resistive load of a toroidal transformer.
 L/H OPEN 2 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.33 0.27 0.2

I2/A 0 0.17 0.21 0.42 0.85 1.05 1.3 1.7

V2/V 120.5 120.4 120.3 120.2 120.1 120 119.8 119.5

Table1.2: voltage behavior for an inductive load toroidal transformer.

C/UF OPEN 2 6 10 14 16

I2/A 0 0.08 0.26 0.40 0.55 0.64

I2/V 120.5 120.6 120.9 121.2 121.5 122

Table1.3:voltage behavior for a capacitive load of toroidal transformer.

C. Results

120.5

120

119.5

119

118.5

118

117.5

117

116.5

116

115.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Graph1.1: secondary voltage as function of load current for a resistive load

 95

94

93

92

91

90

89

88

87
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Graph1.2: efficiency as function of load current for a resistive load

Y-Values
120.6

120.4

120.2

120

119.8

119.6

119.4

119.2

119
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Graph1.3: secondary voltage of a toroidal transformer as a function of current when inductive load
 Y-Values
122.5

122

121.5

121

120.5

120

119.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Graph1.4: secondary voltage of a toroidal transformer as a function of current when capacitive

load

VII. Conclusion (15 Points)

 Toroidal transformer operation successfully analyzed .

 Open ,full and short circuit tests defined key parameters .
 Efficiency varied with resistive load reactive loads and affected
voltage .
 Toroidal transformers are efficient , compact but costly .
 Some applications : audio , renewable energy .