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What this book covers
Chapter 1 , Building Your Foundations, this chapter is the
introduction to the book. It will cover, in general, basic history
of Javascript, programming paradigms and design patterns and
how the book is arranged. By the end of this chapter, readers
should be able to explain where JavaScript is used and the
history and applicability of design patterns. They should also
have an understanding of how to read the book.

Chapter 2 , Object Oriented Programming, we'll talk about how

to create classes and modules in JavaScript. Most of the
patterns presented are related to classes so it is important to
have some grasp of how to create classes using
ES2015/2017/2018.

Chapter 3 , Functional Programming, in this chapter, we'll take a

look at how some functional paradigms can be used in
JavaScript using ES2015/2017/2018.

Chapter 4 , Reactive Programming, reactive and Data Flow

applications view the world as a stream of events. Working with
these streams instead of discrete interactions presents a
different worldview and one which may be very useful for
large-scale JavaScript applications using ES2015/2017/2018.
Chapter 5 , Creational Patterns, in this chapter, we'll look at the
classic creational design patterns that were popularized by the
GoF book using ES2015/2017/2018.

Chapter 6 , Structural Patterns, in this chapter we'll look at some

of the ways code can be structured. Again we’ll pay attention to
the classic design patterns as described in the GoF book.
Structural Patterns using ES2015/2017/2018.

Chapter 7 , Behavioural Patterns, in this chapter, we'll pay

attention to the classic behavioural design patterns as
described in the GoF book using ES2015/2017/2018.

Chapter 8 , Performance Patterns, in this chapter, we'll look at

those patterns that will improve the performance of highly
demanding applications using ES2015/2017/2018.

Chapter 9 , Asynchronous Patterns, in this chapter, we'll explore

the concept of asynchronous programming patterns and how to
use them to do not block our application using
ES2015/2017/2018.

Chapter 10 , Patterns for Testing, JavaScript is a real language

now so we need to make sure that we’re doing proper testing of
it. In this chapter, we’ll discuss some of the ways our code can
be structured to perform testing.
Chapter 11 , Advanced Patterns, this chapter will cover some
advanced patterns in JavaScript. Most of them are
implemented as wild language hacks.

Chapter 12 , Application Patterns, in this chapter, we'll examine

some of the patterns for building applications in JavaScript
using ES2015/2017/2018.

Chapter 13 , Web Patterns, in this chapter, we'll look at patterns

that are specifically useful for building web applications.

Chapter 14 , Messaging Patterns, in this chapter, we'll explore the

concept of messaging and how it can be used in JavaScript
applications using ES2015/2017/2018.

Chapter 15 , Micro-services, monolithic applications have become

larger and more complicated. There are many possible
remedies but the one which has been making a lot of noise
recently is micro-services. In this chapter, we'll discuss what
micro-services are, where to use them where not to use them.

Chapter 16 , ES2015/2017/2018 Solutions Today and the Road

ahead, in this chapter, we'll look at how we can get some of the
features of the upcoming versions of JavaScript today.

Chapter 17 , ES2019 What is ESNEXT, in this chapter, we'll look at

what are the features that will be introduced in ES2019 a.k.an
ESNext.
Table of Contents
Preface

What this book covers

1. Building your foundations

Introduction

The road to JavaScript

The early days

A pause

The way of Gmail

Javascript everywhere

What is a design pattern?

Anti-patterns

Summary

Questions

Further Reading

2. Object Oriented Programming

Introduction

Isolate your code

Why should we avoid global variables?

Namespaces

IIFE – Immediate Invoked Function

Expression

Modular programming

UMD

Module types

Revealing Module pattern

AMD

CommonJS

require

module.exports

exports.<keyName>

Class-based languages versus JavaScript

class

interface

extends

implements
 PROTOTYPE EXTENSIONS

OOP in ES6

Modular Programming with ES6

Summary

Questions

Further reading

3. Functional Programming

Introduction

Technical Requirements

What is Functional Programming?

Imperative programming versus declarative

programming

Pure functions versus impure functions

Higher-order functions

MapReduce pattern

Map

Reduce and filter

Reduce

Filter

Map + Reduce + Filter - Pipes

Side-effects and immutability

Immutable.js

ES6 tail call optimizitation

Memoization

Implementation

Lazy instantiation

Implementation

Currying – Partial application

Composing

Functional libraries

React.js

Redux.js

Rxjs

Lodash

Ramda.js

Bacon.js

Summary

Questions

Further Reading
4. Reactive Programming

Introduction

Technical Requirements

Application state changes

Streams

Filtering streams

Merging streams

Streams for multiplexing

Best practices and trouble shooting

Summary

Questions

Further Reading

5. Creational Patterns

Introduction

Technical Requirements

Singleton

When to use it?

How to implement it?

Example

When not to use it?

Pros

Cons

Alternative
Prototype

When to use it?

How to implement it?

Example

When not to use it?

Pros

Cons

Constructor

When to use it?

Example

When not to use it?

Factory method

When to use it?

How to implement it?

Example

When not to use it?

Pros

Cons

Abstract Factory

When to use it?

 How to implement it?

Example

When not to use it?

Pros

Cons

Builder

When to use it?

What the telescoping constructor anti-

pattern is

How to implement it?

Example

When not to use it?

Pros

Cons

Summary

Questions

Further Reading

6. Structural Patterns

Introduction

Technical Requirements

Adapter

When to use it?

 How to implement it?

Example

When not to use it?

Pros

Cons

Composite

When to use it?

How to implement it?

Example

When not to use it?

Pros

Cons

Decorator

When to use it?

How to implement it?

Example

When not to use it?

Pros

Cons

Bridge

When to use it?

How to implement it?

Example
 When not to use it?

Pros

Cons

Facade

When to use it?

How to implement it?

Example

When not to use it?

Pros

Cons

Flyweight

When to use it?

How to implement it?

Example

When not to use it?

Pros

Cons

Proxy

When to use it?

How to implement it?

Example

When not to use it?

Pros
 Cons

Summary

Questions

Further Reading

7. Behavioural Patterns

8. Performance patterns

9. Asynchronous patterns

10. Patterns for Testing

11. Advanced Patterns

12. Application Patterns

13. Web Patterns
14. Messaging Patterns
15. Micro-services
16. ES2015/2017/2018 Solutions Today and the Road ahead

17. ES2019 What is ESNEXT

Building your foundations
Introduction
JavaScript is an evolving language that has come a long way
from its inception. Possibly more than any other programming
language, it has grown and changed with the growth of the
World Wide Web. The exploration of how JavaScript can be
written using good design principles is the topic of this book.
The preface of this book contains a detailed explanation of the
sections of the book.

In the first half of this chapter, we'll explore the history of

JavaScript and how it came to be the important language that it
is today. As JavaScript has evolved and grown in importance,
the need to apply rigorous methods to its construction has also
grown. Design patterns can be a very useful tool to assist in
developing maintainable code. The second half of the chapter
will be dedicated to the theory of design patterns. Finally, we'll
look briefly at anti-patterns.
The road to JavaScript
We'll never know how language first came into being. Did it
slowly evolve from a series of grunts and guttural sounds made
during grooming rituals? Perhaps it developed to allow
mothers and their offspring to communicate. Both of these are
theories, all but impossible to prove. Nobody was around to
observe our ancestors during that important period. In fact, the
general lack of empirical evidence led the Linguistic Society of
Paris to ban further discussions on the topic, seeing it as
unsuitable for serious study.
The early days
Fortunately, programming languages have developed in recent
history and we've been able to watch them grow and change.
JavaScript has one of the more interesting histories of modern
programming languages. During what must have been an
absolutely frantic 10 days in May of 1995, a programmer at
Netscape wrote the foundation for what would grow up to be
modern JavaScript.

At the time, Netscape was involved in the first of the browser

wars with Microsoft. The vision for Netscape was far grander
than simply developing a browser. They wanted to create an
entire distributed operating system making use of Sun
Microsystems' recently-released Java programming language.
Java was a much more modern alternative to the C++
Microsoft was pushing. However, Netscape didn't have an
answer to Visual Basic. Visual Basic was an easier to use
programming language, which was targeted at developers with
less experience. It avoided some of the difficulties around
memory management that make C and C++ notoriously
difficult to program. Visual Basic also avoided strict typing and
overall allowed more leeway.

Here is an illustration of the timeline of JavaScript:

Brendan Eich was tasked with developing Netscape repartee to
VB. The project was initially codenamed Mocha, but was
renamed LiveScript before Netscape 2.0 beta was released. By
the time the full release was available, Mocha/LiveScript had
been renamed JavaScript to tie it into the Java applet
integration. Java Applets were small applications which ran in
the browser. They had a different security model from the
browser itself and so were limited in how they could interact
with both the browser and the local system. It is quite rare to
see applets these days, as much of their functionality has
become part of the browser. Java was riding a popular wave at
the time and any relationship to it was played up.

The name has caused much confusion over the years.

JavaScript is a very different language from Java. JavaScript is
an interpreted language with loose typing, which runs
primarily on the browser. Java is a language that is compiled to
bytecode, which is then executed on the Java Virtual Machine.
It has applicability in numerous scenarios, from the browser
(through the use of Java applets) to the server (Tomcat, JBoss,
and so on), to full desktop applications (Eclipse, OpenOffice,
and so on). In most laypersons' minds, the confusion remains.

JavaScript turned out to be really quite useful for interacting

with the web browser. It was not long until Microsoft had also
adopted JavaScript into their Internet Explorer to complement
VBScript. The Microsoft implementation was known as JScript.

By late 1996, it was clear that JavaScript was going to be the

winning web language for the near future. In order to limit the
amount of language deviation between implementations, Sun
and Netscape began working with the European Computer
Manufacturers Association (ECMA) to develop a standard to
which future versions of JavaScript would need to comply. The
standard was released very quickly (very quickly in terms of
how rapidly standards organizations move), in July of 1997. On
the off chance that you have not seen enough names yet for
JavaScript, the standard version was called ECMAScript, a
name which still persists in some circles.

Unfortunately, the standard only specified the very core parts

of JavaScript. With the browser wars raging, it was apparent
that any vendor that stuck with only the basic implementation
of JavaScript would quickly be left behind. At the same time,
there was much work going on to establish a standard
Document Object Model (DOM) for browsers. The DOM was,
in effect, an API for a web page that could be manipulated
using JavaScript.

DHTML was a popular term in the late 1990s and early 2000s. It really referred to any
web page that had some sort of dynamic content that was executed on the client side. It
has fallen out of use, as the popularity of JavaScript has made almost every page a
dynamic one.

Fortunately, the efforts to standardize JavaScript continued

behind the scenes. Versions 2 and 3 of ECMAScript were
released in 1998 and 1999. It looked like there might finally be
some agreement between the various parties interested in
JavaScript. Work began in early 2000 on ECMAScript 4, which
was to be a major new release.
A pause
Then, disaster struck. The various groups involved in the
ECMAScript effort had major disagreements about the
direction JavaScript was to take. Microsoft seemed to have lost
interest in the standardization effort. It was somewhat
understandable, as it was around that time that Netscape self-
destructed and Internet Explorer became the de-facto
standard. Microsoft implemented parts of ECMAScript 4 but
not all of it. Others implemented more fully-featured support,
but without the market leader on-board, developers didn't
bother using them.

Years passed without consensus and without a new release of

ECMAScript. However, as frequently happens, the evolution of
the Internet could not be stopped by a lack of agreement
between major players. Libraries such as jQuery, Prototype,
Dojo, and Mootools, papered over the major differences in
browsers, making cross-browser development far easier. At the
same time, the amount of JavaScript used in applications
increased dramatically.
The way of Gmail
The turning point was, perhaps, the release of Google's GMail
application in 2004. Although XMLHttpRequest, the
technology behind Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX),
had been around for about five years when GMail was released,
it had not been well-used. When GMail was released, I was
totally knocked off my feet by how smooth it was. We've grown
used to applications that avoid full reloads, but at the time, it
was a revolution. To make applications like that work, a great
deal of JavaScript is needed.

AJAX is a method by which small chunks of data are retrieved from the server by a
client instead of refreshing the entire page. The technology allows for more interactive
pages that avoid the jolt of full page reloads.

The popularity of GMail was the trigger for a change that had
been brewing for a while. Increasing JavaScript acceptance and
standardization pushed us past the tipping point for the
acceptance of JavaScript as a proper language. Up until that
point, much of the use of JavaScript was for performing minor
changes to the page and for validating form input. I joke with
people that, in the early days of JavaScript, the only function
name which was used was Validate().

Applications such as GMail that have a heavy reliance on AJAX

and avoid full page reloads are known as Single Page
Applications or SPAs. By minimizing the changes to the page
contents, users have a more uid experience. By transferring
only a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) payload instead of
HTML, the amount of bandwidth required is also minimized.
This makes applications appear to be snappier. In recent years,
there have been great advances in frameworks that ease the
creation of SPAs. AngularJS, Backbone.js, and ember are all
Model View Controller style frameworks. They have gained
great popularity in the past two to three years and provide
some interesting use of patterns. These frameworks are the
evolution of years of experimentation with JavaScript best
practices by some very smart people.

JSON is a human-readable serialization format for JavaScript. It has become very

popular in recent years, as it is easier and less cumbersome than previously popular
formats such as XML. It lacks many of the companion technologies and strict
grammatical rules of XML, but makes up for it in simplicity.

At the same time as the frameworks using JavaScript are

evolving, the language is too. 2015 saw the release of a much-
vaunted new version of JavaScript that had been under
development for some years. Initially called ECMAScript 6, the
final name ended up being ECMAScript-2015. It brought with
it some great improvements to the ecosystem. Browser vendors
are rushing to adopt the standard. Because of the complexity of
adding new language features to the code base, coupled with
the fact that not everybody is on the cutting edge of browsers, a
number of other languages that transcompile to JavaScript are
gaining popularity. CoffeeScript is a Python-like language that
strives to improve the readability and brevity of JavaScript.
Developed by Google, Dart is being pushed by Google as an
eventual replacement for JavaScript. Its construction addresses
some of the optimizations that are impossible in traditional
JavaScript. Until a Dart runtime is sufficiently popular, Google
provides a Dart to the JavaScript transcompiler. TypeScript is a
Microsoft project that adds some ECMAScript-2015 and even
some ECMAScript-201X syntax, as well as an interesting typing
system, to JavaScript. It aims to address some of the issues that
large JavaScript projects present.

The point of this discussion about the history of JavaScript is

twofold: first, it is important to remember that languages do
not develop in a vacuum. Both human languages and computer
programming languages mutate based on the environments in
which they are used. It is a popularly held belief that the Inuit
people have a great number of words for "snow", as it was so
prevalent in their environment. This may or may not be true,
depending on your definition for the word and exactly who
makes up the Inuit people. There are, however, a great number
of examples of domain-specific lexicons evolving to meet the
requirements for exact definitions in narrow fields. One need
look no further than a specialty cooking store to see the great
number of variants of items which a layperson such as myself
would call a pan.

The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis is a hypothesis within the

linguistics domain, which suggests that not only is language
influenced by the environment in which it is used, but also that
language influences its environment. Also known as linguistic
relativity, the theory is that one's cognitive processes differ
based on how the language is constructed. Cognitive
psychologist Keith Chen has proposed a fascinating example of
this. In a very highly-viewed TED talk, Dr. Chen suggested that
there is a strong positive correlation between languages that
lack a future tense and those that have high savings rates
(https://www.ted.com/talks/keith_chen_could_your_language_affect_your_ability
_to_save_money/transcript ). The hypothesis at which Dr. Chen
arrived is that when your language does not have a strong sense
of connection between the present and the future, this leads to
more reckless behavior in the present.

Thus, understanding the history of JavaScript puts one in a

better position to understand how and where to make use of
JavaScript.

The second reason I explored the history of JavaScript because

it is absolutely fascinating to see how quickly such a popular
tool has evolved. At the time of writing, it has been about 20
years since JavaScript was first built and its rise to popularity
has been explosive. What more exciting thing is there than to
work in an ever-evolving language?
Javascript everywhere
Since the GMail revolution, JavaScript has grown immensely.
The renewed browser wars, which pit Internet Explorer and
Edge against Chrome and against Firefox, have lead to building
a number of very fast JavaScript interpreters. Brand new
optimization techniques have been deployed and it is not
unusual to see JavaScript compiled to machine-native code for
the added performance it gains. However, as the speed of
JavaScript has increased, so has the complexity of the
applications built using it.

JavaScript is no longer simply a language for manipulating the

browser, either. The JavaScript engine behind the popular
Chrome browser has been extracted and is now at the heart of a
number of interesting projects such as Rhino or Node.js. Rhino
was the first Javascript interpreter created in Java. Node.js
started off as a highly asynchronous method of writing server-
side applications and it was built in C and C++. It has grown
greatly and has a very active community supporting it. A wide
variety of applications have been built using the Node.js
runtime. Everything from build tools to editors has been built
on the base of Node.js. Recently, the JavaScript engine for
Microsoft Edge, ChakraCore, was also open sourced and can be
embedded in Node.js as an alternative to Google's V8.
SpiderMonkey, the Firefox equivalent, is also open source and
is making its way into more tools.

JavaScript can even be used to control microcontrollers. The

Johnny-Five framework is a programming framework for the
very popular Arduino. It brings a much simpler approach to
programming devices than the traditional low-level languages
used for programming these devices. Using JavaScript and
Arduino opens up a world of possibilities, from building robots
to interacting with real-world sensors.

All of the major smartphone platforms (iOS, Android, and

Windows Phone) have an option to build applications using
JavaScript. The tablet space is much the same, with tablets
supporting programming using JavaScript. Even the latest
version of Windows provides a mechanism for building
applications using JavaScript. This illustration shows some of
the things possible with JavaScript:
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
office. This brought the prisoner out of a side door that would put us
near our car.
Had we gone out of the other door, we would have had to go
through a hallway.
Mr. Hubert. What was your concern about the news media being
on the main ramp and not behind the rail?
Captain Fritz. Well, they interfered with our movement upstairs
each time we took Oswald to and from the jail, they would holler at
him and ask questions and say things to him that would have a
tendency to, I thought, aggravate him. I think part of it he seemed
to enjoy, and part of it he seemed to be irritated about.
Mr. Hubert. Was your concern about the news media?
Captain Fritz. My concern was to do all I could to prevent a
killing or an escape.
Mr. Hubert. Was your concern about the news media not being
on the outside of the rail, or was it concerned with fear of Oswald’s
safety, or simply that these people were in the way?
Captain Fritz. Both. They were in the way, and anyone that
hindered us or held us up could cause something to happen there.
We wouldn’t have been taking all those precautions if we hadn’t
been afraid something might happen.
I had even thought of the possibility of someone trying to take
the prisoner. That was the reason we handcuffed him to an officer.
In a case as serious as that, we certainly didn’t want to lose him
after a thing as serious as having had the President shot.
Mr. Hubert. What I had in mind was, whether your concern was
that the position and closeness and mass of the news media there
presented a threat insofar as single-man action was concerned?
Captain Fritz. We didn’t know many of those people. We knew
very few. We knew the local people. Many people were there from
foreign countries, and some of them looked unkempt. We didn’t
know anything about who they were.
For that reason, we wouldn’t want them up there with us at all if
we could avoid it, plus the fact that the camera lights were blinding,
and if you couldn’t see where you were going or what you were
doing, anything could happen.
We didn’t think we would have lights in our eyes, but we were
blinded by lights. Just about the time we left the jail office, the lights
came on, and were blinding.
We got along all right with the press here in Dallas. They do
what we ask. These people didn’t act that way. These people were
excited and acted more like a mob.
Mr. Hubert. Did you indicate to any other officer or the chief that
there were some people there that you didn’t know who were
unkempt and that you were concerned about who they were?
Captain Fritz. We talked about it among ourselves; the officers.
We didn’t have much time for talking. Those were busy times.
We gathered all the evidence the first afternoon and the next
day, and we had ample evidence to try that man the next morning if
it had been necessary to try him, so the officers were busy and we
were all busy, and we didn’t have time for that crowd or time to
make a good appraisal of them.
But I am just giving you a rough idea of how they looked. They
didn’t look like our local people.
Mr. Hubert. Did you convey that information to any superior
officer of yours?
Captain Fritz. I don’t suppose that I did. We remarked about
them, but I wouldn’t remember what the remarks were or who they
were to.
It was well known to all officers. You didn’t have to tell anyone
on the third floor. They could see from the front office as well as
they could from my office because of the large crowd located
outside my office and in the entire hallway.
Mr. Hubert. I understand that a suggestion had been made that
Oswald be moved at night, possibly Friday night or Saturday night.
Captain Fritz. Who made the suggestion? By whom, please, sir?
Mr. Hubert. I don’t know. I think it was passed on to you, and I
understand that you recommended against it.
Captain Fritz. A call at home—no, sir; I didn’t exactly
recommend against it. If you would ask me now, I really don’t favor
nighttime moves, because I can’t see any further at night than I can
in the daytime, and if a man shoots a man, you can see him just as
far in daylight as at night, and with proper security, you should be
able to move anyone through town without waiting for nightfall.
We don’t go to court at night, and we take prisoners back and
forth to court all the time during the daylight, so I wouldn’t see any
particular need to wait for nighttime.
I did have a call out to my home from a uniformed captain who
told me they had had a threat which sounded very much like a trick,
the FBI got a call, I believe, near the same time saying we had
better transfer him, that 200 or 300 men are going to take him away
from us.
I certainly wouldn’t send a man out with two or three officers.
Two or three hundred men could be just as bad at night as during
the day.
I told him he had better talk to the chief, because he was
making some preparations. And I found out later that he did. He
called the chief, but I don’t think he could reach him, and he decided
not to transfer him, I was told.
That call came after my call from the chief asking me about the
10 o’clock transfer.
 Mr. Hubert. There have been some reports that have reached us
that at the very moment of transfer, that is to say, when you were
coming out, and until the shooting, that the various police officers
who were lining the wall had their sidearms drawn and in their
hands. Did you see anything like that?
Captain Fritz. I didn’t see anything like that as I came out. I
think probably what they are telling you about, is that some of the
officers drew their sidearms after the shot was fired.
Mr. Hubert. Was there any——
Captain Fritz. I didn’t see anyone with a pistol in their hand as
we came out. If we had seen that, we probably would have gone
back to the jail, because we wouldn’t have known what an officer
was doing with a gun drawn. He had no need to have a gun out at
that time.
Mr. Hubert. Did you see any shotguns visible or riot guns?
Captain Fritz. No, sir; I didn’t. We had shotguns and rifles in my
car for this transfer. I had already put them on the floor of the car
where we could pick them up easily.
Mr. Hubert. Were they visible?
Captain Fritz. No, sir; they weren’t visible. There was an officer
with them.
Mr. Hubert. Captain, I believe that is all I have. Is there anything
else you can say?
Captain Fritz. I don’t know of anything other than one thing that
the chief mentioned to me. He said something about someone
recommended someone taking him off on the first floor of the
elevator.
Mr. Hubert. I don’t think there has been any discussion this
morning between us that has not been made a part of this
deposition?
 Captain Fritz. I don’t believe so. I think all of this is in my
testimony in Washington. I feel sure that it is.
Anything else that you want to ask me about, feel free to do so.
Mr. Hubert. Thank you very much, Captain. That is all there is to
it.
 TESTIMONY OF SGT. ROLAND A.
COX
The testimony of Sgt. Roland A. Cox was taken at 8:15 p.m., on
July 13, 1964, in the office of the U.S. attorney, 301 Post Office
Building, Bryan and Ervay Streets, Dallas, Tex., by Mr. Leon D.
Hubert, Jr., assistant counsel of the President’s Commission. Sam
Kelley, assistant attorney general of Texas, was present.

Mr. Hubert. This is the deposition of Sgt. Roland A. Cox. Mr. Cox,
my name is Leon Hubert. I am a member of the advisory staff of the
general counsel of the President’s Commission.
Under the provisions of Executive Order 11130 dated November
29, 1963, and the joint resolution of Congress No. 137, and the rules
of procedure adopted by the President’s Commission in conformance
with that Executive order and the joint resolution, I have been
authorized to take a sworn deposition from you.
I state to you now that the general nature of the Commission’s
inquiry is to ascertain, evaluate and report upon the facts relevant to
the assassination of President Kennedy and the subsequent violent
death of Lee Harvey Oswald.
In particular as to you, Mr. Cox, the nature of the inquiry is to
determine what facts you know about the death of Oswald and any
other pertinent facts you may know about the general inquiry.
Now, Mr. Cox, I think you appeared here tonight by virtue of a
request made to you to come by letter addressed to you by Mr. J.
Lee Rankin, general counsel on the staff of the President’s
Commission, is that correct?
Mr. Cox. No.
Mr. Hubert. Then you appear here, I suppose, because Chief——
Mr. Cox. Chief Batchelor.
Mr. Hubert. Asked you to come?
Mr. Cox. Yes.
Mr. Hubert. You are a reserve officer, I think?
Mr. Cox. That’s right.
Mr. Hubert. Under the rules of the Commission, every person who
appears to have his deposition taken, as you are here tonight, has a
right to a 3-day written notice to appear. But those rules also provide
that you may waive that notice if you wish to do so. In view of the
fact that you have not received the 3-day notice, I ask you whether
you are willing to waive the notice and proceed to testify here
tonight?
Mr. Cox. That’s right.
Mr. Hubert. Then I ask you to rise and I will administer the oath
to you. Do you solemnly swear that the testimony you are about to
give in this matter will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but
the truth, so help you God?
Mr. Cox. I do.
Mr. Hubert. Will you state your full name?
Mr. Cox. Roland A. Cox.
Mr. Hubert. Where do you live, sir?
Mr. Cox. De Soto, Tex.
Mr. Hubert. What street address?
Mr. Cox. 311 Bob White.
 Mr. Hubert. What is your occupation?
Mr. Cox. Service department, Sears Roebuck.
Mr. Hubert. In the city of Dallas?
Mr. Cox. Yes.
Mr. Hubert. How long have you been so employed?
Mr. Cox. Since 1946.
Mr. Hubert. Were you on duty on November 24, 1963?
Mr. Cox. November 24, that Sunday? Wasn’t November 24 that
Sunday?
Mr. Hubert. Let me put the question to you this way. Were you,
during the period November 22 through 24, 1963, a member of the
reserve force of the Dallas Police Department?
Mr. Cox. That’s right.
Mr. Hubert. What rank did you hold then?
Mr. Cox. Sergeant.
Mr. Hubert. And you still do?
Mr. Cox. Yes; D-11.
Mr. Hubert. How long have you been with the reserves?
Mr. Cox. Got my 10-year pin about 3 months ago, I imagine.
Mr. Hubert. Were you called to duty during the weekend of the
President’s assassination?
Mr. Cox. That’s right.
Mr. Hubert. What day were you called to duty?
Mr. Cox. I believe I worked on that Friday night and again on
Sunday.
Mr. Hubert. That was by special call, or was that your regular
reserve night?
 Mr. Cox. No; that was a request by Barney Merle. That was what,
Friday?
Mr. Hubert. The 22d of November, and Saturday was the 23d.
Mr. Cox. That would be—the third Friday is a regular night, I
believe.
Mr. Hubert. I am looking at a calendar, and it seems that the 22d
of November of 1963 was the fourth Friday.
Mr. Cox. No; it was not a regular night, I don’t believe. I believe
mine is the second Tuesday and third Friday.
Mr. Hubert. So this was a special duty?
Mr. Cox. That’s right.
Mr. Hubert. What time did you arrive on Friday the 22d?
Mr. Cox. Approximately 7.
Mr. Hubert. Were you in uniform?
Mr. Cox. That’s right.
Mr. Hubert. Who did you report to?
Mr. Cox. Lieutenant Merle.
Mr. Hubert. Is he a member of the reserve, or regular?
Mr. Cox. That’s right.
Mr. Hubert. Member of the reserve?
Mr. Cox. He is a lieutenant in the reserve.
Mr. Hubert. Where did you report to him?
Mr. Cox. In the basement assembly room.
Mr. Hubert. Then that was about 7 o’clock?
Mr. Cox. Around 7; yes.
Mr. Hubert. Did you receive any assignment at that time?
 Mr. Cox. I went out with the traffic investigator about 8 or a little
after 8 o’clock.
Mr. Hubert. Between 7 and 8, that is, the time before you went
out with the traffic investigator, where were you and what were you
doing?
Mr. Cox. Well, I was in, I guess you would call it, I don’t know
what you would call it, the basement where they bring all the
prisoners in.
Mr. Hubert. In the jail office?
Mr. Cox. Yes.
Mr. Hubert. Did you ever go up to the third floor?
Mr. Cox. No.
Mr. Hubert. How long were you out on this assignment which
began at 8 o’clock?
Mr. Cox. We investigated one wreck, and I believe that was all,
by the city car barn, and then we picked up—well, a newspaperman,
I can’t think of where he was from, and we went down to the
records building. Well, that was a special assignment. The
investigator has got to take him around with him also on the
investigation of the wreck. We took him down to this records
building and showed him that building, and I got in about, well, 10
something. I had a call to call home, and I got in about 10
something and made that call, and my wife wanted me to come
home, so I went on home.
Mr. Hubert. Did you see Jack Ruby that night?
Mr. Cox. No, sir.
Mr. Hubert. You were never up on the third floor at all that night?
Mr. Cox. No, sir.
Mr. Hubert. I think you knew Ruby, didn’t you?
 Mr. Cox. I knew Ruby by working in a night club of his about 8 or
9 years ago.
Mr. Hubert. That was the Vegas?
Mr. Cox. Vegas Club on Oak Lawn, I believe.
Mr. Hubert. When did you first meet him?
Mr. Cox. First night I was out there.
Mr. Hubert. You went out to get employment?
Mr. Cox. No; I was sent by the city, special officer to the city’s
night club officers.
Mr. Hubert. You were sent out there for what purpose?
Mr. Cox. Keep those drunks quiet.
Mr. Hubert. How did you come to be employed by Ruby?
Mr. Cox. Special officer. They get a night club officer assigned by
the city to certain clubs to keep the trouble down.
Mr. Hubert. So your employment by Ruby was really by way of an
assignment by the city?
Mr. Cox. By the city’s special services.
Mr. Hubert. By the city?
Mr. Cox. Right. He pays them, and they pay us.
Mr. Hubert. So you didn’t receive a check or money from Ruby?
Mr. Cox. No.
Mr. Hubert. Did you work every night?
Mr. Cox. No; Friday and Saturday most of the time. That is big
nights.
Mr. Hubert. Would you be in uniform then?
Mr. Cox. Yes, sir.
 Mr. Hubert. How long did you so work for Ruby? Over what
period?
Mr. Cox. Oh, I don’t know how long I worked for Ruby. It wasn’t
too long. Not too long. They sent me different places.
Mr. Hubert. You say the first time you worked there was about 8
years ago?
Mr. Cox. Eight or nine. It’s been a long time.
Mr. Hubert. When was the last time?
Mr. Cox. I didn’t work for him long. Maybe 3 months.
Mr. Hubert. Just 3 months, and that was back 8 or 9 years ago?
Mr. Cox. Eight or nine years ago.
Mr. Hubert. And you haven’t seen him since, or you had not seen
him until——
Mr. Cox. I have not seen him yet.
Mr. Hubert. Do you recall whether other members of the Dallas
police force went to Ruby’s place during the period you are talking
about when you were employed by him?
Mr. Cox. The only police that ever came there were individual
squadmen and liquor control boardmen. They come in, all of them.
Mr. Hubert. Did you observe any incidents where he served liquor
to them free?
Mr. Cox. No.
Mr. Hubert. Did he seem to be particularly friendly with any of
them?
Mr. Cox. They didn’t talk to him too much. They always come to
the officer in charge.
Mr. Hubert. They came to you?
Mr. Cox. That’s right.
 Mr. Hubert. Now I think you said that the last time you worked
out there at Ruby’s place would have been——
Mr. Cox. It was around Christmas, or possibly—yes; about
Christmas time. Probably New Year’s, the last I worked, about 8 or 9
years ago. I tell you, it is on record at the city hall. It’s just been too
long.
Mr. Hubert. You hadn’t seen him at all in the time since?
Mr. Cox. No, sir.
Mr. Hubert. Did you see him when you were on duty on Sunday
morning?
Mr. Cox. No.
Mr. Hubert. Where were you on duty then?
Mr. Cox. Commerce Street, south side.
Mr. Hubert. What time did you come on duty?
Mr. Cox. Around 10.
Mr. Hubert. Were you in uniform?
Mr. Cox. Yes, sir.
Mr. Hubert. What was your duty, and who placed you on it?
Mr. Cox. Lieutenant Ben McCoy.
Mr. Hubert. What was your specific duty at that point?
Mr. Cox. Keep pedestrians back on the sidewalk and traffic
moving.
Mr. Hubert. So you were placed then on the opposite side of
Commerce Street from the Commerce Street exit?
Mr. Cox. Yes; south side.
Mr. Hubert. What time did you go on that duty?
Mr. Cox. Must have been about 10 or 15 after 10.
 Mr. Hubert. How long did you stay?
Mr. Cox. Till after 11, I imagine.
Mr. Hubert. Well, did you stay until after the shooting?
Mr. Cox. Yes, sir.
Mr. Hubert. Were you there when the armored car came up?
Mr. Cox. Yes; I held up traffic while that big one backed in.
Mr. Hubert. What about the little one, where was it at that time?
Mr. Cox. I believe the little one was parked against the curb; I
believe it was.
Mr. Hubert. Was it on the same side of the street?
Mr. Cox. Yes.
Mr. Hubert. Was it past the Commerce Street entrance?
Mr. Cox. Yes; it was past the Commerce Street entrance, because
there was TV trucks sitting directly in front of the city hall on
Commerce.
Mr. Hubert. Do you remember what time you actually left your
post of duty?
Mr. Cox. I wouldn’t say.
Mr. Hubert. About how long after the shooting did you leave?
Mr. Cox. Maybe 20 minutes, until the crowd kind of dispersed.
Mr. Hubert. Were you relieved by someone?
Mr. Cox. No, sir; I mean there wasn’t anything else to do when
the crowd left.
Mr. Hubert. Did you see Jack Ruby around that Commerce Street
entrance at anytime?
Mr. Cox. No, sir.
Mr. Hubert. On that day?
 Mr. Cox. No.
Mr. Hubert. Now there was a publication by a man named Joe
Sherman of the Dallas Times Herald on November the 25th which
indicated that you had seen him, which of course is contrary to what
you have just told us. Could you explain anything about that?
Mr. Cox. Yes; I will explain it to you. I was talking to a reserve
captain in the basement. Let me think of his name. Captain Kris, I
believe. We were talking about the thing happening, and also what
people had said, and this news reporter went from there. In other
words, that is the way he got it.
Mr. Hubert. Did you talk to this man, Joe Sherman?
Mr. Cox. Yes. He came into the conversation. Asked me if I knew
Jack Ruby, and I said I once worked for him at that night club, the
Vegas Club, and that is how that thing got in the paper. As far as me
saying he had been in the basement, or how he had been in there,
that was just strictly his say.
Mr. Hubert. For the record so we get it straight, let me read to
you what he said, and then I am going to ask you if that is the truth
or not.
Police Sgt. R. A. Cox said he once worked for Jack Ruby as a
special officer in the night club he once operated on Oak Lawn. He
said that Ruby had a camera with him or when he entered the
basement in the Dallas police station Sunday morning. Did you tell
that to Joe Sherman?
Mr. Cox. No.
Mr. Hubert. Now I think you were about to explain.
Mr. Cox. I told Kris somebody said “he even had a camera.” That
is how that happened. I didn’t say that he had one. I said “someone
said he had one.”
Mr. Hubert. Now at what time did this conversation with Kris
occur which was overheard by Mr. Sherman?
 Mr. Cox. Well, it was after I came in out of the street.
Mr. Hubert. I think you said you came in out of the street about
20 minutes after?
Mr. Cox. About 20 minutes after; that’s right.
Mr. Hubert. You were standing where?
Mr. Cox. In the basement. In fact, in that hall where it goes into
the——
Mr. Hubert. So that your point is, you did not say this to Kris, but
this reporter just picked it up?
Mr. Cox. Yes, sir.
Mr. Hubert. The police reporter just heard you saying something
about a camera, but did not hear you say that the people or
somebody was saying that he had a camera?
Mr. Cox. That’s right.
Mr. Hubert. You had heard some people say he had a camera?
Mr. Cox. Said he came in with the newsman.
Mr. Hubert. Who did you hear that from?
Mr. Cox. Just conversation. There was a lot of talk after that
happened.
Mr. Hubert. You don’t recall any particular person that you got
that from?
Mr. Cox. No; sure don’t. I told Captain Solomon about it after it
happened, after that statement came out. I told him it wasn’t true,
right away.
Mr. Hubert. When did you first learn that it was Ruby involved?
Mr. Cox. When I was in the street. It was on the radio. I was still
in the street when it came over the radio that someone had shot
him, and then when I walked down into the basement after I left the
street, someone said that Jack Ruby had shot Oswald. That is when
I first knew it.
Mr. Hubert. When did you first hear anything about a camera.
Mr. Cox. In the basement. There were a lot of people gathered
talking, a lot of officers. You know what I mean.
Mr. Hubert. So in other words, the picture as I see it was that you
picked up from somebody that there was a story that Ruby had
come in as a newsman?
Mr. Cox. Yes.
Mr. Hubert. And that statement was made to Kris?
Mr. Cox. I was talking to Kris.
Mr. Hubert. And this reporter overheard it and painted it in that
way?
Mr. Cox. That is exactly right.
Mr. Hubert. When this came out, did you notice the incorrectness
of it?
Mr. Cox. Yes, sir.
Mr. Hubert. Did you do anything about it?
Mr. Cox. I called Captain Solomon about it.
Mr. Hubert. Did you talk to Mr. Sherman, the reporter?
Mr. Cox. No, sir; I did not.
Mr. Hubert. Now in this same story, which is a story dated
November 25, appearing in the Times Herald by Joe Sherman, there
is a further statement attributed to you which is actually a direct
quote, according to Mr. Sherman, and reads as follows: “He must
have had a press card with him, said Sergeant Cox. Otherwise, he
wouldn’t have been allowed in the basement at all. Our instructions
were to keep everybody away but pressmen with proper
identification.” Now did you make that statement?
 Mr. Cox. Yes, sir; that’s right.
Mr. Hubert. In other words, you were simply then not stating a
fact, but an assumption that he must have?
Mr. Cox. That’s right, because I couldn’t see how he got in the
basement.
Mr. Hubert. Did you observe any security measures used to
prevent entry into the basement?
Mr. Cox. Yes, sir. I observed policemen on every door at the—
when I say the basement entrance, plus the entrance to the building
through the basement. There was an entrance on Commerce Street
where you walk down into a little hall.
Mr. Hubert. There was a policeman stationed there?
Mr. Cox. Yes.
Mr. Hubert. Do you know who he was?
Mr. Cox. No.
Mr. Hubert. Was he a reserve officer?
Mr. Cox. No; a regular.
Mr. Hubert. Who was stationed at the Commerce Street ramp
entrance?
Mr. Cox. I know one sergeant. His name is Mayo.
Mr. Hubert. He is a reserve officer?
Mr. Cox. Yes.
Mr. Hubert. Was he there throughout the morning?
Mr. Cox. He was there when I got there. I believe his name is
L. W. Mayo.
Mr. Hubert. Did you observe any other policemen at other
entrances such as Main Street?
Mr. Cox. Not on the Main Street side.
 Mr. Hubert. You don’t know anything about the security within
the basement?
Mr. Cox. No; I was taken directly to the street to control traffic
and pedestrians out there.
Mr. Hubert. Specifically, you did not see Ruby enter that building
on that day?
Mr. Cox. No, sir.
Mr. Hubert. In fact, I repeat, or you repeat you haven’t seen him
in some 8 or 9 years?
Mr. Cox. That’s right.
Mr. Hubert. You didn’t see him anywhere that day?
Mr. Cox. No, sir.
Mr. Hubert. On this story which appeared in the Dallas Times
Herald on Monday, November 25, on page A-35, which also, I don’t
believe it is a continuation of the previous story, because that
previous story appears on page A-9, and the previous story by Joe
Sherman seems to be concluded on that page. The reference to you
in that same edition of the Dallas Times Herald on page A-35 seems
to be a continuation of another story, and it refers to you in the
same way, actually, that the previous story referred to you. I am
unable to tell whether it is a story by Mr. Sherman or not, or whether
it is a story by anyone else, but I ask you whether or not you know
of any way other than through Sherman that the story on page A-35
could have been carried regarding you, to wit, that you had worked
for him and that you said Ruby had a camera with him when he
entered?
Mr. Cox. You mean that would be in the Sunday paper, right?
Mr. Hubert. No; that was the Monday paper.
Mr. Cox. That would be the only way.
 Mr. Hubert. In other words, you never made any kind of
statement concerning Ruby except the one you have referred to
already and explained? That is, the one made to, or which was
overheard by Sherman?
Mr. Cox. That’s right; definitely.
Mr. Hubert. This may be repeating the point, but this second
apparent interview which is on page A-35, makes the flat statement
that one police sergeant who worked for Ruby, and you are later
identified as being that one, said that Ruby had a camera with him,
indicating that you had seen him, and is it your opinion that this
could only have come from the overhearing of your conversation
with Kris by this writer called Sherman?
Mr. Cox. Definitely.
Mr. Hubert. In any case, to get the record straight on it, you
never saw Ruby enter with a camera?
Mr. Cox. No, sir.
Mr. Hubert. Nor did you in fact say that he did?
Mr. Cox. No, sir.
Mr. Hubert. All right, Sergeant Cox, anything else you want to
comment?
Mr. Cox. No, sir.
Mr. Hubert. There has been no conversation between us, I think,
tonight other than that which was recorded, is that correct?
Mr. Cox. That’s right.
 TESTIMONY OF HAROLD J.
FLEMING
The testimony of Harold J. Fleming was taken at 3:45 p.m., on
July 13, 1964, in the office of the U.S. attorney, 301 Post Office
Building, Bryan and Ervay Streets, Dallas, Tex., by Mr. Leon D.
Hubert, Jr., assistant counsel of the President’s Commission. Sam
Kelley, assistant attorney general of Texas, was present.

Mr. Hubert. This is the deposition of Mr. Harold Fleming. Mr.

Fleming, my name is Leon D. Hubert. I am a member of the advisory
staff of the general counsel of the President’s Commission.
Under the provisions of Executive Order 11130 dated November
29, 1963, and the joint resolution of Congress No. 137, and the rules
of procedure adopted by the President’s Commission in conformance
with that Executive order and the joint resolution, I have been
authorized to take a sworn deposition from you.
I state to you now that the general nature of the Commission
inquiry is to ascertain, evaluate and report upon the facts relevant to
the assassination of President Kennedy and the subsequent violent
death of Lee Harvey Oswald.
In particular as to you, Mr. Fleming, the nature of the inquiry
today is to determine what facts you know about the death of
Oswald, and any other pertinent facts you may know about the
general inquiry.
Now, Mr. Fleming, you appear today by virtue of a letter request
made to you by Mr. J. Lee Rankin, general counsel of the staff of the
President’s Commission, which I understand you received as late as
last Friday?
Mr. Fleming. July 10.
Mr. Hubert. I ask you if you would take the oath, please?
Mr. Fleming. Yes.
Mr. Hubert. Do you solemnly swear that the testimony you are
about to give in this matter will be the truth, the whole truth, and
nothing but the truth, so help you God?
Mr. Fleming. I do.
Mr. Hubert. Will you state your full name, please, sir?
Mr. Fleming. Harold J. Fleming.
Mr. Hubert. Where do you reside?
Mr. Fleming. 10611 Lennox Lane in Dallas.
Mr. Hubert. What is your occupation, sir?
Mr. Fleming. I am a corporate counsel and general operations
manager of Armored Motor Service, Inc.
Mr. Hubert. Where is that company located?
Mr. Fleming. Home offices are in Fort Worth, Tex.
Mr. Hubert. Do you have a branch of that operation in the city of
Dallas?
Mr. Fleming. Yes; we do.
Mr. Hubert. What is your connection with the Dallas operation?
Mr. Fleming. I am general operations manager for the company,
and the Dallas office is one of our branches. By virtue of my
position, I have worked on operational problems and legal problems
arising in the Dallas city branch.
Mr. Hubert. You are a lawyer?
 Mr. Fleming. Yes, sir.
Mr. Hubert. Would you state for the record, please, sir, the
occupation of Harold Fleming and Don Goin and Edward Dietrich?
Mr. Fleming. Did you say Harold Fleming?
Mr. Hubert. Bert Hall. I think his name is Marvin Hall.
Mr. Fleming. Yes; Marvin E. Hall is vice president and branch
manager for our Dallas branch of Armored Motor Service, Inc. Both
Goin and Ed Dietrich are employees classified as guards or drivers.
Mr. Don Goin also has a title of assistant vault manager.
Mr. Hubert. I take it that all three of these gentlemen work under
your authority?
Mr. Fleming. In a broad sense, yes. However, just for the record,
the city branches are to a very large extent autonomous.
Mr. Hubert. Well then, who was in charge actually of the Dallas
city branch here on November the 24th?
Mr. Fleming. Mr. Hall is in charge of the Dallas city branch as such
when it functions in that capacity. This particular thing was a rather
unusual situation.
Mr. Hubert. Now Mr. Fleming, I think I have heretofore shown
you a document which purports to be a report of an interview of you
on June 26, 1964, by FBI Agent W. James Wood, which I have
marked for the purpose of identification on the first page as follows,
to wit: On the right-hand margin “Dallas, Texas, July 13, 1964,
Exhibit No. 1, Deposition of Harold Fleming,” under which I have
signed my name. The document actually consists of five pages, and
on the succeeding second, third, fourth, and fifth pages I have
placed my initials on the lower right-hand corner, and also the fifth
page only of five lines on it. I think you have had an opportunity, sir,
to read this document now identified as Exhibit No. 1, is that a fact?
Mr. Fleming. Yes, sir.
 Mr. Hubert. I ask you now whether or not this document is a fair
and correct report of the interview had between you and FBI Agent
Wood?
Mr. Fleming. Substantially that portrays the interview with some
very minor qualifications.
Mr. Hubert. Now you have indicated to me that there are some
minor qualifications that you would like to note, and I turn now to
page 2, the first full paragraph. I notice that you have made a small
notation next to the sentence reading as follows: “Hall told me they
were in possession of employees Donald Goin and Ed Dietrich.” Do
you have any comment to make on that?
Mr. Fleming. Just to state that the name of Donald Goin was not
mentioned in the conversation I had with Mr. Hall. The name of Ed
Dietrich was discussed.
Mr. Hubert. I notice that in the last sentence of that same
paragraph, the sentence reading as follows: “Fleming said Donald
Goin was telephonically contacted by Hall and given similar
instructions.” Do you wish to comment on that?
Mr. Fleming. I would say that I said Goin was apparently
telephonically contacted.
Mr. Hubert. In other words, you don’t know?
Mr. Fleming. I was not aware that Goin had been contacted at the
time.
Mr. Hubert. Then I notice that on the first sentence of the last
paragraph on page 2 you also had a mark indicating that you wished
to comment upon it. I think your comment was with reference to a
phrase there about a conference breaking up. What was the
comment you had?
Mr. Fleming. Well, it was actually a conversation that we had at
the terminal. It was merely a matter of getting organized, and there
was no time for conferring. It was just decided what we were going
to do. That gives the inference that we may have had a long pow-
wow. This was an instantaneous decision.
Mr. Hubert. Now I turn to page 3 and I notice that in the second
or middle paragraph of that page you have two lines, one I think
with reference to the first sentence which begins with the words
“Hall backed the truck ...” and ends with the words “... with the
motor running.” Was that the sentence? My question is, what
comment do you have to make with reference to that sentence?
Mr. Fleming. It was not a question of being able to get the truck
further into the driveway. It was the fact that had it gone down the
ramp further, it would have been parked on an incline completely,
and fearing that the truck could possibly stall, by reason of letting
out the clutch too quickly. If we stalled, there might be a problem of
getting the truck started again, because we had a small problem at
the terminal in getting this truck to start initially. Just for the record,
a new battery had been placed in that truck on Saturday and was
one of these where the liquid has to be mixed up in the battery itself
before it is fully charged, and it hadn’t been moved enough and
would not fully charge. We were afraid the truck might stall on the
ramp.
Mr. Hubert. Did you have any difficulty, in fact, in starting the
truck when you left the terminal?
Mr. Fleming. At the terminal we had to use a jump booster to get
it started there.
Mr. Hubert. You left the same battery in the car?
Mr. Fleming. Oh, yes; and that is why we had the second truck
with us also.
Mr. Hubert. I gather from that, that the truck could have actually
gone down further into the basement insofar as its clearance is
concerned?
Mr. Fleming. That’s right; it could have gone in possibly 10 to 15
feet further.
 Mr. Hubert. It is a fact, though, that it could not have gone all the
way down?
Mr. Fleming. No; it could not, because of the pipes overhead at
the lowest point of the basement.
Mr. Hubert. Now I notice in that same paragraph, which is the
third or middle paragraph, you have made a little mark next to a
sentence reading as follows: “He was not part of the Oswald guard
force, but was merely on duty to prevent unauthorized persons from
entering and leaving the garage.” Do you have a comment to make
with reference to that?
Mr. Fleming. My comment is that I was not aware of what force
this officer belonged, and I am not in position to state whether he
was part of the Oswald guard force. I do know that he was on the
outside of the building at the entrance of the drive. This inferred that
I assumed he was not part of the guard force.
Mr. Hubert. He was in uniform?
Mr. Fleming. He was in uniform.
Mr. Hubert. What was his position relative to the truck?
Mr. Fleming. He was on the passenger’s side of the truck facing,
with the truck facing Commerce Street, that was parked in the
driveway.
Mr. Hubert. Was he in front of the truck, or by the side of the
cab, or where was he with reference to the truck?
Mr. Fleming. He was at the side of the truck, opposite or near the
cab door. But he was stationed there at the time we drove the truck
in.
Mr. Hubert. So that when you backed the truck in, that policeman
was there, but you did not see him there thereafter?
Mr. Fleming. Oh yes; he was there the whole time.
Mr. Hubert. He was there the entire time?
 Mr. Fleming. Yes.
Mr. Hubert. He would have been rather close then to Mr. Hall
sitting in the cab?
Mr. Fleming. He was not sitting in the cab. He was standing on
the outside.
Mr. Hubert. No; the policeman was standing on the outside?
Mr. Fleming. That’s right.
Mr. Hubert. But I say, that policeman would have been rather
close to Mr. Hall?
Mr. Fleming. No. Mr. Hall was on the driver’s side of the cab
rather.
Mr. Hubert. Oh, this was the passenger’s side?
Mr. Fleming. Yes.
Mr. Hubert. I see. You observed he was there from the moment
you all arrived until after the shooting?
Mr. Fleming. Yes, sir.
Mr. Hubert. How much space was there between the truck and
the wall on the passenger’s side?
Mr. Fleming. On the passenger’s side, there was not enough
space for anyone to get through into the building, because as I got
out of the passenger’s side, I had to go around to the driver’s side.
Mr. Hubert. On the driver’s side, how much room?
Mr. Fleming. There was room for a person to walk between the
wall and the truck.
Mr. Hubert. I suppose we better put those dimensions in terms of
feet. Take the passenger’s side first.
Mr. Fleming. I would estimate on the passenger’s side the
clearance was less than 6 inches. On the driver’s side, I would
estimate it to be around 2 feet.
 Mr. Hubert. Do you know the width of the truck?
Mr. Fleming. Not offhand.
Mr. Hubert. Returning for the moment to the document which
has been marked Exhibit No. 1, I take it then that other than the
corrections that you made, that this document represents a fair
statement of the interview and represents therefore the truth, so far
as you know it?
Mr. Fleming. Yes.
Mr. Hubert. Now I would like, if possible, for you to tell us how
you fix the time of the call received by you from Chief Batchelor?
Mr. Fleming. Well, I was in the process of shaving in order to go
to church at 10 o’clock. My wife answered the telephone, and I had
to come to the phone with lather on my face. And by reason of the
timing, it was between 9:30 and 9:40.
Mr. Hubert. Did you know Chief Batchelor?
Mr. Fleming. I had met Chief Batchelor within 30 days of this
date.
Mr. Hubert. Socially or——
Mr. Fleming. No. I went to see Chief Batchelor on official business
in that at the time we had been apprised of a city ordinance
concerning the licensing of our people in Dallas. The company had
operated in Dallas since 1928 without a permit to carry firearms, and
being aware of that statute, I made an inquiry to determine if we
had to be so licensed. And having determined that we did, we then
had the wheels in motion to process our company’s license, and I
conferred with Chief Batchelor in an effort to clarify insurance and
bond problems.
Mr. Hubert. How long was your telephone conversation with Chief
Batchelor?
Mr. Fleming. I would estimate 3 minutes.
 Mr. Hubert. It was of course concerning the availability of your
armored trucks?
Mr. Fleming. Chief Batchelor asked if I had been the person, or
rather if I were the person who had contacted him with reference to
Armored Motor Service, and I stated I had. And he said, “We would
like to borrow a truck from you people for the purpose of
transporting this prisoner.”
Mr. Hubert. Did you tell him that the truck would be available?
Mr. Fleming. I told him that the truck, we would be very happy to
oblige, but that it would take me sometime to make it available,
because I had the problem of determining who had keys and how
we could get it.
Mr. Hubert. Did you indicate to him how long it would be before
the truck would be available?
Mr. Fleming. No; I did not.
Mr. Hubert. How did you leave the matter then with him on that
occasion?
Mr. Fleming. I told him that I would get started immediately to
locate the people who had the keys, and parenthetically I might
explain that for security reasons the same person doesn’t have the
keys all the time. And I think neither the manager nor the assistant
manager had it. In other words, to save time, I told Chief Batchelor
we had several sizes of trucks, and asked that he take the
measurements of the door and have them ready so that I could call
him when I arrived at the terminal, to determine what size truck we
should bring to transport the prisoner. And I told him I would call
him as soon as I learned how soon we could be there.
Mr. Hubert. What did you do next?
Mr. Fleming. I then attempted to call Mr. Hall by telephone, and
Mr. Paul Leonard, who is our operations manager for Dallas, by
telephone. Neither was in. Then I called Mr. Tom Mastin, Jr.,
president of Armored Motor Service in Fort Worth, explained the
commitment that I had made, and asked if he had any suggestion as
to whom I might call to find out who had the keys. He suggested
that Mr. Tom James, who is vice president of Armored Motor Service
in semiretirement, lived next door to the church that Mr. Hall and Mr.
James attended, and suggested that I call Mr. James to get Mr. Hall
personally and proceed from there, which I subsequently did.
Mr. Hubert. Did you call Mr. James and ask him to go over and
get Mr. Hall from the church?
Mr. Fleming. Yes; and he had Mr. Hall call me from the church.
Mr. Hubert. Do you recall about how long after that Mr. Hall
called you in fact?
Mr. Fleming. It would have been within 5 minutes of my call to Mr.
James.
Mr. Hubert. Then what did you tell Mr. Hall?
Mr. Fleming. I asked if he knew where the keys were, and he said
he did not know. He thought Mr. Ed Dietrich had one set, and he
would try to make some calls to find out where the other set was. I
suggested that rather he give me Dietrich’s telephone number, and I
suggested that I would call Mr. Dietrich, and for him to get on the
phone and try to locate the other keys so that we could find
somebody and move quickly.
Mr. Hubert. Could you give us an estimate of the time of your
conversation with Mr. Hall relative to the time that you first spoke to
Batchelor?
Mr. Fleming. I would estimate between 8 and 10 minutes.
Mr. Hubert. After you spoke to Batchelor?
Mr. Fleming. After I finished talking with Mr. Batchelor.
Mr. Hubert. Did you then call anyone else?
Mr. Fleming. I called Mr. Dietrich. He was not in. I left a message
for him to call me as soon as he got into his house.
 Mr. Hubert. Did he call?
Mr. Fleming. He called me again within about 5 minutes, and I
asked him to come directly. Asked him if he had keys, and he said,
“Yes,” and asked him to come directly to the Armored Motor Service
terminal and meet me there.
Mr. Hubert. Did he indicate that he had already received a call
from Mr. Hall to the same effect?
Mr. Fleming. No; he did not. We didn’t discuss it. I assumed that
he had not.
Mr. Hubert. I am not saying that he did.
Mr. Fleming. He may have received a call after. I think Mr. Hall
had called the home, though, because he did indicate that he was
not home.
Mr. Hubert. Then I take it you finished dressing and went about
the accomplishment of the job?
Mr. Fleming. Yes.
Mr. Hubert. About what time then did you get to the terminal?
Mr. Fleming. I frankly can’t state what time I got there, because
in the haste I forgot my wrist watch and did not know. Judging from
the route I took, however, I would estimate it took me at least 20 to
25 minutes to reach there from my house. That could put it 10:25 to
10:30, and this is strictly an estimate.
Mr. Hubert. In other words, after you had made the several calls
that you have talked about, it took you, I gather, another 15 to 20
minutes to finish dressing?
Mr. Fleming. No. I finished shaving in the meantime, and was
gone as soon as I got the call from Mr. Dietrich. It was a matter of 2
or 3 minutes before I left the house.
Mr. Hubert. When you got to the terminal, was anyone there?
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