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B.C.A. – SEMESTER -6
SUB :- CS – 33 :- PROGRAMMING IN PYTHON

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CS – 33 : Programming in Python –B.C.A. –SEM -6

Sr.No. Topi Detail

c
1 Introduction to  Basic Element of Python
Python  Branching Programs
 String and Input
 Iteration
 Function and Scoping
 Specifications
 Recursion
 Global Variables
 Modules
 Files
 Tuples
 List & Mutability
 Functions as Object
 Strings
 Dictionaries
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2 OOP  Handling Exception

using  Exception as Control Flow
Python  Assertion
 Abstract Data Type
 Class
 Inheritance
 Encapsulation
 Information hiding
 Search Algorithm
 Sorting Algorithm
 Hash table
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3 Plotting using PyLab  Plotting using PyLab

 Plotting Mortgages
 Extended Example
 Fibonacci Sequence Revisited
 Dynamic Programming
 0/1 Knapsack Algorithm
 Dynamic Programming with Divide and
Conquer
4 Network  Network Programming:
Programmin  Protocol, Sockets,
g and GUI  Knowing IP Address,
using Python  URL, Reading the Source Code of a
Web Page,
 Downloading a Web Page from Internet,
 Downloading an Image from Internet,
 A TCP/IP Server, A TCP/IP Client,
 A UDP Server, A UDP Client,
 File Server, File Client,
 Two-Way Communication between
Server and Client,
 Sending a Simple Mail.
 GUI Programming:
 Event-driven programming paradigm;
 creating simple GUI;
 buttons, labels, entry fields, dialogs;
 o widget attributes - sizes, fonts, colors
,layouts, nested frames
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5 Connecting  Verifying the MySQL dB Interface

with Installation,
Database  Working with MySQL Database,
 Using MySQL from Python,
 Retrieving All Rows from a Table,
 Inserting Rows into a Table,
 Deleting Rows from a Table,
 Updating Rows in a Table,
 Creating Database Tables through
Python
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CHAPTER-1
Introduction to Python
 Basic Element of Python
 Branching Programs
 String and Input
 Iteration
 Function
 Scoping
 Specifications
 Recursion
 Global Variables
 Modules
 Files
 Tuples
 List & Mutability
 Functions as Object
 Strings
 Dictionaries
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Q-1 What is Python ? Explain Basic Elements of Python :

Detail :-
 Python is popular programming language.
 It was created in 1991 by Guido Van Rossum.
 It is used for :
o Web Development (server side)
o Software Development
o System Scripting
o Mathematics
 Python support following elements to perform perfect programming:

1. Data Type :
 Python support integer and float data type to hold numbers.
 Python interpreter can produce the result of numeric values.
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2. Variable :
 Unlike other programming language , python have no command
for declaring variable.
 You can create variable by assigning value directly to it.
o EX :- x = 50
Name = “hello”

3. Syntax :
 Python syntax can be executed by writing directly at the
command line like,
 >>> print (“hello”)

4. String :-
 String is a collection of different characters.
 You can write string in signle quotes(‘ ‘) as well as in
double quotes (“ “).
o EX :- a=
‘hello’ b=” “

5. Tuples :-
 In the case of tuples , it is collection of different elements and
values supported by python data types.
 Tuples are enclosed in round brackets ().
o EX :- a = (‘abc’ , ‘jkl’ , ‘xyz’,18)
o
6. List :-
 In the case of , It is collection of element or values supported by
python data types.
 List are enclosed in square brackets ().
o EX :- a = [1,2,3,4,5]

7. Dictionary :-
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 A Dictionary is a collection which is unordered , changeable and

indexed.
 Dictionary can be enclosed in curly brackets { } with key &
value pair.
o EX :- dict = {name = “snehal” , surname = “pandya”}

8. Operators :-
 An operators are used to perform operations on variable or value.
 Python support following operators :
o Arithmatic
o Assignment
o Comparison
o Logical
o Membership
o Bitwise
o Identity

1 Word Question – Answer

O. QUESTION ANSWER

1 Python was developed by_____ Guido Van Rossum

Open source
2 Python is ___________ language.
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Q-2How to input and output value in the python:

Detail :-
 In python programming user can input the data as well as get the output as a
result of data.

How to input value :

 To input value python provide one of the built – in function named
input().
 You can ask user to input particular value from userside.
 You can call input () and wait for user to enter the data.
 In python2 you can use row_input() to get value from userside , while
in python3 you have input() to get value from user.
o EX :- num = input (“enter number”)
name = input(“enter name”)

How to ouput / print value :

 Python provide print() to get output to the file.
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 Print() support message of the user as well as value of variable they

want to print.
o EX :- a=5
>>> print (a)
Output :- 5
o EX :- b=10
>>> print (“value of b is =” ,b)
Output :- value of b is = 10

1 Word Question – Answer

SR. QUESTION ANSWER

N O.
1 To input value in the python Input()
function can be used.
2 To print output on the screen _ Databse Access
function can be used.
3 Python prompt can be represented by >>>
_

Q-3Expalin Braching Statements in python:

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Detail :-
 If statement support generally the logical expression.
 In this statement first of all we have to give condition.
 If condition become true then statement following if will be execute
otherwise condition will be terminated.
 Syntax :-
If (<condition>):
<statement>

 Example :-
A=10
If(A>0):
Print(‘yes’)
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If ….. Else :-
 In this statement first of all condition will be check.
 If condition become true then statement following if will be execute.
 But if condition become false then statement following else will be execute.

 Syntax :-
If (<condition>):
<statement>
Else:
<statement>

 Example :-
A=10
If(A>0):
Print(‘yes’)
Else:
Print(‘no’)
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Elif :-
 The elif statement is used to support multiple conditions at the same time.
 At a time only one condition will become true.
 In this case if no any condition become true then finally the statement
following else will be execute.

 Syntax :-
If (<condition>):
<statement>
Elif(<condition>):
<statement>
Elif(<condition>):
<statement>
Else:
<statement>
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 Example :-
a=10,b=20,c=30
if(a>b and a>c):
print(‘a is max’)
elif(b>a and b>c):
print(‘b is max’)
else:
print(‘c is max’)

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

.
1 Python provide one of the important If statement
branching statement that is .
2 In if statement the condition is followed by Colon(:)
.
3 If condition become false then statement Else :
followed by _ will be execute.
4 _ statement can be used to elif
support multiple conditions at the same time.

Q-4 Explain String in Python.

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Detail :-
 Pythondoesnotsupportcharactertype.
 String is mostpopular datatype in python.
 Stringis acollectionof differentcharacterandsymbols.
 We cancreate or declare astring by enclosing “ “(Double Quotes) aswellas ‘
‘Single Quotes
forthestatements.
 Let’ssee, how to declare astringvalue in python:
o Example:- var1 =“hello”

How to Access Characters from particular String :-

 We can accessdifferentcharactersfromgivenstring using indexing.
 Inpython stringindex willstart from 0(zero).
 We can notdelete or removethecharacters fromthestringbut deletingentire string is
possible using del keyword.
o Example:- var1 =“helloworld”
Var2 =“ pythonprogramming”
Print (“var1[0]:”, var1[0]) output:- h
Print(“var2[1:5]”,var2[1:5]) output:- ytho
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How to Concatenate ( join) two strings :-

 To join or concatenatetwo strings in python , (+) plusoperatorcan be used.

o Example:- var1 =“hello ”
Var2 =“ pythonprogramming”
Print(var1 +var2) output:- hellopythonprogramming

How to update existing string :-

 You can "update" an existing string by (re)assigning a variable to another
string.
 The new value can be related to its previous value or to a completely
different string altogether.
o Example :- var1 = ‘hello world’
Print (‘updated string:-‘ , var1[:6] + ‘python’)
output :hello python

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.N QUESTION ANSWER

O.
1 In python ,String can be represented by Single quotes & double
quotes
2 To access substring ,we have to use : (Colon)
index number with _ Operator.

Q-5 Explain String Operators in Python.

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Assume string variable a holds 'Hello' and variable b holds 'Python', then −

Operato Descriptio Example

r n
+ Concatenation - Adds values on either side of a + b will
the operator give
HelloPython
* Repetition - Creates new strings, concatenating a*2 will give
multiple copies of the same string - HelloHello
[] Slice - Gives the character from the given index a[1] will give e
[:] Range Slice - Gives the characters from the a[1:4] will
given range give ell
in Membership - Returns true if a character exists H in a will give
in the given string 1
not in Membership - Returns true if a character does M not in a
not exist in the given string will give 1

Detail :-
 The string operators can be used to perform different types of operations on
the string.
 There are three types of string operators supported by python.
o Basic Operator
o Membership Operator

Basic Operator:-
 String operator support two types of basic operators :
(i) Concatenate Operator :-
o The concatenate operator can be used to combines two t wo or more
string Values.
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o Plus(+) operator can be used as concatenate operator in python.

o Example :-
>>> “hello” + “hi”
Output :- Hellohi

(ii) Replication Operator :-

o The Replication operator (*) is used to repeat particular
string , character or symbol for given number of time .
o In this operator we have to give one integer paramter
and string value.
o Example :-
>>> 5 * “hi ”
Output :- hi hi hi hi hi
Membership Operator:-
 Membership operator is used to indicate possibilities of available members.
 There are two types of membership operators:
(i) in Operator :-

o The in operator returns true if particular character or

string available in the given string otherwise false.

(ii) Not in Operator :-

o This operator returns true if particular character or string does
not exist in given string otherwise returnfalse.
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o Example :-
>>> str1 = “java programming”
>>> str2 = “HNS IT”
>>> str3 = “SEO Material”
>>> str4 = “java”
>>> str5 = “IT”
>>> str4 in str1 Output :- True
>>> str5 in str2 Output :- False
>>> str4 not in str1 Output :- False

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER
.
1 string operator can be used for +
concatenation of multiple strings or words
2 string operator can be used for *
repetition of multiple strings or characters
3 string operator can be used to return :
characters from given range.
4 & are known as membership In & not in
operators.

Q- 6 Write note on Iteration OR Looping Statements.

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Detail :-
 Generally the statements are executed sequentially.
 When user want to execute group of the statements at that time looping
statements are used.
 The main use of loop is to repeat the statements for number of times.
 Python programming support following types of looping statements:

o While Loop
o For Loop
Loop Type Description
while loop Repeats a statement or group of statements while a
given condition is TRUE. It tests the condition before
executing the loop body.
for loop Executes a sequence of statements multiple times
and abbreviates the code that manages the loop
variable.

While Loop :-
 While loop is known as entry – control loop.
 In this loop first of all condition will be checked and then after statement will
be execute.
 If condition become true then the statement following while will be
execute otherwise loop will be terminated.

o Syntax :-
<initialization>
While(<condition>):
<statement>
<increment / decrement>
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o Example :-
i=1

while(i<=10):
Print(i)
i=i+1

 For Loop :-
 For loop is used to execute block of the code for given number of times.
 First of all condition will be check and then after statement will be execute.
 For loop will iterate for the particular collection or list items.

o Syntax :-
For <variable> in <sequence>:
<statement>

o Example
:-i=1
fruits = [‘apple’ , ‘banana’ , ‘mango’]
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for i in fruits:
print(i)
 If a sequence contains an expression list, it is evaluated first.
 Then, the first item in the sequence is assigned to the iterating
variable iterating_var.
 Next, the statements block is executed.
 Each item in the list is assigned to iterating_var, and the statement(s)
block is executed until the entire sequence is exhausted.
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 Nested Loop :-
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 If you want to create one loop inside another loop then it is called
nested loop or nesting of loop.
 First of all outer loop will be execute first and then after inner loop
will be execute.
o Syntax :-
For <variable> in <sequence>:
<statements>
<statements>

o Example :-
i=1
for I in range(1,10):
for j in range(1,10):
print (j)
print()

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER
.
1 Python support & looping While & for
statements.
2 is loop inside body of another Nested loop
loop
3 In looping statement , the expression or : (Colon)
condition must be followed by .
4 Looping statements are also known as Iterative
statements
5 The loop inside another loop is called Inner loop
loop
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Q-7 What is Scoping ? Explain.

Detail :-

 Variable is acontainer thatuse to storedifferent values.

 Variable can onlyreachthearea in whichtheyaredefine , which is calledscope.
 Pythonsupporttwotypes of variable scopes:

o Localscope of variable
o Globalscope of variable

 Thescope of variable is used to decide placewhere you can access variable.

 If you define variable at the top level of your script or module then it is always global
variable.

 Local scope of variable :-

 If youdeclarevariable inside the functionthen it is called local scope.

 Local variable have limited scope , it can be accessed by only the function in
which it is declare.

o Example :-
def
my_function()
a=10
print(“a=” , a)
return
>>>my_func()
>>>print(a) # name error : name ‘a’ is not defined

 Global scope of variable :-

 If you declare variable at the top of your script or module then it is always global.
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 Global variable can be easily access anywhere within your script.

o Example :-

My_var = 20
def my_function()
print(“a=” , a)
return
>>>print(a)
>>>my_function()

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

.
1 In python , scope of variable can be _ Local & Global
& .
2 The variable that declare inside function block Local scope
and can be access within function is called
.
3 The variable that declare outside the function Global scope
and can be access anywhere in the script is
called

Q-7 What is Recursion ? Explain with example.

Detail :-
 Pythonprogramming supportrecursion as programmingconcept.
 Whenthefunctioncall itself againand again then it is calledrecursion.
 Recursionworklikealoop, you canconvert any loo to recursion.
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 Recursive Function :-

 Recursive function is called byexternalcode.

 If the base condition is available then the program do something meaningful otherwise
exit.
 Functionhave to do somerequiredprocessingandthencall itself to continuerecursion.

o Example :-
#Factorial using
recursion
def fact(n):
if(n==0):
return 1
else:
return n*fact(n-1)
#calling function
Print(fact(0))
Print(fact(5))
 Nowtry to execute above function like afollowing:-
o Example:-
Print (fact(2000))
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 Youwillgetfollowingerror at runtime:-
o Runtimeerror:- Maximumrecursion depthexceeded in comparison.

 The above error is available because python stop calling recursive function after 1000
calls by default.
 To change it you need to add following lines to starting of code.

Import Sys
Sys.setrecursionlimit(3000)
1 Word Question – Answer
SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER
1 When the function call itself recursion
again and againthen it is called .
2 function is called by external recursive

Q-8 What is Module ? Explain

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Detail :-
 Moduleallow you to logically organizeyourpythoncode.
 To grouprelatedcodeintothemodule makes thecodeeasier to understand and us d.
 Simplymodule is a file having thepythoncode.
 Modulecan define function, variable and class.
 Modulecanalso incuderunnable code.
o Example:-
[module – support.py]

Def print_func(x):
Print(“hello:”,x)

 Pythonprovidetwotypes of statements to load module:

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 Import statement :-
 You can use any pyton file as a module by executing import statement in
other python file.
o Syntax :- import module 1 [,module 2 [,module N ] ]
 When interpreter find out import statement it import the module if module is
available.
o Example :- import module support
import support
Support.print_func(“zara”)
 Module is loaded only once , but number of times it will be imported.
 The module search the path which is stored in system module as Sys.path.

 From……import statement :-
 Python's from statement lets you import specific attributes from a module
into the current namespace.
 The from...import has the following syntax –

o Syntax :- from modname import name1[, name2[, ... nameN]]

 For example, to import the function fibonacci from the module fib, use the
following statement −
o Example :- from fib import Fibonacci

 This statement does not import the entire module fib into the current
namespace;
 it just introduces the item fibonacci from the module fib into the global
symbol table of the importing module.

 The from...import * Statement:-

 It is also possible to import all names from a module into the current
namespace by using the following import statement −
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from modname import *

 This provides an easy way to import all the items from a module into the
current namespace.

 Usi
ng the dir() Function
 There is a built-in function to list all the function names (or variable
names) in a module. The dir( ) function:
 module: import platform

o Example :-
x =
dir(platform)
print(x)

 Note: The dir() function can be used on all modules, also
the ones you create yourself.
1 Word Question – Answer
SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER
.
1 Module is a having python code. file
2 statement can be used to import import
code from the given module.
3 To import all the files from the particular Import *
module we can use

Q-9What is file? Explain How to open , read , write and close the file –[file
handling]
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Detail :-
 File is used to store related information permanently.
 When we want to read from or write to a file , we need to open it first.
 There are following file operations available:
o Open a file
o Read a file
o Write a file
o Close a file

 Open a
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 Python provide open() to open particular file.

 We have to provide file mode which can be read – ‘r’ , write – ‘r’ or append

– ‘a’.
 The default mode is reading mode.
 File Modes :-
(1) ‘R’ :- This file mode is used to open any file for reading purpose.
(2) ‘w :- This file mode is used to open any file for writing purpose.
(3) ‘a’ :- This file mode is used to open any file for appending data.

Example :- f = open (“text1.txt”)

f = open (“text2.txt”,”w”)

 Write data to the file :-

 To write data from the file , we need to open it into write mode.
 To write data into file , write() can be used.

Example :- f = open (“text1.txt”, “w”)

f.write(“hello”)
print(“written successfully”)
f.close()

 Read data from the file :-

 To read data from the file , we need too pen it into read mode.
 To read data from the file , read() is used.

Example :- f = open (“text1.txt”, “r”)

print (f.read())
f.close()
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 How to close file :-

 When we complete all the related operations the new need to close it
properly.
 To close any file , close() is used.
Example :-
f = open (“text1.txt”, “r”)
print (f.read())
f.close()

1 Word Question – Answer

QUESTION ANSWER
SR.NO

1 is used to store related imformations file

permanently.
2 can be used to open particular file Open()
3 can be used to read data from Read()
particular file.
4 can be used to write data to the Write()
particular file.
5 _ can be used to close particular Close()
file.

Q-10 Write note on tuple .

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Detail :-

 Tuple is a sequence of immutable python object.

 Tuple is very similar to the list but there may be following difference
between list and tuple.
o Tuple can not be change or update during execution.
o We have to use round brackets( ) to represent tuple.
o User can create empty tuple by representing empty brackets ( ).
o Creating tuple is as simple as representing different values
supported by comma ( , ).

 Example :-
T1=(‘a’,’b’,’c’,’d’,’e’)
T2=(1,2,3,4,5)
T3=(17,25,”hi”,”how”,4)

 How to access value from the tuple :-

 To access value from the tuple use square bracket [ ] with particular index
number or range.
 Example :-
T1=(‘a’,’b’,’c’,’d’,’e’)
Print (“t1[2]:” , t1[2])
o/p:- c

 How to update value in the tuple :-

 In tuple it is not possible to change the value during execution.
 But it is possible to merge more than one tuples at the same time.
 Example :-
T1=(‘a’,’b’,’c’,’d’,’
e’) T2=(1,2,3,4,5)
T3= T1 + T2
Print (T3) o/p :- a,b,c,d,e,1,2,3,4,5
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 How to delete tuple :-

 To remove particular value of the tuple is not possible.
 So that we have to delete or remove entire tuple using del statement.
 Example :-
T1=(‘a’,’b’,’c’,’d’,’e’)
del (T1)
Print (T1)

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER
.
1 Tuple is object in python. immutable
2 Tuple can be represented by brackets. ( ) (round)
3 statement can be used to remove entire del
tuple.

Q-11 Write note on List.

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Detail:-
 Thelist is mostversatile datatype in python.
 List can be represented by squarebracket[] , separated by comma( , ).
 Inpython youcan createsimplelistlike following:

 Example :-
L1 = [“abc” , “xyz” , 2000 ,1999]
L2 = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]

 How to access value from the List :-

 To access value from the List , use square bracket [ ] with particular
index number or range.

 Example :-
L1 = [“abc” , “xyz” , 2000 ,1999]
L2 = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
Print (“list1[0]:” , L1[0]) o/p :- abc
Print(“list2[1:5]:” , L2[1:5]) o/p :- 2,3,4,5
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 How to update value in the List :-

 You can update single or multiple elements of list by assigning new
value from right to left.
Example :- L1 = [“abc” , “xyz” , 2000 ,1999]
Print (L1[2]) o/p :- 2000
L1[2] = 2005
Print (L1[2]) o/p :- 2005

 How to delete value in the List :-

 To remove list element , you can use del statement , if you know which
element you are going to delete.
 You can also use remove() , if you do not know which element you are
going to delete.

 Example :-
L1 = [“abc” , “xyz” , 2000 ,1999]
Print (L1[2])
del (L1[2])
Print (L1)
Del (L1)
Print(L1)
1 Word Question – Answer
SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER
.
1 List is object in python. mutable
2 List can be represented by [ ] (square )
brackets.
3 To remove particular element from the list del
statement can be used.
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Q-12 Write note on Dictionary.

Detail:-
 In dictionary we have to manageourdata by key and valuepair.
 In dictionaryeach key is separatedfromitsvalue usingcolon(: ).
 In dictionarythe key and value pairs are separated by comma(, ).
 Thekeys are always unique but valuescannot be.
 We can createourdictionaryusingcurlybrackets { }.
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 Example :-
D1 = {‘name’ : ‘zara’ , ‘city’ : ‘rajkot’ , ‘age’ : 5)

 How to access value from dictionary :-

 To access value from the dictionary , we have to use square bracket with
particular key.

 Example :-
D1 = {‘name’ : ‘zara’ , ‘city’ : ‘rajkot’ , ‘age’ : 5)
Print (“D1[‘name’]:” , D1[‘name’]) o/p :- zara

 How to update value in dictionary :-

 You can update dictionary by adding new entry or by modifying existing
entry.

 Example :-
D1 = {‘name’ : ‘zara’ , ‘city’ : ‘rajkot’ , ‘age’ : 5)

D1[‘school’] = ‘G.T. Girls’ # adding new entry

Print (D1)
D1[‘age’] = 1 #modifying existingentry
Print(D1)

 How to delete value in the dictionary :-

 You can remove particular element from dictionary as well as you can
clear entire dictionary.
 To remove all the entries from dictionary , clear() is used.

 Example :-
 D1 = {‘name’ : ‘zara’ , ‘city’ : ‘rajkot’ , ‘age’ : 5)
del (D1 [‘name’]) # removing single entry
print(D1)
del (D1) # deleting entire dictionary
print(D1)
D1.clear() # remove all entries in dictionary Print(D1)
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1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER
.
1 Dictionay can be represented by _ { } (curly)
brackets.
2 In dictionary ,each key is separated from its : (colon)
values by .
3 Keys are always within dictionary. Unique
4 To remove an entire dictionary del
statement can be used.

Q-13 How to define function ? Explain.

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Detail:-
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 Defining a Function :-
 Function blocks begin with the keyword def followed by the function name
and parentheses ( ( ) ).
 You can place any number of arguments inside the brackets().
 The code block of every function must start with colon( : ).
 The statement of the block must be exit with ‘return’ keyword.

o Syntax :-
def <function name> (parameters):
<block of code>
Return
Example :-
def sp():
Print(“hello sp”)
return
 Calling a Function :-
oIf you create your own function , then you can execute it by calling the
function with its name.
oYou have to take care about name of the function and argument of the function.
o Syntax :-
<function name> (parameters):
o Example :-
Sp()
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Passing parameters to function :-

oYou can pass multiple arguments by separating it with comma (,) .

owhile passing multiple arguments always take care about number of
arguments and types of arguments.

o Syntax :-
def <function name> (p1,p2,p3,…..,pn):
<block of code>
Print Return
Example :-
def sp(str1 ,str2):
(“hello sp”)
Print(str1)
Print(str2)
Return
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1 Word Question – Answer

def
keyword can be used to define
function.
The code block within every function starts Function name &
with & followed by . colon(:)
Function can be called by just providing Function name
.
User can pass some values with function Parameters
which known as _
To return some values by function _ return
statement can be used.

Q-14 Explain Mutability in brief.

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Detail :-
 Everything in python is an object.
 Python represent all it’s data as object.
 The mutability of object decided by its type.
 Some of the object like list and dictionary are mutable.
 Mutable means you can change the content without changing their
identity.
 Some other objects like tuple and string are immutable means that can
not be change.
 Variable in a python also support mutability , means if you call same
method with same variable can be muted anytime by other method.
 List object support mutability like following :

Example :-
My_list= [10,20,30]
Print (my_list)
My_list[0]=40
Print(my_list)
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 Unlike tuple , the list is mutable it means we can change the value by
assigning new value directly.

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

.
1 is mutable object in python. List
2 is immutable object in python Tuple
3 means you can change the content Mutability
without changing their identity.
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CHAPTER-2
OOP Using Python

 Handling Exception
 Exception as Control Flow
 Assertion
 Abstract Data Type
 Class
 Inheritance
 Encapsulation
 Information hiding
 Search Algorithm
 Sorting Algorithm
 Hash table
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Q-1 What is Exception ? How to handle Exception?

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Detail :-
 An exception is event that available during execution of a
program.
 python have many built-in exception.
 Python provide two very important features to handle an
unexpected error in your program.
1. Exception handling
2. Assertion

 Exception handling
 If you have some doubtful code that create exception at that time you
need to handle the exception.
 Python provide try ,except else and finally keyword to store and solve
the error.

Try and exception:

 Try block support the code that you want to execute.

 Single try statement can have multiple except statement. Except
statement can support handling of any exception.
 Try block contains the statement that must be thrown different type of
exception.
 You can use except clause after try statement which can be multiple.
 At last you can include else clause , the code in else statement will be
execute if the code in try block do not raised any error.

o Syntax :-
Try :
Do your operations here
Except Exception1:
If there is exception1 , than execute this block
Except Exception2:
If there is exception2 , then execute this block
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Else:
If there is no exception , than execute this block

o Example:-
Try :
F=open(“testfile”,”w”)
f.write(“hello friends”)
Except:
print (“error , can not find file”)
Else:
print(“written successfully”)
f.close()

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

.
1 block support the code that you try
want to be execute.
2 statement can support handling of any except
execption.
3 if the code in try block do not raised any else
error,than the statement following
will be execute.

Q -2 Explain Assertion in brief.

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Detail :-
 An Assertion is rule based checking that you can turn on and turn
off when you done with your testing of program.
 Assertions are carried out by assert statement.
 You have to place assert statement at the starting of your option to
check for valid input.

 Assert Statement:
 When interpreter encounter asserts statement , python execute the
given expression which is true.
 But if the expression is false then python raised AssertionError
Exception.
o Syntax :-
Assert Expression [ , arguments ]

 If assertion fail , python use ArgumentExpression as argument for

AssertionError.
 AssertionError exception can be handle like any other exception using
try , catch , except statement.
 If the exceptions are not handle than terminate the program and
produce the Trackback.
 Consider following example that indicate how AssertionException raised
, if expression is false.
o Example :-

def no(i)
Assert (i>=0) , “no is less than
zero” Return (i)
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#calling function
Print (no(5))
Print (no(-5))

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

.
1 Assertions are carried out by _ assert
statement.
2 If the exceptions are not handle than terminate Trackback
the program and produce .

Q -3 Explain Abstract Data type with class.

D etail :-
 Abstract data type is a type or class for the object whose behavior is define d
by set of values.
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 Abstract data type indicate “what’s operations are to be perform but not
how the operations will be implemented.
 Abstractions is most powerful idea in python.
 Abstract data type provide very important feature called “modularity”.
 Classes are python representation for abstract data type.
 Abstract data type include both data and operation at the same time.
 There are following abstract data type available in python :
o Stack ADT
o Queue ADT
o List ADT

 Stack ADT
 A stack contains elements of same type arranged in sequential order.
Stack all the operatio ns are performed at top of the stack.

 Stack is performed op eration by LIFO[last in first out]. Stack

support following operation or method.

1. Stack():-

 Stack create a new sta ck that is empty.

 it needs no parameter and return an empty stack.

2. Push( item):-

 Add new item to the t op of the stack it needs the item and
retu rn nothing.
3. Pop ()

 Remove the top item from the stack. Return the item The stack
is modified.
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o Example:-

class Stack:
def init (self):

self.items = []
def isEmpty(self):
return self.items == []
def push(self, item):
self.items.insert(0,item)
def peek(self):
return self.items[0]
def pop(self):
return self.items.pop(0)
def front(self):
return self.item[(self.items)]
def size(self):
return len(self.item s)

s = Stack()
s.push('hello')
s.push('true')
s.push('bca6b')
print(s.items)
print(s.size())
print(s.peek())
print(s.pop())
print(s.items)

 Queue ADT:-
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 Queue contains eleme nt of some type arranged in sequential o

rder.
 Operation can be take place at both ends insertion is done at th e
end and deletions is done at front.

1. Queue()
 Create a new queue that is empty.
 It need no parameters and return an empty queue.

2. Enqueue(items)
 Add a new item to the rear of the queue.
 It need the item and returns nothing.

3. Dequeue()
 Remove the item from the front of the queue.
 The queue is modified.

Example:-

class Queue:
def init (self):

self.items = []
def isEmpty(self):
return self.items == []
def enqueue(self, it em):
self.items.insert(0,item)
return self.item[len(self.items)-1]

def size(self):
return len(self.it ems)
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q=Queue()
q.enqueue(4)
q.enqueue('dog')
q.enqueue(True)
print(q.size())

 List ADT:-

 List contains elements if same type arranged in

sequential ord er. List contain following operation.

1. get()
It return eleme nt from the list at given position.

2 2.Insert()
Insert a new el ement of any position of list.

3. Remove ()
It remove first element from non empty list.

4. Replace()
Replace element of any position by other element.

1 Word Question -Answer

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SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

.
1 ADT stands for . Abstarct Data
Type
2 Abstract data type provide very important Modularity
feature called .

3 contains elements of some type Queue

arranged in sequential order.

4 Remove the top item from the Pop

stack.
5 _is used to remove first element remove
from non empty list.

Q -4 Explain Encapsulation with information hiding.

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Detail :-

 The object variable should not always access directly.

 The object variable sometimes changed with object method which known as
private members.

 Python does not have private keyword unlike oop language but
encapsulation can be take place.
 A class variable that should not directly access must be prefixed with
(Double underscore).

 Using encapsulation we can restrict access to methods and variable , which

prevent data from direct modification.
 In python we can represent private attributes using (Double Underscore)

o Example :-
Class
abc(object): Def init (self):
Self.a = 123
Self.b=123
Self c=123
Return

Obj = abc()
Print(obj.a)
Print(obj.b)
Print(obj.__c)

 When above code is execute the following output should be

display:-123
123
Trackback
Attribute Error : ‘abc’ object has no attribute ‘ c’.
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 Encapsulation prevent accessing of data accidently not intencially.

 In Encapsulation :-
-Public Method – Accessible from anywhere.
-Private Method – Accessible only with its own class that start with
(double underscore).
-Public Variable – Accessible from anywhere.
-Private Variable – Accessible only with its own class that starts with
(double underscore).

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

.
1 Using we can restrict access to encapsulation
methods and variable.
2 In python we can represent private attributes (double
using . Underscore

Q-5 Explain Inheritance with example

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Detail :-
 Inheritance is a feature of object oriented programming.
 It is use to specify that one class will get all the features of other class.
 It is a powerful feature that provide facility to create new class with few
modification to existing class.
 The Main class from which child class inherit the property is called parent
class or base class.
 The class that get all the features of parent class or base class is called Child
class or derived class.
 The main purpose of inheritance is re-usability.

o Syntax :-
Class derivedclass (baseclass name):
<statement 1>
<statement 2>
……
……
<statement N>
o Example :-

Class animal :
Def eat(self):
Print (‘eating……’)
Class dog(animal):
Def break(self):
Print(‘barking……’)
#calling
d.dog()
d.eat()
d.bark()
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 Multiple inheritance:-

 Python support multiple inheritance which allow us to inherit multiple

parent classes.
 We can derive child class from more than one parent or base classes.
 Python provides us the flexibility to inherit multiple base classes in the child
class.

 Multilevel inheritance:-

 In multilevel inheritance , we can inherit derived class from another derived

class.

 Multi-level inheritance is archived when a derived class inherits another

derived class.
 There is no limit on the number of levels up to which, the multi-level
inheritance is archived in python.
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1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

.
1 The main purpose of inheritance is Re-usability
.
2 In inheritance ,We can derive (double
child class from more than one parent or base Underscore)
classes.

Q-5 Explain Searching Algorithm.

Detail :-
 Searching is very necessary when you store the data in different data
structure.
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 The main purpose of searching is to go for every elements in the data

structure and match it with the value , you are searching for.
 There are two types of searching algorithm available in python:-
o Linear search
o Interpolation search

 Linear search:-

 In this type of search , the sequential order must be follow by all the
elements.
 Every list item is checked , if match is found then the particular list item
will be return.
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 Otherwise the search continue till the end of data structure.

o Example :-
Def linear_search(values , search_for):

Search_at =0
Search_Res=false
#match value with element
While (search_at < len(values) and search_res is false):
If (value[search_at]==search_for ):
search_res = true
else:
search_at=search_at + 1
return search_res
l = [64,34,25, 12,22,10,90]
print(linear_search(l,12))
print(linear_search(l,91))
o Output :-
True
False

 Interpolationsearch
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 This search technique works on particular position of needed value.

 For this searching data collection must be in sorted order.
 In this search there may be probe position , it is the position of middle most
list item of the collection.
 If middle item is > greater than search item then probe position is again
calculated.

o Example :-
Def inter_search(values , x):
idx =0
idxn = (len(values)-1)

While (idx < = idxn and x>=values[idx] and x<=value[idxn]):

#find mid point
Mid = idx
#compare value
If (values[mid]==x):
Return “found” + str(x) + “at index” + str(mid)
If values [mid] < x:
idx = mid+1
return “search element not in the
list” l = [2,6,11,19,27,31,45,121]
print(inter_search(l,2))
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o Output :-
Found 2 at index 0

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

.
1 _& are the types of Linear
searching algorithm in python. Interpolation
2 In type of search , the sequential Linear
order must be follow by all the elements.

3 In _ search there may be probe interpolation

position , which return middle most list item of
the collection.

Q -7 Explain Sorting Algorithm.

Detail :-
 Sorting is used to arrange data in particular format.
 Sorting algorithm specify a way to arrange data in particular order.
 Sorting support following implementation in python.
o Bubble Sort
o Merge Sort
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o Selection Sort
o Shell Sort
o Intertion Sort

 Bubble Sort:-

 It is comparison based algorithm in which each pair of elements will be

compare and the elements are swapped if they are not in the order.
o Example :-
Def bubblesort(list):
For item_num in range(len(list1)-1,0,-1):
If list[idx] > list[idx+1]:
Temp = list[idx]

List[idx]= list[idx+1]
List[idx+1] = temp
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List=[19,2,31,45,6,11,121,27]
Bubblesort(list)
Print(list)
o/p :- 2,6,11,19,27,31,45,121

 Merge Sort:-

 Merge sort first devide the array into equal parts then combine them
into sort manner.

 Merge Sort is divide and conquer algorithm.

 It divides input array in two halves, calls itself for the two halves and then
merges the two sorted halves.
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o Example :-
def mergeSort(nlist):
print("Splitting ",nlist)
if len(nlist)>1:
mid = len(nlist)//2
lefthalf = nlist[:mid]
righthalf = nlist[mid:]

mergeSort(lefthalf)
mergeSort(righthalf)
i=j=k=0

while i < len(lefthalf) and j < len(righthalf):

if lefthalf[i] < righthalf[j]:
nlist[k]=lefthalf[i]
i=i+1
else:
nlist[k]=righthalf[j]
j=j+1
k=k+1

while i < len(lefthalf):

nlist[k]=lefthalf[i]
i=i+1
k=k+1

while j < len(righthalf):

nlist[k]=righthalf[j]
j=j+1
k=k+1
print("Merging ",nlist)
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 Selection Sort:-
 In selection sort we can start sorting of elements by finding
minimum value.
 Then we can move it to the sortest list.
 We can repeat the process for each of the remaining element from
unsorted
List.
o Example :-
def selectisn_sort(input_list):
for idx in range (len(input_list)):
min_idx = idx
for j in range(idx+1 , len(input_list)):
if input_list[min_idx]<input_list[1]:
input_list[min_idx] = input_list[idx]
l=[19,2,31,45,30,11,121,27]
selection_sort(l)
print(l)

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

.
1 algorithm specify a way to arrange sorting
data in particular order.
2 _ is divide and conquer algorithm. Merge sort
3 In we can start sorting of Selection sort
elements by finding minimum value.

Q-8 Explain Hash Table with Example.

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D etail :-
 Hash tables are type of data structure in which index value of data
isgenerated from hash table.
 It makes data accessing faster because index value behave as a key.
 In other words hash table store key-value pair but key will be generate d from
hash function.
 In hashtable key-value pair become the index of array which store the value.
 In python dictionary data type represent implementation of hash table.
 The key of dictionary are known as hash table , which generates uniqu e
result for each unique value supplied to the hash function.
 The order of data elements in a dictionary is not fixed.
 Performing Operations on Hash tables using Dictionaries:

 There are a number of operations that can be performed on has tables in

Python through dictionaries such as:

o Accessing Values
o Updating Values
o Deleting Element

Using key values:

 Accessing Values:
 The values of a dictionary can be accessed in many ways such as:
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o Using key values

o Using Functions

 Dictionary values can be accessed using the key values as follows:

1 my_dict={'Dave' : '001' , 'Ava': '002' , 'Joe': '003'}my_dict['Dave']

2

o EXAMPLE:

OUTPUT: ‘001′

 Using functions:

 There are a number of built-in functions that can be used such as get(),
keys(), values(), etc.

EXAMPLE:

1
2 my_dict={'Dave' : '001' , 'Ava': '002' , 'Joe':'003'}
3 print(my_dict.keys())print(my_dict.values())
print(my_dict.get('Dave'))

OUTPUT:

dict_keys([‘Dave’, ‘Ava’, ‘Joe’])

 Updating Values:

 Dictionaries are mutable data type and therefore, you can update them as
and when required.
 For example, if I want to change the ID of the employee named Dave from
‘001’ to ‘004’ and if I want to add another key-value pair to my dictionary,
Ican do as follows:
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o EXAMPLE:

1 my_dict={'Dave' : '001' , 'Ava': '002' , 'Joe':'003'}

2 my_dict['Dave'] = '004' #Updating the value ofDave
3 my_dict['Chris'] = '005' #adding a key-valuepair
4 print(my_dict)

OUTPUT: {‘Dave’: ‘004’, ‘Ava’: ‘002’, ‘Joe’: ‘003’, ‘Chris’: ‘005’}

 Deleting items from a dictionary:

 There a number of functions that allow you to delete items from a

dictionary such as del(), pop(), popitem(), clear(), etc. For
example:

o EXAMPLE:

1 my_dict={'Dave': '004', 'Ava': '002', 'Joe':

2 '003', 'Chris': '005'}
3 del my_dict['Dave'] #removes key-value pair of'Dave'
4 my_dict.pop('Ava') #removes the value of 'Ava'
5 my_dict.popitem() #removes the last inserted item
print(my_dict)

OUTPUT: {‘Joe’: ‘003’}

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1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

.
1 are type of data structure in which Hash tables
index value of data is generated from hash
table.
2 In hash table , the index value always behave key
as a .
3 In hash table ,key will be generated from hash()
.
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CHAPTER-3
Plotting Using PyLab

 Plotting using PyLab

 Plotting Mortgages
 Extended Example
 Fibonacci Sequence Revisited
 Dynamic Programming
 0/1 Knapsack Algorithm
 Dynamic Programming with Divide and
Conquer
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Q-1 Explain How to plotting using PyLab.

Detail :-
 PyLab is a module inside MATPLOTLIB library.
 MATPLOTLIB was developed by John . D. Hunter in 2003.
 MATPLOTLIB has it’s roots in MATLAB which need to decide PyLab.
 MATLAB support many built – in function for users to develop the code.
 It become easy for MATLAB user who don’t want to use import statement.
 PyLab having number of functions and classes for generating the drawings.
 MATPLOTLIB in python having 1000 lines of code to create quality graphics.

 MATPLOTLIB :-

MATPLOTLIB is free python library for generating plots in 1D ,

2D Graphics.
MATPLOTLIB is easy to use interface for PyLab modules.

Example :-
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Import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Import numpy as np
X = np.linspace(0,10,100)
Plt.plot(x , x.Label = “linear”)
Plt.legend()
Plt.show()

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

.
1 MATPLOTLIB was developed by John . D. Hunter
in 2003.
2 is a module inside PyLab
MATPLOTLIB library.
3 _is free python library for MATPLOTLIB
generating plots in 1D , 2D Graphics.
4 support many built – in MATLAB
function for users to develop the code.

Q-2 Explain Plotting Mortgage in brief.

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Detail :-
 Mortgage is a simple calculation to find out or understand true cost of any
loan or interest.
 To install mortgage you have to write following command at CMD prompt.

o Pip install mortgage

 The above package can provide easy way to compare different mortgages.
 It you are consider in mortgage loan , you should understand all the dtails
about how principal and interest will be calculated.
 It will be also easy to find out monthly payment system for mortgage loan
which include following :
o HOA :- [ Home Owner Association fee ]
o PMI :- [Private Mortgage Insurance fee ]
o Home Owner Insurance
o Taxes

 Here are some common tricks to find out mortgage loan calculation :-
1. Provide sales price of house.
2. Enter down payment.
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3.Calculate loan amount.

4.Enter loan terms in years.
5.Enter interest rate.
6.Calculate monthly payment.
7.Calculate final balance and monthly interest.
Example :-

Calculate simple mortgage

From mortgage import loan
l = Loan(p=2,00,000 , i=0.06 , term = 30)
l.summarize
>>>original balance : 2,00,000
>>>interest rate : 0.06%
>>>terms : 30 years
>>>monthly payment :

1 Word Question – Answer

sr.
no
. is a simple calculation
1 to find Mortgage
out or understand true cost of any loan or
interest.
To install mortgage you have to write
Pip install mortgage
command.

Q-3 Explain Fibonacci sequence revisited with example.

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Detail :-
 One of the most common type of math based technical challenges are ones
that deal with Fibonacci sequence.
 Each new term in the Fibonacci sequence is generated by adding the
previous two terms.
 For example , starting with 1 and 2 ,the first 10 numbers in the sequence
would be :

o 1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89

 One of the favourite challenge that deals with Fibonacci sequence is one that
asks for index value of some high number in the sequence.
 It might be good idea to record the value returned by the first call , and then
look it up rather than compute it each time it is needed.This is called
“memorization”.
 “Memorization” is key idea behind any dynamic programming.

 Normally , easy way to go about doing something like would be to put all
the numbers in array and then cycle them with for loop.
 First it requires two different functions , one function to generate Fibonacci
sequence and second function to cycle through all the numbers we have
generated.
 Let’s see ,implementation of Fibonacci sequence by following figure.
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As above figure , look at tree of calls associated with the invocation fib(6).
Notice that we are computing same values over & over again.

oExample :-
Def
fib_seq(n)
A=0
B=1
If n==1:
Print(a)
Elif n==2:
Print(a,b)
Else:
Print(a,b,end=” “)
For I in range(n-2):
c=a+b
a=b
b=c
print(c , end=” “)
#calling
fib_seq(10)

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

.
1 Each new term in the Fibonacci sequence is two
generated by adding the previous _
terms.
2 is key idea behind any dynamic Memorization
programming.
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Q-4 Explain 0/1 knapsack algorithm.

Detail :-
 In 0-1 knapsack , items can not be broken.
 It means if 1 than cover all the elements and if 0 than leave all the
elements.
 This is the main reason behind calling it as 0-1 knapsack.
 In case of 0-1 knapsack , the value of xi can be either 0 or 1 where other
elements remains same.
 Let’s consider the capacity of the knapsack is w=25 and the items as shown
in the following table.
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ITEM A B C D
PROFIT 24 18 18 10
WEIGHT 24 10 10 7
 Here , profit per unit weight = (pi/wi).
 First item A will be selected as it will contribute maximum profit among
all the elements.
 After selecting item A , no more item will be selected.
 Here , for this given set of items total profit is 24.
 The optimal solution can be achieved by selecting items , B and C , where
total profit is 18+18=36.
 In this example , the items are selected based on ratio (pi/wi).
 Let’s us consider capacity of knapsack is w=60 and the items are as shown
in following table.

ITEM A B C
PRICE 100 280 120
WEIG 10 40 20
HT
RATIO 10 7 8

 First item A is selected , then next item B is select.

 Here , total profit is 100 + 280 =380.
 The optimal solution of this instance can be achieved by selecting items B
and C , where total profit is 280 + 120 = 400.
 0/1 knapsack alogorithm takes following inputs :
o The maximum weight = W.
o The number of items = n.
o The two sequences ….
 Value V = <v1,v2,……,vn>
 Weight W = <w1,w2,…..,wn>
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1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

.
1 In , items can not be broken. 0-1 knapsack
2 In 0-1 knapsake algorithm, means 1
cover all the elements and means 0
leave all the elements.

Q-5 Explain dynamic programming with divide & conquer algorithm.

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DIVIDE & CONQUER ALGORITHM

Detail :-
 Devide & conquer is the process of breaking down problem into smaller
parts.
 Break a problem into subprograms that are similar with original problems.
 Recursively , solves the sub problems , and finally combines the solutions to
the sub programs to solve the original problem.
 Divide & conquer is an alogorithm paradigm.
 A typical divide & conquer algorithm solve a problem using following
3steps:
o DIVIDE (Break) :-
 It breaks the given problem into sub – problems of same type.
 Ths step involves breaking the problem into smaller sub –
problems.
 At this stage , sub- problem should represent a part of original
problem.

o CONQUER(Solve) :-
 It include process of recursively solve the sub – problems.
 This step receives a lot of smaller sub – problem to be solved.
 Generally , at this level , the problems are considered as
“solved”.

o COMBINE (Merge):-
 It combines the appropriate answers as well as results.
 When smaller sub – problems are solved , this stage recursively
combines them until they found solution of original problem.
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o Example :-
def bsearch(list ,val):
list_size = len(list) -1
idx0 = 0
idxn = list_size #find middle most value
While idx0 < = idxn :
Midval = (idx0 _ idxn)/2
If list[midval] == val:
Return midval
#compare value – middle most value
If val > list[midval]:
Idx0 = midval +1
Else:
Idxn = midval – 1
If idx0 > idxn:
Return none
#calling
l1 = [55,44,2,4,9,8]
Print (bsearch(l1,4)
 A classic example of divide & conquer is merge sort which demonstrated
below.
 In merge sort , we divide array into two halves & sort the two halves
recursively & then finally merge the sored halves.
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CHAPTER-4
Network Programming and
GUI using Python
 Network Programming:
 Protocol, Sockets,
 Knowing IP Address,
 URL, Reading the Source Code of a Web Page,
 Downloading a Web Page from Internet,
 Downloading an Image from Internet,
 A TCP/IP Server, A TCP/IP Client,
 A UDP Server, A UDP Client,
 File Server, File Client,
 Two-Way Communication between Server and
Client,
 Sending a Simple Mail.
 GUI Programming:
 Event-driven programming paradigm;
 creating simple GUI;
 buttons, labels, entry fields, dialogs;
widget attributes - sizes, fonts, colors ,layouts,nested
frames

.
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Q-1 What is Socket in network programming?

Detail :-

 Python provides two levels of access to network services.

 At a low level, you can access the basic socket support in the underlying operating
system, which allows you to implement clients and servers for both connection-
oriented and connectionless protocols.
 Python also has libraries that provide higher-level access to specific application-
level network protocols, such as FTP, HTTP, and so on.

What is Sockets?

 Sockets are the endpoints of a bidirectional communications channel. Sockets

may communicate within a process, between processes on the same machine, or
between processes on different continents.
 Sockets may be implemented over a number of different channel types: Unix
domain sockets, TCP, UDP, and so on. The socket library provides specific
classes for handling the common transports as well as a generic interface for
handling th rest.

The socket Module

 To create a socket, you must use the socket.socket() function available in socket
module, which has the general syntax −
 s = socket.socket (socket_family, socket_type,

protocol=0) Server Socket Method

Sr.No. Method & Description

1 s.bind() This method binds address (hostname, port
number pair) to socket.
2 s.listen() This method sets up and start TCP listener.
3 s.accept() This passively accept TCP client connection,
waiting until connection arrives (blocking).
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Client Socket Methods

Sr.No. Method & Description
1 s.connect()

This method actively initiates TCP server connection.

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER
.
1 To create Socket , you must use Socket
module
2 Method bind address to Bind()
the socket.
3 _ method will accept the client Accept()
connection.

Q-2 IP Address in python.

 IP (Internet Protocol) -Address is the basic fundamental concept of
computer networks which provides the address assigning capabilities to a
network.
 Python provides ipaddress module which is used to validate and
categorize the IP address according to their types(IPv4 or IPv6).

 This module is also used for performing wide range of operation like
arithmetic, comparison, etc to manipulate the IP addresses.

Detail :

 Validating IP Addresses

 For validating IP addresses python uses ip_address() function provided

by the ipaddress module which raises error if values of IP exceeds the range of
the type of the IP address.
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 IPv4 : It is a 32-bit number typically written in decimal digits formatted

as four 8-bit numbers separated by dots, is used to identify the network interface
of a machine.

 The ip_address() function throws an error if the range value exceeds

from 0 to 255.

# Import module
import ipaddress

# Example of valid IPv4 address

print (ipaddress.ip_address(u'175.198.42.211'))

# Invalid IPv4 address raises error

print (ipaddress.ip_address(u'175.198.42.270'))

Output :
175.198.42.211

 IPv6 : It is represented by eight groups of four hexadecimal digits

separated by colons, where each group represents 16 bits, two octets also
known as hextet.
 The ip_address() function throws an error if the range value exceeds
from 0 to FFFF.
# Import module
import ipaddress

# Example of valid IPv6 address

print
 (ipaddress.ip_address(u'2001:0db8:85a3:2bfe:070d:8a2e:0370:7334')
# Invalid IPv6 address raises
error print
(ipaddress.ip_address(u'2001:0db8:85a3:0ff0:00000:8a2e:0370:7334'))
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Output :
2001:db8:85a3:2bfe:70d:8a2e:370:7334
 Operations on IP Address-
Various operations like arithmetic, comparison, type, etc can be performed on
the IP addresses with the help of ipaddress module. Some operations are listed
below:

 Type Check operation: The type() method takes various formats of

IP addresses as input and recognizes whether it is IPv4 or IPv6
address, indicating the category of the IP address.

# Import module
import ipaddress

# IPv4 address
print(type(ipaddress.ip_address(u'175.198.42.211')))
print(type(ipaddress.ip_address(u'5.0.0.1')))

# IPv6 address
print(type(ipaddress.ip_address(u'2001:0db8:85a3:2bfe:070d:8a2e:0
370:7334')))
print(type(ipaddress.ip_address(u'0000:f0f0::7b8a:ffff')))
1 Word Question – Answer

QUESTION ANSWER

_ module support various ipaddress

operations performed on IP address.
is represented by eight IPv6
groups of four hexadecimal digits
IP stands for __ _____ __ Internet Protocol

Q-3Explain Protocol in detail.[2-3 marks]

Detail :-
 The Internet Protocol is designed to implement a uniform system of
addresses on all of the Internet-connected computers everywhere and to
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make it possible for packets to travel from one end of the Internet to the
other.
 A program like the web browser should be able to connect to a host
anywhere without ever knowing which maze of network devices each
packet is traversing on its journey.
 There are various categories of internet protocols.
 These protocols are created to serve the needs of different types of data
communication between different computers in the internet.
 Python has several modules to handle each of these communication
scenarios.
 The methods and functions in these modules can do the simplest job of just
validating a URL or also the complex job of handling the cookies and
sessions.
 In this chapter we will look at the most prominent python modules used for
internet protocols.

Protocol Python Module Name Descriptio

n
TTP urllib.request Opening the HTTP URL

HTTP urllib.response Create a reponse object for a url

request

HTTP urllib.parse To break Uniform Resource

Locator (URL) strings up in
components like (addressing
scheme, network location, path
etc.),
HTTP urllib.robotparser It finds out whether or not a
particular user agent can fetch a URL
on the Web site that published the
robots.txt file.
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FTP ftplib implements the client side of the FTP

protocol. You can use this to write
Python programs that perform a
variety of automated FTP jobs, such
as mirroring other FTP servers.

POP poplib This module defines a class, POP3,

which encapsulates a connection to a
POP3 server to read messages from a
email server

IMAP imaplib This module defines three classes,

IMAP4, IMAP4_SSL and
IMAP4_stream, which encapsulate a
connection to an IMAP4 server to
read emails.

SMTP smtplib The smtplib module defines an

SMTP client session object that can
be used to send mail to any Internet
machine with an SMTP listner
deamon.
Telnet telnet This module provides a Telnet class
that implements the Telnet protocol
to access a server thorugh teleent.

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

.
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1 _ is designed to Internet protocol
implement a uniform system of
addresses
2 Protocol can be used to HTTP
open HTTP url.
3 _ protocol helps to support FTP
different file operations

Q-4What is URL ? How to read source code of webpage.

Detail :
 URL stands for Uniform resource locator.
 The requests module can help us build the URLS and manipulate the
URL value dynamically.
 Any sub-directory of the URL can be fetched programmatically and then
some part of it can be substituted with new values to build new URLs.
What is urllib?
 urllib is a Python module that can be used for opening URLs. It defines
functions and classes to help in URL actions.
 With Python you can also access and retrieve data from the internet like
XML, HTML, JSON, etc. You can also use Python to work with this
data directly.
 In this tutorial we are going to see how we can retrieve data from the web.
For example, here we used a guru99 video URL, and we are going to access
this video URL using Python as well as print HTML file of this URL.
Steps :-

 Import urllib
 Define your main function
 Declare the variable webUrl
 Then call the urlopen function on the URL lib library
 The URL we are opening is guru99 tutorial on youtube
 Next, we going to print the result code
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 Result code is retrieved by calling the getcode
function on the webUrl variable we have created
 We going to convert that to a string, so that it can be concatenated with
our string “result code”
 This will be a regular HTTP code “200”, indicating http request is
processedsuccessfully

“how to get source code of website in python” :-

import requests
url = input('Webpage to grab source from: ')
html_output_name = input('Name for html file: ')
req = requests.get(url, 'html.parser')

with open(html_output_name, 'w') as f:

f.write(req.text)
f.close()

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

.
1 _ is a Python module that urllib
can be used for opening URLs .
2 URL stands for ___ ____ Uniform Resource
Locator
3 _ module can help us build the request
URLS and manipulate the URL value
dynamically.

Q-5Explain TCP/IP server and TCP/IP client.

Detail :-

 Python is one of the most popular object-oriented scripting languages with a

programmer-friendly syntax and a vast developer community.
 Here, we’ll showcase how to write a TCP server and client in Python and
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implement them using classes.

TCP/IP Client and Server

 Sockets can be configured to act as a server and listen for incoming messages,
or connect to other applications as a client. After both ends of a TCP/IP socket
are connected, communication is bi-directional.
 Hence, we’ll keep our focus only on the workflow and example code of the
Python TCP server and client.

 The sample contains the source code for a TCP server and client. For practice,
you can extend it to build a small chat system or a local attendance tracking
system.

Synchronous socket entities

 TCPServer class – It follows the (Internet) TCP protocol that allows continuous
streams of data between the server and client.
 The socketserver module has more classes to handle sockets.
 Now let’s see the example of the Python TCP Server.

Python-TCP-Server.py
import socketserver

class
Handler_TCPServer(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
"""
The TCP Server class for demonstration.

Note: We need to implement the Handle method to exchange data

with TCP client.
"""
def handle(self):
# self.request - TCP socket connected to the client
self.data = self.request.recv(1024).strip()
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print("{}
sent:".format(self.client_address[0]))
print(self.data)
# just send back ACK for data arrival confirmation
self.request.sendall("ACK from TCP Server".encode())

if __name__ == " main__":

HOST, PORT = "localhost", 9999

# Init the TCP server object, bind it to the localhost on 9999 port
tcp_server = socketserver.TCPServer((HOST, PORT),
Handler_TCPServer)

# Activate the TCP server.

# To abort the TCP server, press
Ctrl-C. tcp_server.serve_forever()

In the next example code, you’ll see the Python TCP client module
code to communicate with the TCP server.

Python-TCP-Client.py

import socket

host_ip, server_port = "127.0.0.1", 9999

data = " Hello how are you?\n"

# Initialize a TCP client socket using SOCK_STREAM

tcp_client = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,
socket.SOCK_STREAM)

try:
# Establish connection to TCP server and exchange data
tcp_client.connect((host_ip, server_port))
tcp_client.sendall(data.encode())
# Read data from the TCP server and close the connection
received = tcp_client.recv(1024)
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finally:
tcp_client.close()

print ("Bytes Sent: {}".format(data))

print ("Bytes Received: {}".format(received.decode()))

Execution of Python TCP Server and Client modules

 You can run both the server and client in separate Python instances. We
recommend that you use Python version 3 for executing the above
modules.

 Next, you would first run the server module followed by the client. See
below the output of both the client and the server.

 Python 3.5.1 (v3.5.1:37a07cee5969, Dec 6 2015, 01:54:25) [MSC v.1900

64 bit (AMD64)] on win32

 Type "copyright", "credits" or "license()" for more information.

 RESTART:
 C:\Users\Techbeamers\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python35\Python-
TCP- Server.py

 127.0.0.1 sent: b'Hello how are you?'

1 Word Question – Answer

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SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

___ _ class allows continuous streams TCPserver

1 of data between the server and client.

module has more classes

2 to handle sockets. socketserver

3 method can be implement to handle

exchange data with TCP client.

Q-6Explain UDP server and UDP client.

Detail :-

 UDP or user datagram protocol is an alternative protocol to its more

common counterpart TCP.

 UDP like TCP is a protocol for packet transfer from 1 host to another, but
has some important differences.

 UDP is a connection-less and non-stream oriented protocol.

 It means a UDP server just catches incoming packets from any and many
hosts without establishing a reliable pipe kind of connection.

Create UDP sockets

A udp socket is created like this

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s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)

User Datagram Client and Server

 The user datagram protocol (UDP) works differently from TCP/IP.

 Where TCP is a stream oriented protocol, ensuring that all of the

data is transmitted in the right order, UDP is a message
oriented protocol.

 UDP does not require a long-lived connection, so setting up a

UDP socket is a little simpler.

 On the other hand, UDP messages must fit within a single packet

Simple UDP Server program

import socket

sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_DGRAM) # For UDP

udp_host = socket.gethostname() # Host IP

udp_port = 12345 # specified port to connect

#print type(sock) ============> 'type' can be used to see type

# of any variable ('sock' here)

sock.bind((udp_host,udp_port))

while True:
print "Waiting for client..."
data,addr = sock.recvfrom(1024) #receive data from client

print "Received Messages:",data," from",addr

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Output of the above script is as follows. Keep it running and than fire up
the client.py module.

Simple UDP Client program

This is the udpclient.py script:

import socket

sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_DGRAM) # For UDP

udp_host = socket.gethostname() # Host IP

udp_port = 12345 # specified port to connect

msg = "Hello Python!"

print "UDP target IP:", udp_host
print "UDP target Port:", udp_port

Our udpserver.py is up and running, so now we try to runthe udpclient.py script,

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And here is what happened to our server after the client sends the request:

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER
.
1 UDP stands for . User Datagram
Protocol
2 is a connection-less and non- UDP
stream oriented protocol.
3 does not require a long-lived UDP
connection
4 UDP messages must fit within a Single packet

Q-7 Explain sending E-mail using SMTP.

 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a protocol, which handles

sending e-mail and routing e-mail between mail servers.
• Python provides smtplib module, which defines an SMTP client
session object that can be used to send mail to any Internet machine
with an SMTP or ESMTP listener daemon.
• Here is a simple syntax to create one SMTP object, which can later
be used to send an e-mail −

import smtplib
smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP( [host [, port [, local_hostname]]] )
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• Here is the detail of the parameters −

• host − This is the host running your SMTP server. You can specify
IP address of the host or a domain name like tutorialspoint.com.
This is optional argument.
• port − If you are providing host argument, then you need to specify
a port, where SMTP server is listening. Usually this port would be
25.
• local_hostname − If your SMTP server is running on your local
machine, then you can specify just localhost as of this option.
• An SMTP object has an instance method called sendmail,
Example
Here is a simple way to send one e-mail using Python script. Try it once −

import smtplib

sender = '[email protected]'
receivers = ['[email protected]']

message = """From: From Person <[email protected]>

To: To Person <[email protected]>
Subject: SMTP e-mail test

This is a test e-mail message.

"""
try:
smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
smtpObj.sendmail(sender, receivers, message)
print "Successfully sent email"
except SMTPException:
print "Error: unable to send email"
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 Here, you have placed a basic e-mail in message, using a
triple quote, taking care to format the headers correctly.
 An e-mail requires a From, To, and Subject header, separated from the body
of the e-mail with a blank line.

1 Word Question – Answer

QUESTION ANSWER

SMTP stands for . Simple Mail

sendmail
SMTP object has an instance method
called
Python provides _ module to work with smtplib
mail.
Sendmail() have , _ and Sender
_ parameters. Receivers,
message

Q-8 Explain File server and File client

 A simple file transfer server written in Python 3, that allows the user to
download files located on the server.

 The server can handle and serve multiple clients at the same time and send
files in the same/child directories.

Usage

 Run the server.py file, entering the port you wish for the server to
run on.
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 Now, users can run the client.py file and connect to the server by
entering the IP address and port displayed on your server.
 A user can enter the name of a file on the server (in the same folder as
the server.py) and download that file - the file will appear in the same
directory as the client.py file, named from_server+filename.
 file transfer is based on server client model to use socket programming in
python3+.
 Basic Set up Diagram:

 Here is the basic set up diagram to run this program.

File requirements:
 We need server.py and this file should be present at server system. In
our case server.py should be at B_server system.

 Another two files client.py and sample.txt should be present at client

system. In our case those two files should be present at A_client
system.
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 File transfer is the process of copying or
moving a file from a computer to another over a network or
Internet connection.

 In this tutorial, we'll go step by step on how you can write

client/server Python scripts that handles that.

 The basic idea is to create a server that listens on a particular port,

this server will be responsible for receiving files (you can make the
server sends files as well).

 On the other hand, the client will try to connect to the server and
send a file of any type.

 Here is the code to send a file from a local server to a local client.

 # server.py

import socket # Import socket module

port = 60000 # Reserve a port for your service.

s = socket.socket() # Create a socket object
host = socket.gethostname()# Get local machine name s
.bind((host, port)) # Bind to the port
s.listen(5) # Now wait for client connection.

print 'Server listening ... '

while True:

conn, addr = s.accept() # Establish connection with client.

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print 'Got connection from', addr
data = conn.recv(1024)

print('Server received', repr(data))

filename='mytext.txt'
f = open(filename,'rb')
l = f.read(1024)
while (l):
conn.send(l)
print('Sent ',repr(l))
l = f.read(1024)
f.close()

print('Done sending')
conn.send('Thank you for connecting')
conn.close()

# client.py

import socket # Import socket module

s = socket.socket() # Create a socket object

host = socket.gethostname() # Get local machine name
port = 60000 # Reserve a port for your service.

s.connect((host, port))
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s.send("Hello server!")
with open('received_file', 'wb') as f:
print 'file opened'
while True:
print('receiving data...')
data = s.recv(1024)
print('data=%s', (data))
if not data:
break
# write data to a file
f.write(data)
f.close()
print('Successfully get the file')
s.close()
print('connection closed')
Server listening....
Got connection from ('192.168.56.10', 62854)
('Server received', "'Hello server!'")
('Sent ', "'1 1234567890\\n)

('Sent ', "'4567890\\n105)

('Sent ', "'300 1234567890\\n'")
Done sending

Output on a local client:

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file opened
receiving data...
data=1 1234567890
2 1234567890
...
103 1234567890
104 123
receiving data...
data=4567890
105 1234567890
106 1234567890
...
299 1234567890
receiving data...

data=300 1234567890
Thank you for connecting

receiving data...
data=Successfully get the file
connection closed

1 Word Question – Answer

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SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

_is the process of copying

1 or moving the file across internet File transfer
FTP stands for ___ ___ ______ _.
File Transfer Protocol
________
close()

Q-9 Explain two way communication between client and server.

 Sockets are the endpoints of a bidirectional communications channel.

Sockets may communicate within a process, between processes on the same
machine, or between processes on different continents.

 So we will design both server and client model so that each can
communicate with them. The steps can be considered like this.

1. Python socket server program executes at first and wait for any request
2. Python socket client program will initiate the conversation at first.
3. Then server program will response accordingly to client requests.
4. Client program will terminate if user enters “bye” message.

 Server program will also terminate when client program terminates,

this is optional and we can keep server program running indefinitely
or terminate with some specific command in client request.

A Simple Server
A socket object is then usedto call other functions to setup a socket server.
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 Now call bind(hostname, port) function to specify a port for your

service on the given host.
 Next, call the accept method of the returned object. This method waits
until a client connects to the port you specified, and then returns a
connection object that represents the connection to that client.

A Simple Client

 Let us write a very simple client program which opens a connection

to a given port 12345 and given host.
 This is very simple to create a socket client using
Python's socket module function.
 The socket.connect(hosname, port ) opens a TCP connection
to hostname on the port. Once you have a socket open, you can read
from it like any IO object.
 When done, remember to close it, as you would close a file.
 The following code is a very simple client that connects to a given
host and port, reads any available data from the socket, and then exits
 Now run this server.py in background and then run above client.py to
see the result.

# Following would start a server in background.

$ python server.py &

# Once server is started run client as follows:

$ python client.py

This would produce following result −

Got connection from ('127.0.0.1', 48437)
Thank you for connecting
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1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

are the endpoints of a

1 bidirectional communications channel sockets
mehod can be used to specify
bind()
a port for your service on the given host.
method waits until a client
connects to the port you specified accept

Q-10 Explain how to download webpage from internet.

 Python provides several ways to do just that in its standard library .

 The urllib.request method is a Python module for fetching URLs.

 It offers a very simple interface, in the form of the urlopen function.
 This is capable of fetching URLs using a variety of
protocols.

urllib.request.urlopen() , open the URL url,

which can be eithera string or a Request object.

from urllib.request import urlopen

html = urlopen("http://net-

informations.com/about.htm")

print(html.read())
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downloadFile(URL_from_file)

If you want to obtain the contents of a web page into a variable,

just read the response of urllib.request.urlopen:

import urllib.request
...
url = 'http://example.com/'
response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
data = response.read() # a `bytes` object
text = data.decode('utf-8') # a `str`; this step can't be used if data is binary

The easiest way to download and save a file is to

usethe urllib.request.urlretrieve function:

import urllib.request

...
# Download the file from `url` and save it locally under
`file_name`:
urllib.request.urlretrieve(url, file_name)
import urllib.request
...
# Download the file from `url`, save it in a temporary directory and get
the # path to it (e.g. '/tmp/tmpb48zma.txt') in the `file_name` variable:

file_name, headers = urllib.request.urlretrieve(url)

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

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method is a Python
1 module for fetching URLs. urllib.request
module provide a way to
2 download a file is over HTTP urllib
method can open the URL url,
3 which can be either a string or a Request urlopen()
object.

Q-11Explain how to download image from internet.

 The standard Python library for accessing websites via your program is
urllib. It is also used by the requests module.

 Through urllib, we can do a variety of things: access

websites, download data, parse data, send GET and, POST requests.

 We can download our image using just a few lines of code:

import urllib.request

# setting filename and image

URL filename =
'sunshine_dog.jpg' image_url =
"https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2020/02/06/09/39/summer-
4823612_960_720.jpg"

#calling urlretrieve function to get resource

urllib.request.urlretrieve(image_url, filename)
 We used the urlretrieve method to copy the required web resource to a local
file.
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 It is important to note that on some systems and a lot of websites, the above
code will result in an error: HTTPError: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden.
 This is because a lot of websites don’t appreciate random programs
accessing their data.
 Some programs can attack the server by sending a large number of
requests. This prevents the server from functioning.

PYTHON GUI PROGRAMMING :-

Q-1 Explain Event Driven Programming.

 Anything that happens in a user interface is an event.

 We say that an event is fired whenever the user does something – for
example, clicks on a button or types a keyboard shortcut.

 Some events could also be triggered by occurrences which are not

controlled by the user – for example, a background task might
complete, or a network connection might be established or lost.

 Our application needs to monitor, or listen for, all the events that we
find interesting, and respond to them in some way if they occur.

 To do this, we usually associate certain functions with particular

events. We call a function which performs an action in response to an
event an event handler – we bind handlers to events.

 Event-driven programming focuses on events. Eventually, the flow of

program depends upon events.

 Until now, we were dealing with either sequential or parallel

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execution model but the model having the concept of event-driven

programming is called asynchronous model.
 Event-driven programming depends upon an event loop that is
always listening for the new incoming events.
 The working of event-driven programming is dependent upon events.
 Once an event loops, then events decide what to execute and in what
order.

 Following flowchart will help you understand how this works −

1 Word Question – Answer

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SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

Anything that happens in a user

interface is an . event
Event-driven programming depends upon
2 eventloop
The model having concept of event-driven
3 programming is called asynchronous model
_.

Q-2Explain How to create simple GUI.

Gui stands for Graphical User Interface.

tkinter provides us with a variety of common GUI elements which we can use

 to build our interface – such as buttons, menus and various kinds of entry
fields and display areas.
 We call these elements widgets. We are going to construct a tree of
widgets for our GUI – each widget will have a parent widget, all the way
up to the root window of our application.
 For example, a button or a text field needs to be inside some kind of
containing window.

 The widget classes provide us with a lot of default functionality.

 They have methods for configuring the GUI’s appearance – for example,
arranging the elements according to some kind of layout – and for
handling various kinds of user-driven events.
 Once we have constructed the backbone of our GUI, we will need to
customise it by integrating it with our internal application class.
 Our first GUI will be a window with a label and two buttons:
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from tkinter import Tk, Label, Button

class MyFirstGUI:
def init (self, master):
self.master = master
master.title("A simple GUI")

self.label = Label(master, text="This is our first GUI!")

self.label.pack()

self.greet_button = Button(master, text="Greet" command=self.greet)

self.greet_button.pack()

self.close_button = Button(master, text="Close",

command=master.quit)
self.close_button.pack()

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

GUI stands for .

Graphical User
Interface
_module provides us with a
variety of common GUI elements tkinter
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Q-3 Explain Python GUI – tkinter.

 Python offers multiple options for developing GUI (Graphical

User Interface).
 Out of all the GUI methods, tkinter is the most commonly used
method.
 It is a standard Python interface to the Tk GUI toolkit shipped with
Python.
 Python with tkinter is the fastest and easiest way to create the GUI
applications. Creating a GUI using tkinter is an easy task.

 Importing tkinter is same as importing any other module in the

Python code. Note that the name of the module in Python 2.x is
‘Tkinter’ and in Python 3.x it is ‘tkinter’.
import tkinter

 There are two main methods used which the user needs to remember
while creating the Python application with GUI.

1. mainloop(): There is a method known by the name mainloop() is

used when your application is ready to run.

mainloop() is an infinite loop used to run the application, wait for

an event to occur and process the event as long as the window is
not closed.
m.mainloop()

import tkinter
m =
tkinter.Tk() '''
widgets are added here
m.mainloop()

where m is the name of the main window object

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1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

is the fastest and easiest

1 way to create the GUI applications. tkinter
is an infinite loop used to
2 run the application mainloop()

Q-4 Explain Widgets in Python GUI.

 Widgets are the bread and butter of the Python GUI framework Tkinter.
 They are the elements through which users interact with your program.
 Each widget in Tkinter is defined by a class. Here are some of the
widgets available:
 There are various controls, such as buttons, labels, scrollbars,
radiobuttons, and text boxes used in a GUI application.
 These little
components or controls of Graphical User Interface (GUI) are
known as widgets in Tkinter.

 These are 19 widgets available in Python Tkinter module.

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Widget Class Description

Label A widget used to display text on the screen
Button A button that can contain text and can perform an action
when
Clicked
Entry A text entry widget that allows only a single line of text
Text A text entry widget that allows multiline text entry
Frame A rectangular region used to group related widgets or provide
Padding between widgets

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

Each in tkinter is defined by

1 a class widget
little components or controls of Graphical
2 User Interface (GUI) are known widget
as in Tkinter.

Q-5 Explain Dialogues and Message boxes.

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 Tkinter (and TK of course) provides a set of dialogues (dialogs in

American English spelling), which can be used to display message boxes,
showing warning or errors, or widgets to select files and colours.

 There are also simple dialogues, asking the user to enter string, integers or
float numbers.

 Let's look at a typical GUI Session with Dialogues and Message boxes.

 There might be a button starting the dialogue, like the "quit" button in the
following window:
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Pushing the "quit" button raises the Verify window:

Let's assume that we want to warn users that the "quit" functionality is
not yet implemented. In this case we can use the warning message to
inform the user, if he or she pushes the "yes" button:

Let's go back to our first Dialogue with the "quit" and "answer" buttons. If the
"Answer" functionality is not implemented, it might be useful to use the following
error message box:
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 Python script, which implements the previous dialogue widgets:

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import messagebox as mb

def answer():
mb.showerror("Answer", "Sorry, no answer
available") def callback():
if mb.askyesno('Verify', 'Really quit?'):
mb.showwarning('Yes', 'Not yet
implemented')
else:
mb.showinfo('No', 'Quit has been cancelled')

tk.Button(text='Quit', command=callback).pack(fill=tk.X)
tk.Button(text='Answer', command=answer).pack(fill=tk.X)
tk.mainloop()

Message Boxes
 The message dialogues are provided by the 'messagebox' submodule
oftkinter.
 'messagebox' consists of the following functions, which correspond
to dialog windows:
 askokcancel(title=None, message=None, **options)
Ask if operation should proceed; return true if the answer is ok
 askquestion(title=None, message=None,
**options) Ask a question
 askretrycancel(title=None, message=None, **options)
Ask if operation should be retried; return true if the answer is yes
 askyesno(title=None, message=None, **options) Ask
a question; return true if the answer is yes
 askyesnocancel(title=None, message=None, **options)
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Ask a question; return true if the answer is yes, None if cancelled.

 showerror(title=None, message=None,
**options) Show an error message
 showinfo(title=None, message=None,
**options) Show an info message
 showwarning(title=None, message=None,
**options) Show a warning message

Open File Dialogue

 There is hardly any serious application, which doesn't need a way to read
from a file or write to a file. Furthermore, such an application might have
to choose a directory.

 Tkinter provides the module tkFileDialog for these purposes.

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import filedialog as fd
def callback():
name= fd.askopenfilename()
print(name)
errmsg = 'Error!'
tk.Button(text='File Open',

tk.mainloop()

 The code above creates a window with a single button with the text
"FileOpen".
 If the button is pushed, the following window appears:
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 The above example was created using a gnome desktop under Linux. If
we start the same program under Windows 7, it looks like this:

Choosing a Colour
 There are applications where the user should have the possibility to select
a colour.
 Tkinter provides a pop-up menu to choose a colour. To this purpose
we have to import the 'tkinter.colorchooser' module and have to use
the method askColor:

result = tkinter.colorchooser.askcolor ( color, option=value, ...)

 If the user clicks the OK button on the pop-up window, respectively,

the return value of askcolor() is a tuple with two elements, both a
representation of the chosen colour, e.g. ((106, 150, 98), '#6a9662')
The first element return[0] is a tuple (R, G, B) with the RGB
representation in decimal values (from 0 to 255).
 The second element return[1] is a hexadecimal representation of
thechosen colour.
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If the user clicks "Cancel" the method returns the tuple (None, None).

The optional keyword parameters are:

color The variable color is used to set the default colour to be
displayed. If color is not set, the initial colour will be grey.
title The text assigned to the variable title will appear in the pop-up
window's title area. The default title is "Color".
parent Make the pop-up window appear over window W. The default
behaviour is that it appears over the root window.

Let's have a look at an example:

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter.colorchooser import askcolor

def callback():
result = askcolor(color="#6A9662",
title = "Bernd's Colour Chooser")
print(result)
root = tk.Tk()

text='Choose Color',
fg="darkgreen",
command=callback).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
tk.Button(text='Quit',
command=root.quit,
fg="red").pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10)
tk.mainloop()
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The look and feel depends on the operating system (e.g. Linux
or Windows) and the chosen GUI (GNOME, KDE and so on).
The following windows appear, if you use Gnome:
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 Using the same script under Windows 7 gives us the following result.

Q-6 Explain Widget Attributes

 In this part ,we talk about standard widget attributes, including

cursors, reliefs, colours, and fonts.
 The standard widget attributes are keywords used in widget constructors.

o Tkinter widget state

 The state attribute defines the state of the widget. It can have the
following values: NORMAL, ACTIVE, and DISABLED.

We demonstrate the state attribute on the Label widget.

label1 = Label(self, text=txt, state=NORMAL)

o Tkinter Background colours

 The background colours of widgets can be set with background attribute.
It can be abbreviated to bg.

 Likewise, the foreground colours of widgets can be

set with foreground attribute. It can be abbreviated
to fg.

In the code example, we create label with background colour.

lbl1 = Label(frame, bg='SlateGray3', width=15, height=10)

lbl1.pack(side=LEFT, padx=3)

o Width and height

 The width and height attributes set the width and height of the

widget. In the example, we control the size of buttons with width

and height.
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btn2 = Button(frame, text='Button', width=5 ,height =4 )

o Tkinter fonts
 Tkinter has a tkinter.font module for working with fonts. It has some
built- in fonts such as TkTooltipFont, TkDefaultFont, or TkTextFont.
The font is set with the font attribute.

Here we use a built-in font name.

label3 = Label(self, text=txt, font=('Times', '18', 'italic'))

o Tkinter cursors

 The cursor is a small icon that shows where the mouse pointer is
located. The cursor in Tkinter is set with the cursor attribute.

In the example, we have four labels. Different cursors are used for
eachof the labels.

lbl4 = Label(frame, bg='DarkSeaGreen4', width=15, height=10,

cursor='pencil')

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

A is a small icon that shows

1 where the mouse pointer is located. cursor
__ ____ _attribute defines the state
2 of the widget state
Tkinter has a module for
3 working with fonts. tkinter.font

Q-7Explain Layout Manager in tkinter.

 When we design the GUI of our application, we decide what widgets we

will use and how we will organize those widgets in the application.
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 To organize our widgets, we use specialized non-visible objects

calledlayout managers.

 There are two kinds of widgets: containers and their children.

 The containers group their children into suitable layouts.
 Tkinter has three built-in layout managers: the pack,
grid, and place managers.

 The place geometry manager positions widgets using absolute

positioning. The pack geometry manager organizes widgets in
horizontal and vertical boxes. The grid geometry manager places
widgets in a two dimensional grid.

Absolute positioning

 In most cases, programmers should use layout managers.

 There are a few situations where we could use absolute positioning.
 In absolute positioning, the programmer specifies the position and the
size of each widget in pixels.
 The size and the position of a widget do not change if we resize a
window. Applications look different on various platforms, and what
looks OK on Linux, might not look OK on Mac OS.

 Changing fonts in our application might spoil the layout. If we translate

our application into another language, we must redo our layout.

absolute.py
#!/usr/bin/env
python3

"""
ZetCode Tkinter tutorial

In this script, we lay out

images using absolute
positioning.

from PIL import Image,

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ImageTk from tkinter

import Tk, BOTH
from tkinter.ttk import Frame, Label, Style

class Example(Frame):

def init
(self):
super(). init ()

self.initUI()

def initUI(self):

self.master.title("Absolute
positioning") self.pack(fill=BOTH,
expand=1)

Style().configure("TFrame", background="#333")

bard = Image.open("bardejov.jpg")

bardejov=
ImageTk.PhotoImage(bard)
label1=Label(self, image=bardejov)

In this example, we place three images using absolute positioning.

We use the place geometry manager.

from PIL import Image, ImageTk

 We use Image and ImageTk from the Python Imaging Library (PIL) module.

style = Style()
style.configure("TFrame", background="#333")

We configure our frame to have a dark gray background using styles.

bard = Image.open("bardejov.jpg")
bardejov = ImageTk.PhotoImage(bard)
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We create an image object and a photo image object from an image in

the current working directory.

label1 = Label(self, image=bardejov)

We create a Label with an image. Labels can contain text or images.

label1.image = bardejov

We must keep the reference to the image to prevent image from being
garbage collected.

label1.place(x=20, y=20)

The label is placed on the frame at x=20 and y=20 coordinates.

Figure: Absolute positioning

1 Word Question – Answer

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SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

The containers group their children

1 into . suitable layout
the position and the size of each widget
2 can be specified in pixels
Tkinter has three built-in layout managers:
3 pack
, _& . Grid
place managers.

Q-8 Explain Button , Label ,Entryfield.

Button:To add a button in your application, this widget is

used. The general syntax is:
w=Button(master, option=value)
 master is the parameter used to represent the parent window.
 There are number of options which are used to change the format of
the Buttons.
 Number of options can be passed as parameters separated by
commas. Some of them are listed below.
o activebackground: to set the background color when
button is under the cursor.
o activeforeground: to set the foreground color when button is
underthe cursor.
o bg: to set he normal background color.

o command: to call a function.

o font: to set the font on the button label.
o image: to set the image on the button.
o width: to set the width of the button.
o height: to set the height of the button.

CheckButton: To select any number of options by displaying a number of

options toa user as toggle buttons.
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The general syntax is:

w = CheckButton(master, option=value)

 There are number of options which are used to change the format of
this widget.
 Number of options can be passed as parameters separated by
commas. Some of them are listed below.
 Title: To set the title of the widget.
activebackground: to set the background color when widget
is under the cursor.
activeforeground: to set the foreground color when widget
is under the cursor.
 bg: to set he normal
backgrouSteganographyBreak.
 command: to call a function.
 font: to set the font on the button label.
 image: to set the image on the widget.

from tkinter import *

master = Tk()

var1 = IntVar()
Checkbutton(master, text='male', variable=var1).grid(row=0,
sticky=W)
var2 = IntVar() Checkbutton(master, text='female',
variable=var2).grid(row=1, sticky=W)
mainloop()

Output :-
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Entry:It is used to input the single line text entry from the user..
For multi-line text input, Text widget is used.

The general syntax is:

w=Entry(master, option=value)
 master is the parameter used to represent the parent
window.
 There are number of options which are used to change
the format of the widget.
 Number of options can be passed as parameters
separated by commas. Some of them are listed below.
 bd: to set the border width in pixels.
 bg: to set the normal background color.
 cursor: to set the cursor used.
 command: to call a function.
 highlightcolor: to set the color shown in the focus highlight.
 width: to set the width of the button.
 height: to set the height of the button.
from tkinter
import * master =
Tk()
Label(master, text='First Name').grid(row=0)

Label(master,text='Last Name').grid(row=1)

e1 = Entry(master)

e2 = Entry(master)

e1.grid(row=0, column=1)

e2.grid(row=1, column=1)

mainloop()
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Output :-

Frame: It acts as a container to hold the widgets. It is used for grouping and
organizing the widgets.
The general syntax is:
w = Frame(master, option=value)
 master is the parameter used to represent the parent window.
 There are number of options which are used to change the format of
the widget.

 Number of options can be passed as parameters separated by

commas. Some of them are listed below.
 highlightcolor: To set the color of the focus highlight when
widget has to be focused.
 bd: to set the border width in pixels.
 bg: to set the normal background color.
 cursor: to set the cursor used.
 width: to set the width of the widget.
 height: to set the height of the widget.
from tkinter

import * root =

Tk()
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frame = Frame(root)

frame.pack()

bottomframe = Frame(root)

bottomframe.pack( side = BOTTOM )

redbutton = Button(frame, text = 'Red', fg ='red')

redbutton.pack( side = LEFT)

greenbutton = Button(frame, text = 'Brown', fg='brown')

greenbutton.pack( side = LEFT )

bluebutton = Button(frame, text ='Blue', fg ='blue')

bluebutton.pack( side = LEFT )

blackbutton = Button(bottomframe, text ='Black', fg ='black')

blackbutton.pack( side = BOTTOM)

root.mainloop()

Output:-

Label: It refers to the display box where you can put any text or image which
canbe updated any time as per the code.
The general syntax is:
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w=Label(master, option=value)

 master is the parameter used to represent the parent window.

 There are number of options which are used to change the format of
the widget.
 Number of options can be passed as parameters separated by
commas. Some of them are listed below.
 bg: to set he normal background color.
 bg to set he normal background color.
 command: to call a function.
 font: to set the font on the button label.
 image: to set the image on the button.
 width: to set the width of the button.
 height” to set the height of the button.

from tkinter

import * root =

Tk()

w = Label(root, text='GeeksForGeeks.org!')

w.pack()

root.mainloop()

Output :-
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Listbox: It offers a list to the user from which the user can accept any number
ofoptions.
The general syntax is:

w = Listbox(master, option=value)
 master is the parameter used to represent the parent window.
 There are number of options which are used to change the format of
the widget.
 Number of options can be passed as parameters separated by
commas. Some of them are listed below.

 highlightcolor: To set the color of the focus highlight

when widget has to be focused.

 bg: to set he normal background color.

 bd: to set the border width in pixels.
 font: to set the font on the button label.
 image: to set the image on the widget.
 width: to set the width of the widget.
 height: to set the height of the widget.

from tkinter
import * top =
Tk()
Lb =
Listbox(top)
Lb.insert(1,
'Python')
Lb.insert(2,
'Java')
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Lb.insert(3, 'C++')
Lb.insert(4, 'Any
other') Lb.pack()
top.mainloop()

Output :-
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CHAPTER – 5

CONNECTING WITH DATABASE

 Verifying the MySQL dB Interface Installation,

 Working with MySQL Database,
 Using MySQL from Python,
 Retrieving All Rows from a Table,
 Inserting Rows into a Table,
 Deleting Rows from a Table,
 Updating Rows in a Table,
 Creating Database Tables through Python
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Q-1 What is Database and what is MySQL db?

 A database is basically a collection of structured data in such a way that it

caneasily be retrieved, managed and accessed in various ways.
 One of the simplest forms of databases is a text database. Relational databases-
the most popular database system which includes the following:

 MySQL
 Oracle Database
 SQL server
 Sybase
 Informix
 IBM db2
 NO SQL

 Among all these databases, MySQL is one of the easiest databases to work with.
 Let me walk you through about this in detail.

What is MySQLdb?

 MySQLdb is an open-source freely available relational database

management system that uses Structured Query Language.
 Now one of the most important question here is “What is SQL?”
 SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language for relational
databases that allow users to do various operations on data like, Manipulating,
Creating, Dropping, etc.
 In a nutshell, SQL allows you to do anything with the data.

Q-2 Explain how does python connect to the MySQL database?

Detail :-
 It is very simple to connect Python with the database.
 Refer the below image which illustrates a Python connection with the
database where how a connection request is sent to MySQL connector
Python, gets accepted from the database and cursor is executed with result
data.
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 Before connecting to the MySQL database, make sure you have

MySQL installer installed on your computer.
 It provides a comprehensive set of tools which helps in installing MySQL
withthe following components

 MySQL server
 All available connectors
 MySQL Workbench
 MySQL Notifier
 Tools for Excel and Microsoft Visual Studio
 MySQL Sample Databases
 MySQL Documentation

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

Before connecting to the MySQL database,

1 make sure you have installed on MySQL installer
your computer.
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Q-3 How to verify installation of MySQL dB interface.

Detail :-

Install mysql.connector

 To connect the python application with the MySQL database, we must

import the mysql.connector module in the program.
 The mysql.connector is not a built-in module that comes with the
pythoninstallation. We need to install it to get it working.
 Execute the following command to install it using pip installer.
 > python -m pip install mysql-connector

Or follow the following steps.

1. Click the link to download the source code :

https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/8f/6d/fb8ebcbbaee68b172ce3dfd08c7
b8660d09f91d8d5411298bcacbd309f96/mysql-connector-python-8.0.13.tar.gz

 Open the terminal (CMD for windows) and change the present
workingdirectory to the source code directory.
 $ cd mysql-connector-python-8.0.13/

1. Run the file named setup.py with python (python3 in case you
have also installed python 2) with the parameter build.

 $ python setup.py build

Run the following command to install the mysql-connector

 $ python setup.py install

 This will take a bit of time to install mysql-connector for python. We can
verify the installation once the process gets over by importing mysql-
connector on the python shell.
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 Hence, we have successfully installed mysql-connector for python on

our system.
1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

To connect the python application

1 with the MySQL database, we must mysql.connector
import the module.
Command can be used
2 to install mysql-connector python setup.py

install
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Q-4 Write note on working with MySQL Database.

Detail :-
Database Connection

 In this section ,we will discuss the steps to connect the python application
tothe database.
 There are the following steps to connect a python application to our database.

Import mysql.connector module

Create the connection object.

Create the cursor objectExecute the query

Creating the connection

 To create a connection between the MySQL database and the

python application, the connect() method of mysql.connector
module is used.
 Pass the database details like HostName, username, and the database
password in the method call. The method returns the connection
object.

 The syntax to use the connect() is given below.

Connection-Object= mysql.connector.connect(host =
<host- name> , user = <username> , passwd =
<password> )

 Consider the following example.

Example
1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user =
"root",pass wd = "google")
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4. #printing the connection object

print(myconn)

Output:
<mysql.connector.connection.MySQLConnection object at 0x7fb142edd780>

 Here, we must notice that we can specify the database name in the
connect() method if we want to connect to a specific database.

Creating a cursor object

 The cursor object can be defined as an abstraction specified in the Python

DB- API 2.0.
 It facilitates us to have multiple separate working environments through
thesame connection to the database.
 We can create the cursor object by calling the 'cursor' function of
theconnection object.
 The cursor object is an important aspect of executing queries to
thedatabases.
The syntax to create the cursor object is given below

<my_cur> = conn.cursor()

Example :-

1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd
= "google", database = "mydb")
4. #printing the connection object
5. print(myconn)6.
6. creating the cursor
object
7. cur = myconn.cursor()
8. print(cur)

Output :-
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<mysql.connector.connection.MySQLConnection object at 0x7faa17a15748>

MySQLCursor: (Nothing executed yet)

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

To create a connection between the

1 MySQL database and the python connect()
application, the method can be
used.
The object is an important aspect
2 of executing queries to the databases. cursor

Q-5Write note on creating new MySQL Database.

Detail :-
 In this section , we will create the new database PythonDB.

Getting the list of existing databases

 We can get the list of all the databases by using the following MySQL query.
> show database
Example :-

1.import
mysql.connector2.
3. #Create the connection object

4. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd

= "google")

5. #creating the cursor object

6. cur = myconn.cursor()
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7. try:
8. dbs = cur.execute("show databases")

9. except:
10. myconn.rollback()
11.for x in cur:
12. print(x)
13.myconn.close()

('EmployeeDB',)
('Test',)
('TestDB',)
('information_schema',)
('javatpoint',)
('javatpoint1',)
('mydb',)
('mysql',)
('performance_schema',)
('testDB',)

Creating the new database

 The new database can be created by using the following SQL query.

> create database <database-

name> Example

1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd
= "google")
4. #creating the cursor object
5. cur = myconn.cursor()

6. try:
7. #creating a new database
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8. cur.execute("create database PythonDB2")

9. #getting the list of all the databases which will now include the new
database PythonDB
10. dbs = cur.execute("show databases")

11. except:
12.
myconn.rollback
()13.for x in cur:
14. print(x)
15.myconn.close()

Output :-
('EmployeeDB',)
('PythonDB',)
('Test',)
('TestDB',)
('anshika',)
('information_schem
a',) ('javatpoint',)
('javatpoint1',)
('mydb',)

('mydb1',)
('mysql',)
('performance_schema',)
('testDB',)
1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

The syntax for creating new database

1 is create database
<databasename>
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Method can be used to

2 execute particular query. execute()

_ method can be used to close

3 the connection. close()

Q-6 Write note on creating Database Table through Python.

Detail :-
Creating the table

 In this section , we will create the new table Employee. We have to

mention the database name while establishing the connection object.
 We can create the new table by using the CREATE TABLE statement of
SQL. In our database PythonDB, the table Employee will have the four
columns, i.e., name, id, salary, and department_id initially.
 The following query is used to create the new table Employee.

> create table Employee (name varchar(20) not null, id int

primary key, salary float not null, Dept_Id int not null)

Example :-
1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd
= "google",database = "PythonDB")
4. #creating the cursor object

5. cur = myconn.cursor()

6. try:
7. #Creating a table with name Employee having four columns i.e.,
name, id, s alary, and department id
8. dbs = cur.execute("create table Employee(name varchar(20) not null, id int
(20) not null primary key, salary float not null, Dept_id int not null)")
9. except:
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10. myconn.rollback()
11. Myconn.close()

 Now, we may check that the table Employee is present in the database.
Alter
Table

 Sometimes, we may forget to create some columns, or we may need to

update the table schema.
 The alter statement used to alter the table schema if required.
 Here, we will add the column branch_name to the table Employee.
 The following SQL query is used for this purpose.

alter table Employee add branch_name varchar(20) not null

Consider the following example.

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1. import mysql.connector

2. #Create the connection object

3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd

= "google",database = "PythonDB")
4.
5. #creating the cursor object
6. cur = myconn.cursor()
7. try:
8. #adding a column branch name to the table Employee
9. cur.execute("alter table Employee add branch_name varchar(20) not null")
10. except:
11. myconn.rollback()
12. Myconn.close()

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

Table can be created using

1 statement Create Table
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module must be import to

2 connect with mysql. mysql.connector

__ ____ _method can be used to close

3 the connection. mysql.close()

Q-7 Write note on inserting rows into table.

Detail :-
Insert Operation - Adding a record to the table

The INSERT INTO statement is used to add a record to the table. In python, we can
mention the format specifier (%s) in place of values
 We provide the actual values in the form of tuple in the execute() method
of the cursor.

Example :-

1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd
= "google",database = "PythonDB")
4. #creating the cursor object
5. cur = myconn.cursor()
6. sql = "insert into Employee(name, id, salary, dept_id, branch_name) values (
%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)"
7. #The row values are provided in the form of tuple8.
8. val = ("John", 110, 25000.00, 201, "Newyork")

9. try:
10. #inserting the values into the table
11. cur.execute(sql,val)
12. #commit the transaction
13. myconn.commi
t() 14. except:
15. myconn.rollback()
16.print(cur.rowcount,"record
inserted!") 17.myconn.close()
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Output :-

1 record inserted!

Insert multiple rows

 We can also insert multiple rows at once using the python script.
 The multiple rows are mentioned as the list of various tuples.
 Each element of the list is treated as one particular row, whereas each
element of the tuple is treated as one particular column value
(attribute).

Example :-
1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd
= "google",database = "PythonDB")
4. #creating the cursor object
5. cur = myconn.cursor()
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Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

6. sql = "insert into Employee(name, id, salary, dept_id, branch_name) values (

%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)"

7. val = [("John", 102, 25000.00, 201, "Newyork"),("David",103,25000.00,202,"P

ort of spain"),("Nick",104,90000.00,201,"Newyork")]
8. try:
9. #inserting the values into the table
10. cur.executemany(sql,val)
11. #commit the transaction
12. myconn.commit()
13. print(cur.rowcount,"records
inserted!")14.except:
15. myconn.rollback()
myconn.close()

Output :-
3 records inserted!

Row ID

 In SQL, a particular row is represented by an insertion id which is

known as row id.
 We can get the last inserted row id by using the attribute last rowid of
thecursor object.
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1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd
= "google",database = "PythonDB")
4. #creating the cursor object
5. cur = myconn.cursor()
6. sql = "insert into Employee(name, id, salary, dept_id, branch_name) values (
%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)"

7. val = ("Mike",105,28000,202,"Guyana")
8. try:
9. #inserting the values into the table

10. cur.execute(sql,val)
11. #commit the transaction
12. myconn.commit()
13. #getting rowid
14. print(cur.rowcount,"recordinserted! id:",cur.lastrowid)
15. except:
16.myconn.rollback
()17.myconn.close()

Output :-

1 record inserted! Id: 0

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

The statement is used to

1 add a record to the table. insert into
In SQL, a particular row is represented
2 by an insertion id which is known row id
as
We can also insert multiple rows at once
3 using . python script
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Q-8Write note on Retrieving all the rows from a table.

Detail :-
Read Operation

 You can use either fetchone() method to fetch single record or fetchall()
method to fetech multiple values from a database table.

 fetchone() − It fetches the next row of a query result set. A result set is
anobject that is returned when a cursor object is used to query a table.
 fetchall() − It fetches all the rows in a result set. If some rows have
already been extracted from the result set, then it retrieves the remaining
rows from the result set.
 rowcount − This is a read-only attribute and returns the number of rows
that were affected by an execute() method

 The SELECT statement is used to read the values from the databases.
We can restrict the output of a select query by using various clause in
SQL like where, limit, etc.
 Python provides the fetchall() method returns the data stored inside the
tablein the form of rows. We can iterate the result to get the individual
rows.

 In this section of the tutorial, we will extract the data from the
database by using the python script. We will also format the
output to print it on the console.
Example :-
1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",
passwd= "google",database = "PythonDB")
4. #creating the cursor object
5. cur = myconn.cursor()
6. try:
7. #Reading the Employee data
8. cur.execute("select * from Employee")
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9. #fetching the rows from the cursor object

10. result = cur.fetchall()
11. #printing the result
12. for x in result:
13. print(x);
14.except:
15.myconn.rollback()
16.myconn.close()
/*Output:

('John', 101, 25000.0, 201, 'Newyork')

('John', 102, 25000.0, 201, 'Newyork')
('David', 103, 25000.0, 202, 'Port of spain')
('Nick', 104, 90000.0, 201, 'Newyork')
('Mike', 105, 28000.0, 202, 'Guyana')

Reading specific columns

 We can read the specific columns by mentioning their names instead of

usingstar (*).

 In the following example, we will read the name, id, and salary
from the Employee table and print it on the console.
Example :-

1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",
4. passwd= "google",database = "PythonDB")
5. #creating the cursor object
6. cur = myconn.cursor()

7. try:
8. #Reading the Employee data
9. cur.execute("select name, id, salary from Employee")
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9.
10. #fetching the rows from the cursor object
11. result = cur.fetchall()
12. #printing the result
13. for x in result:
14. print(x);
15.except:
16.
myconn.rollbac
k()17.myconn.close()

Output :-
('John', 101, 25000.0)
('John', 102, 25000.0)
('David', 103, 25000.0)
('Nick', 104, 90000.0)
('Mike', 105, 28000.0)

The fetchone() method

 The fetchone() method is used to fetch only one row from the table.
 The fetchone() method returns the next row of the result-set.

Example :-

1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd
= "google",database = "PythonDB")
4. #creating the cursor object
5. cur = myconn.cursor()
6. try:
7. #Reading the Employee data
8. cur.execute("select name, id, salary from Employee")
9. #fetching the first row from the cursor object
10. result = cur.fetchone()
11. #printing the result
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12. print(result)

13.except:
14. myconn.rollback()
15. myconn.close()

Output :-
'John', 101, 25000.0)

Formatting the result

 We can format the result by iterating over the result produced by the
fetchall() or fetchone() method of cursor object since the result exists as
the tuple object which is not readable.

Example :-
1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd
= "google",database = "PythonDB")
4. #creating the cursor object

5. cur = myconn.cursor()
6. try:
7. #Reading the Employee data
8. cur.execute("select name, id, salary from Employee")
9. #fetching the rows from the cursor object
10. result = cur.fetchall()
11. print("Name id Salary");
12. for row in result:
13. print("%s %d
%d"%(row[0],row[1],row[2])) 14.except:
15. myconn.rollback()
16. myconn.close()
Output :-
Name Id Salary
John 101 25000
John 102 25000
David103 25000
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Nick 104 90000

Mike 105 28000

Using where clause

 We can restrict the result produced by the select statement by using

the where clause.
 This will extract only those columns which satisfy the where condition.

Example: printing the names that start with j

1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd
= "google",database = "PythonDB")
4. #creating the cursor object
5. cur = myconn.cursor()

6. try:
7. #Reading the Employee data
8. cur.execute("select name, id, salary from Employee where name like 'J%'")

9. #fetching the rows from the cursor object

10. result = cur.fetchall()
11. print("Name id Salary");
12. for row in result:
13. print("%s %d
%d"%(row[0],row[1],row[2])) 14.except:
15.myconn.rollback
()16.myconn.close()

Name id
Salary John
101
25000
John 102 25000
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Example: printing the names with id = 101, 102, and 103

Example :-

1. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd

= "google",database = "PythonDB")
2. #creating the cursor object
3. cur = myconn.cursor()
4. try:

5. #Reading the Employee data

6. cur.execute("select name, id, salary from Employee where id in
(101,102,103)")
7. #fetching the rows from the cursor object
8. result = cur.fetchall()
9. print("Name id Salary");
10. for row in result:
13. print("%s %d
%d"%(row[0],row[1],row[2]))
14.except:
15. myconn.rollback()

16.myconn.close()

Ordering the result

 The ORDER BY clause is used to order the result.

Example

1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd
= "google",database = "PythonDB")
4. #creating the cursor object
5. cur = myconn.cursor()
6. try:
7. #Reading the Employee data
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8. cur.execute("select name, id, salary from Employee order by name")

9. #fetching the rows from the cursor object
10. result = cur.fetchall()
11. print("Name id Salary");
12. for row in result:
13. print("%s %d %d"%(row[0],row[1],row[2]))
14.except:
15.myconn.rollback
()16.myconn.close()

Output:

Name id
Salary
David 103
25000
John 101 25000
John 102 25000
Mike 105 28000
Nick 104 90000

Order by DESC

 This orders the result in the decreasing order of a particular column.

Example

1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd
= "google",database = "PythonDB")
4. #creating the cursor object
5. cur = myconn.cursor()
6. try:
7. #Reading the Employee data
8. cur.execute("select name, id, salary from Employee order by name desc")
9. #fetching the rows from the cursor object
10. result = cur.fetchall()
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11. #printing the result

12. print("Name id Salary");
13. for row in result:
14.print("%s %d %d"%(row[0],row[1],row[2])) \
15.
15.except:
16. myconn.rollback()
17.myconn.close()

Output:

Name id Salary
Nick 104 90000
Mike 105 28000
John 101 25000
John 102 25000
David 103 25000

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

method can be used to

1 fetch single record fetchone()
method fetches all the
2 rows in a result set fetchall()

method is used to returns the

3 number of rows that were affected. rowcount()

Q-9Write note on Updating Rows in a table.

Detail :-
Update Operation
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 The UPDATE-SET statement is used to update any column inside the table.
 The following SQL query is used to update a column.
 UPDATE Operation on any database means to update one or more
records, which are already available in the database.

> update Employee set name = 'alex' where id = 110

Example :-
1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",
passwd= "google",database = "PythonDB")
4. #creating the cursor object
5. cur = myconn.cursor()
6. try:
7. #updating the name of the employee whose id is 110
8. cur.execute("update Employee set name = 'alex' where id = 110")
9. myconn.commit()
10. except:
11. myconn.rollback()
12. myconn.close()
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1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

statement is used to update any

1 column inside the table. UPDATE-SET

__ ____method can be used to save the

2 updation on record. commit()

Q-10Write note on Deleting Rows from a table.

Detail :-

Delete Operation

 The DELETE FROM statement is used to delete a specific record from

the table. Here, we must impose a condition using WHERE clause
otherwise all the records from the table will be removed.

 The following SQL query is used to delete the employee detail whose id
is 110from the table.

> delete from students where rollno = 4

1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd
= "google",database = "PythonDB")
4. #creating the cursor object
5. cur = myconn.cursor()
6. try:
7. #Deleting the student details whose rollno is 4
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Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

8. cur.execute("delete from students where rollno = 4")

9. myconn.commit()

10.except:
11.myconn.rollback
()12.myconn.close()

1 Word Question – Answer

SR.NO QUESTION ANSWER

The statement is used

1 to delete a specific record from the DELETE FROM
table.
clause must be used to
2 remove or delete particular record from WHERE
the table.
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PYTHON PROGRAM CODE WITH ANSWER :-

PROGRAM :- PYTHON PROGRAM TO PRINT DIFFERENT
MESSAGES USING PRINT().
# it will print new line after the messages
print("Hello")
print("World")

# it will print new line

print()

# it will print new line after printing "Hello"

print("Hello",end="\n")
# it willprint new line after printing "World"
print("World")

# it will print new line

print()

# it will not print new line after printing "Hello"

# it will print space " "
print("Hello",end=" ")
# it will print new line after printing "World"
print("World")

Output

Hello
World

Hello
World

Hello World
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PROGRAM :- PYTHON | PRINTING DIFFERENT VALUES

(INTEGER, FLOAT, STRING, BOOLEAN)

# printing integer value

print(12)
# printing float value
print(12.56)
# printing string value
print("Hello")
# printing boolean value
print(True)

Output

12
12.56
Hello
True

Printing different types of variables along with the messages

# variable with integer value

a=12
# variable with float value
b=12.56
# variable with string value
c="Hello"
# variable with Boolean value
d=True
# printing values with messages
print("Integer\t:",a)
print("Float\t:",b)
print("String\t:",c)
print("Boolean\t:",d)

Output
 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
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Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

Integer : 12
Float : 12.56
String : Hello
Boolean : True

PROGRAM :-PYTHON PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE

VARIABLES SCOPE

# Python code to demonstrate example

# of variable scopes

# global variable
a = 100

# defining a function to test scopes

def func():
# local variable
b = 200

# printing the value of global variable (a)

# and, local variable (b)
print("a: ", a, "b: ", b)

# main code
if __name__ == '__main__':
# local variable of main
c = 200

# printing values of a, b and c

print("a: ", a) #global
# print("a: ", b) #local of text *** will give an error
print("c: ", c) # local to main

# calling the function

func()
# updating the value of global variable 'a'
a = a+10

# printing 'a' again

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print("a: ", a) #global

Output

a: 100
c: 200
a: 100 b: 200
a: 110

PROGRAM :-PYTHON CODE TO DETERMINE THE TYPE OF

OBJECTS.

# Python code to determine the type of objects

# declaring objects and assigning values

a = 10
b = 10.23
c = "Hello"
d = (10, 20, 30, 40)
e = [10, 20, 30, 40]

# printing types of the objects

# using type() function
print("type(a): ", type(a))
print("type(b): ", type(b))
print("type(c): ", type(c))
print("type(d): ", type(d))
print("type(e): ", type(e))
# printing the type of the value
# using type() function
print("type(10): ", type(10))
print("type(10.23): ", type(10.23))

print("type(\"Hello\"): ", type("Hello"))

print("type((10, 20, 30, 40)): ", type((10, 20, 30, 40)))
print("type([10, 20, 30, 40]): ", type([10, 20, 30, 40]))
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Output

type(a): <class 'int'>

type(b): <class 'float'>
type(c): <class 'str'>
type(d): <class 'tuple'>
type(e): <class 'list'>
type(10): <class 'int'>
type(10.23): <class 'float'>
type("Hello"): <class 'str'>
type((10, 20, 30, 40)): <class 'tuple'>
type([10, 20, 30, 40]): <class 'list'>

PROGRAM :-PYTHON | TYPECASTING INPUT TO INTEGER,

FLOAT

# input a number
num = int(input("Input a value: "))

# printing input value

print ("num = ", num)

Output

Input a value: 10
num = 10

# input a number
num = float(input("Input a value: "))

# printing input value

print (“num = “, num)

Output

Input a value: 10.23

num = 10.23
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PROGRAM :- PYTHON PROGRAM TO FIND SUM OF TWO

NUMBERS

# python program to find sum of

# two numbers

num1 = 10
num2 = 20

# finding sum
sum = num1 + num2

# printing sum
print("sum of ", num1, " and ", num2, " is = ", sum)

# taking input from user

num1 = input("Enter first number: ")
num2 = input("Enter second number: ")
# finding sum
sum = int(num1) + int(num2)
# printing sum
print("sum of ", num1, " and ", num2, " is = ", sum)

Output

sum of 10 and 20 is = 30
Enter first number: 100
Enter second number: 200
sum of 100 and 200 is = 300

PROGRAM :- PYTHON PROGRAM TO FIND SIMPLE INTEREST.

# Python program to find simple interest

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p = float(input("Enter the principle amount : "))

r = float(input("Enter the rate of interest : "))
t = float(input("Enter the time in the years: "))

# calculating simple interest

si = (p*r*t)/100

# printing the values

print("Principle amount: ", p)
print("Interest rate : ", r)
print("Time in years : ", t)
print("Simple Interest : ", si)

Output

First run:
Enter the principle amount : 10000
Enter the rate of interest : 3.5
Enter the time in the years: 1
Principle amount: 10000.0
Interest rate : 3.5
Time in years : 1.0
Simple Interest : 350.0
Second run:
Enter the principle amount : 250000
Enter the rate of interest : 36
Enter the time in the years: 1

Principle amount: 250000.0

Interest rate : 36.0
Time in years : 1.0
Simple Interest : 90000.0

PROGRAM :- PYTHON PROGRAM TO CHECK THE GIVEN YEAR

IS A LEAP YEAR OR NOT.

# input the year

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y=int(input('Enter the value of year: '))

# To check for non century year

if y%400==0 or y%4==0 and y%100!=0:
print('The given year is a leap year.')
else:
print('The given year is a non-leap year.')

Output

RUN 1:
Enter the value of year: 2020
The given year is a leap year.

RUN 2:
Enter the value of year: 2000
The given year is a leap year.

PROGRAM :- PYTHON PROGRAM TO CHECK THE GIVEN

NUMBER IS ODD OR EVEN.

# Python function to check EVEN or ODD

def CheckEvenOdd(num):

if (num % 2 == 0):
print(num," is EVEN")
else:
print(num," is ODD")

# main code
CheckEvenOdd(11)
CheckEvenOdd(22)
CheckEvenOdd(33)
CheckEvenOdd(44)

Output
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Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

11 is ODD
22 is EVEN
33 is ODD
44 is EVEN

PROGRAM:- PYTHON PROGRAM TO INPUT AGE AND CHECK

ELIGIBILITY FOR VOTING[IF….ELSE].

# input age
age = int(input("Enter Age : "))

# condition to check voting eligibility

if age>=18:
status="Eligible"
else:
status="Not Eligible"

print("You are ",status," for Vote.")

Output

Enter Age : 19
You are Eligible for Vote.

PROGRAM:- PYTHON PROGRAM TO DESIGN A SIMPLE CALCULATOR

USING IF ELIF (JUST LIKE SWITCH CASE)
# menus
print("Calculator")
print("1.Add")
print("2.Substract")
print("3.Multiply")
print("4.Divide")

# input choice
ch=int(input("Enter Choice(1-4): "))

if ch==1:
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a=int(input("Enter A:"))
b=int(input("Enter B:"))
c=a+b
print("Sum = ",c)
elif ch==2:
a=int(input("Enter A:"))
b=int(input("Enter B:"))
c=a-b
print("Difference = ",c)
elif ch==3:
a=int(input("Enter A:"))
b=int(input("Enter B:"))
c=a*b
print("Product = ",c)
elif ch==4:
a=int(input("Enter A:"))
b=int(input("Enter B:"))
c=a/b
print("Quotient = ",c)
else:
print("Invalid Choice")

Output

Calculator

1.Add
2.Substract
3.Multiply
4.Divide
Enter Choice(1-4): 3
Enter A:10
Enter B:20
Product = 200

PROGRAM:- PYTHON PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE AN

EXAMPLE OF FOR LOOP.
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Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

print("Type 1")
for i in range(10): # start=0 , end=10,step=1
print(i,end=" ")

print("\nType 2")
for i in range(1,11): # start=1 , end=10,step=1
print(i,end=" ")
print("\nType 3")
for i in range(1,11,3): # start=1 , end=10,step=3
print(i,end=" ")
print("\nType 4")
for i in range(10,0,-1): # start=10 , end=0,step=-1
print(i,end=" ")

Output

Type 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Type 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Type 3
1 4 7 10
Type 4
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

PROGRAM :- PYTHON PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE SOME OF

THE EXAMPLES OF LOOPS.

1. Print all the no. between 1 to n

n=int(input("Enter N: "))

for i in range(1,n+1):
print(i)

Output
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2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
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Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

Enter N: 5
1
2
3
4
5

2. Print table of number

n=int(input("Enter N: "))

for i in range(1,11):
print(n,"x",i,"=",i*n)

Output

Enter N: 2
2x1=2
2x2=4
2x3=6
2x4=8
2 x 5 = 10
2 x 6 = 12
2 x 7 = 14
2 x 8 = 16
2 x 9 = 18
2 x 10 = 20

3. Print sum of n number

n=int(input("Enter N: "))
s=0
for i in range(1,n+1):
s=s+i
print("Sum = ",s)

Output
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Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

Enter N: 10
Sum = 55

4. Print factorial of n

n=int(input("Enter N: "))
f=1
for i in range(n,0,-1):
f=f*i
print("Factorial = ",f)

Output

Enter N: 4
Factorial = 24

PROGRAM:- TO DEMONSTRATE AN EXAMPLE OF FOR LOOP.

# declare and initialize a list

fruits = ["apple","mango","guava","grapes","pinapple"]

# pritning type of fruits

print (type(fruits))
# printing value
for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)

Output

<class 'list'>
apple
mango
guava
grapes
pinapple
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Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

PROGRAM :- TO DEMONSTRATE AN EXAMPLE OF WHILE

LOOP TO PRINT 1 TO 5.

Example 1:
i=1
While (i<=5):
Print(i)
i=i+1

Output

1
2
3
4
5

PROGRAM :- TO DEMONSTRATE AN EXAMPLE OF BREAK

STATEMENT.

Example 1:
for i in range(1,11):
if(i==6):
break
print(i)

Output

1
2
3
4
5

Example 2: In this example, we are printing character by character of the

value/string “Hello world” and terminating (using break), if the character is
space.
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Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

for ch in "Hello world":

if ch == " ":
break
print(ch)

Output

H
e
l
l
o

PROGRAM :- TO DEMONSTRATE AN EXAMPLE OF CONTINUE

STATEMENT.

Example 1:

for i in range(1,11):
if(i==6):
continue
print(i)

Output

1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
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Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

Example 2: In this example, we are printing character by character of the

value/string “Hello world” and continuing the loop execution, if the character is
space.

for ch in "Hello world":

if ch == " ":
continue
print(ch)

Output

H
e
l
l
o
w
o
r
l
d

PROGRAM :- TO FIND THE FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER USING

RECURSION.
# Python code to find factorial using recursion

# recursion function definition

# it accepts a number and returns its factorial
def factorial(num):
# if number is negative - print error
if num < 0:
print("Invalid number...")
# if number is 0 or 1 - the factorial is 1
elif num == 0 or num == 1:
return 1
else:
# calling function itself i.e. recursive
return num * factorial(num - 1)
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Raiya Road Raiya Road
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# main code
if __name__ == '__main__':
#input the number
x = int(input("Enter an integer number: "))
print("Factorial of ", x, " is = ", factorial(x))

x = int(input("Enter another integer number: "))

print("Factorial of ", x, " is = ", factorial(x))

x = int(input("Enter another integer number: "))

print("Factorial of ", x, " is = ", factorial(x))

Output

Enter an integer number: 5

Factorial of 5 is = 120
Enter another integer number: 0
Factorial of 0 is = 1
Enter another integer number: -3
Invalid number...
Factorial of -3 is = None

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO GET CURRENT DATE.

# Python program to get current date

# importing the date class

# from datetime module
from datetime import date

# getting the current date

current_date = date.today()

# printing the date

print("Current date is: ", current_date)
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Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

Output

Current date is: 2020-03-09

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO CREATE A STOP

WATCH.
# Python code for a stopwatch

# importing the time module

import time

print("Press ENTER to start the stopwatch")

print("and, press CTRL + C to stop the stopwatch")

# infinite loop
while True:
try:
input() #For ENTER
start_time = time.time()
print("Stopwatch started...")

except KeyboardInterrupt:
print("Stopwatch stopped...")
end_time = time.time()
print("The total time:", round(end_time - start_time, 2),"seconds")
break # breaking the loop

Output

Press ENTER to start the stopwatch

and, press CTRL + C to stop the stopwatch

Stopwatch started...
^CStopwatch stopped...
The total time: 15.81 seconds
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Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO DECLARE AND

PRINT A LIST.

# declaring list with integer elements

list1 = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

# printing list1
print "List element are: ", list1

# printing elements of list1 by index

print "Element @ 0 index:", list1[0]
print "Element @ 1 index:", list1[1]
print "Element @ 2 index:", list1[2]
print "Element @ 3 index:", list1[3]
print "Element @ 4 index:", list1[4]

# declaring list with string elements

list2 = ["New Delhi", "Mumbai", "Chennai", "calcutta"]

# printing list2
print "List elements are: ", list2
#printing elements of list2 by index
print "Element @ 0 index:",list2 [0]
print "Element @ 1 index:",list2 [1]
print "Element @ 2 index:",list2 [2]
print "Element @ 3 index:",list2 [3]

print " " # prints new line

# declaring list with mixed elements

list3 = ["Amit Shukla", 21, "New Delhi", 9876543210]

#printing list3
print "List elements are: ", list3
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Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

# printing elements of list3 by index

print "Element @ 0 index (Name) :", list3[0]
print "Element @ 1 index (Age ) :", list3[1]
print "Element @ 2 index (City) :", list3[2]
print "Element @ 3 index (Mob.) :", list3[3]
print "" # prints new line

Output

List element are: [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

Element @ 0 index: 10
Element @ 1 index: 20
Element @ 2 index: 30
Element @ 3 index: 40
Element @ 4 index: 50
List elements are: ['New Delhi', 'Mumbai', 'Chennai', 'calcutta']
Element @ 0 index: New Delhi
Element @ 1 index: Mumbai
Element @ 2 index: Chennai
Element @ 3 index: Calcutta
List elements are: ['Amit Shukla', 21, 'New Delhi', 9876543210
Element @ 0 index (Name) : Amit Shukla
Element @ 1 index (Age ) : 21
Element @ 2 index (City) : New Delhi
Element @ 3 index (Mob.) : 9876543210

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO DECLARE AND

PRINT A DICTIONARY.

1. # Adding elements to dictionary one at a time

2. Dict[0] = 'Peter'
3. Dict[2] = 'Joseph'
4. Dict[3] = 'Ricky'
5. print("\nDictionary after adding 3 elements: ")
6. print(Dict)

7.
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8. # Adding set of values

9. # with a single Key
10. # The Emp_ages doesn't exist to dictionary
11. Dict['Emp_ages'] = 20, 33, 24
12. print("\nDictionary after adding 3 elements: ")
13. print(Dict)
14.
15. # Updating existing Key's Value
16. Dict[3] = 'JavaTpoint'
17. print("\nUpdated key value: ")
18. print(Dict)

Output

Dictionary after adding 3 elements:

{0: 'Peter', 2: 'Joseph', 3: 'Ricky'}

Dictionary after adding 3 elements:

{0: 'Peter', 2: 'Joseph', 3: 'Ricky', 'Emp_ages': (20, 33, 24)}

Updated key value:

{0: 'Peter', 2: 'Joseph', 3: 'JavaTpoint', 'Emp_ages': (20, 33, 24)}

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO DECLARE AND

PRINT A TUPLE .
1.# Python program to show how to access tuple elements
# Creating a tuple
1. tuple_ = ("Python", "Tuple", "Ordered", "Collection")
2.
3. print(tuple_[0])
4. print(tuple_[1])
5. # trying to access element index more than the length of a tuple
6. try:
7. print(tuple_[5])
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8. except Exception as e:
9. print(e)
10. # trying to access elements through the index of floating data type
11. try:
12. print(tuple_[1.0])
13. except Exception as e:
14. print(e)
15.
16. # Creating a nested tuple
17. nested_tuple = ("Tuple", [4, 6, 2, 6], (6, 2, 6, 7))
18. # Accessing the index of a nested tuple
19. print(nested_tuple[0][3])
20. print(nested_tuple[1][1])

Output

Python
Tuple
tuple index out of range
tuple indices must be integers or slices, not float
1
6

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO ACCESS AND

PRINT CHARACTERS FROM THE STRING.

# access characters in string

# declare, assign string

str = "Hello world"

# print complete string

print "str:", str

# print first character

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print "str[0]:", str[0]

# print second character

print "str[1]:", str[1]

# print last character

print "str[-1]:", str[-1]

# print second last character

print "str[-2]:", str[-2]

# print characters from 0th to 4th index i.e.

# first 5 characters
print "str[0:5]:", str[0:5]

# print characters from 2nd index to 2nd last index

print "str[2,-2]:", str[2:-2]

# print string character by character

print "str:"
for i in str:
print i,
#comma after the variable
# it does not print new line

Output

str: Hello world

str[0]: H
str[1]: e
str[-1]: d
str[-2]: l
str[0:5]: Hello
str[2,-2]: llo wor
str:
Hello world
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PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO PRINT WORDS

WITH THEIR LENGTH OF A STRING.
# Function to split into words
# and print words with its length

def splitString (str):

# split the string by spaces
str = str.split (' ')
# iterate words in string
for words in str:

print words," (", len (words), ")"

# Main code
# declare string and assign value
str = "Hello World How are you?"

# call the function

splitString(str)

Output

Hello ( 5 )
World ( 5 )
How ( 3 )

are ( 3 )
you? ( 4 )

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO COUNT VOWELS

IN THE GIVEN STRING.
# count vowels in a string
# declare, assign string
str = "Hello world"
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# declare count
count = 0

# iterate and check each character

for i in str:
# check the conditions for vowels
if( i=='A' or i=='a' or i=='E' or i=='e'
or i=='I' or i=='i' or i=='O' or i=='o'
or i=='U' or i=='u'):
count +=1;

# print count
print "Total vowels are: ", count

Output

Total vowels are: 3

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE

DIFFERENT FILE HANDLING METHODS

# opens the file file.txt in read mode

1. fileptr = open("file.txt","r")
2.
3. if fileptr:
4. print("file is opened successfully")

1. # opens the file file.txt in read mode

2. fileptr = open("file.txt","r")
1. # open the file.txt in append mode. Create a new file if no such file exists.
2. fileptr = open("file2.txt", "w")
3.
4. # appending the content to the file
5. fileptr.write('''''Python is the modern day language. It makes things so simple.
6. It is the fastest-growing programing language''')
7.
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8. # closing the opened the file

9. fileptr.close()
3.
4. if fileptr:
5. print("file is opened successfully")
6.
7. #closes the opened file
8. fileptr.close()

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE AN

EXAMPLE OF USER DEFINED FUNCTION.

def sp(str1 ,str2):

Print(“hello sp”)Print(str1)
Print(str2)
return
sp(“good”,”morning”)

Output:

good
morning

Example - 1

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE AN

EXAMPLE OF MODULE.
1. # importing the complete math module using *
2. from math import *
3.
4. # accessing functions of math module without using the dot operator
5. print( "Calculating square root: ", sqrt(25) )
6. print( "Calculating tangent of an angle: ", tan(pi/6) ) # here pi is also imported
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from the math module

Output:

Calculating square root: 5.0

Calculating tangent of an angle: 0.5773502691896257

Example – 2 [module – support.py]

Def print_func(x):
Print(“hello:”,x)
Return

o import module support

import support
Support.print_func(“zara”)

Output:

Hello: zara

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE AN

EXAMPLE OF EXCEPTION HANDLING.

1. # Python code to catch an exception and handle it using try and except codeblocks
2. a = ["Python", "Exceptions", "try and except"]
3. try:
4. #looping through the elements of the array a, choosing a range that goes
beyond the length of the array
5. for i in range( 4 ):
6. print( "The index and element from the array is", i, a[i] )
7. #if an error occurs in the try block, then except block will be executed by the
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Python interpreter
8. except:
9. print ("Index out of range")

Output:

The index and element from the array is 0 Python

The index and element from the array is 1 Exceptions
The index and element from the array is 2 try and except
Index out of range

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE AN

EXAMPLE OF ASSERTION OR ASSERT STATEMENT.

1. #Python program to show how to use assert keyword

2. # defining a function
3. def square_root( Number ):
4. assert ( Number < 0), "Give a positive integer"
5. return Number**(1/2)
6. #Calling function and passing the values
7. print( square_root( 36 ) )
8. print( square_root( -36 ) )

Output:

7 #Calling function and passing the values

----> 8 print( square_root( 36 ) )
9 print( square_root( -36 ) )

Input In [23], in square_root(Number)

3 def square_root( Number ):
----> 4 assert ( Number < 0), "Give a positive integer"
5 return Number**(1/2)

AssertionError: Give a positive integer

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PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE AN

EXAMPLE OF CLASS AND OBJECT.
# Python program to demonstrate an
# example of class

class Message(object):
def __init__(self):
# assign none to variable
self.msg = None

def assignValue(self):
# assign any value
self.msg = "Hello World"

def getValue (self,str):

# assign variable with parameter
self.msg = str

def printValue(self):
# print the value
print "msg = ",self.msg

# Main code
# creating object of the class
# Here, M is object nae
M = Message()

# print value
print "value after init. the object..."

M.printValue();
# assign value
M.assignValue()
# print value
print "value after assignValue ()...."
M.printValue();

# assign value using arguemnt

M.getValue("How are you?")
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print "value after getValue ()..."

M.printValue();

Output

value after init. the object...

msg = None
value after assignValue ()....
msg = Hello World
value after getValue ()...
msg = How are you?

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE AN

EXAMPLE OF PUBLIC VARIABLES IN PYTHON.
# Python example for public variables
class person:
def __init__(self):
# default values
self.name = "XYZ"
self.age = 0

def printValues(self):
print "Name: ",self.name
print "Age : ",self.age

# Main code
# declare object
p = person()
# print
p.printValues();

# since variables are public by default

# we can access them directly here
p.name = "Amit"
p.age = 21
# print
p.printValues ();
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Output

Name: XYZ
Age : 0
Name: Amit
Age : 21

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO CREATE

EMPLOYEE CLASS WITH SOME ATTRIBUTES AND METHOD.
# employee class code in Python
# class definition
class Employee:
__id=0
__name=""
__gender=""
__city=""
__salary=0
# function to set data
def setData(self,id,name,gender,city,salary):
self.__id=id
self.__name = name
self.__gender = gender
self.__city = city
self.__salary = salary

# function to get/print data

def showData(self):
print("Id\t\t:",self.__id)
print("Name\t:", self.__name)
print("Gender\t:", self.__gender)
print("City\t:", self.__city)
print("Salary\t:", self.__salary)
# main function definition
def main():
#Employee Object
emp=Employee()

emp.setData(1,'pankaj','male','delhi',55000)
emp.showData()
if __name__=="__main__":
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main()

Output

Id : 1
Name : pankaj
Gender : male
City : delhi
Salary : 55000

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM

TO IMPLEMENT ABSTRACTION USING ABSTRACT CLASS.

#Abstract Class
class Vehicle:
def start(self,name=""):
print(name,"is Started")
def acclerate(self,name=""):
pass
def park(self,name=""):
pass
def stop(self,name=""):
print(name,"is stopped")

class Bike(Vehicle):
def acclerate(self, name=""):
print(name,"is accelrating @ 60kmph")
def park(self, name=""):
print(name,"is parked at two wheeler parking")

class Car(Vehicle):
def acclerate(self, name=""):
print(name,"is accelrating @ 90kmph")
def park(self, name=""):

print(name,"is parked at four wheeler parking")

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def main():
print("Bike Object")
b=Bike()
b.start("Bike")
b.acclerate("Bike")
b.park("Bike")
b.stop("Bike")
print("\nCar Object")
c = Car()
c.start("Car")

c.acclerate("Car")
c.park("Car")
c.stop("Car")
if __name__=="__main__":main()

Output

Bike Object
Bike is Started
Bike is accelrating @ 60kmph
Bike is parked at two wheeler parking
Bike is stopped
Car Object
Car is Started
Car is accelrating @ 90kmph
Car is parked at four wheeler parking
Car is stopped

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM

TO IMPLEMENT SINGLE INHERITANCE IN PYTHON.

# Python code to demonstrate example of

# single inheritance
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class Details:
def __init__(self):
self.__id="<No Id>"
self.__name="<No Name>"
self.__gender="<No Gender>"
def setData(self,id,name,gender):
self.__id=id
self.__name=name
self.__gender=gender
def showData(self):
print("Id\t\t:",self.__id)
print("Name\t\t:", self.__name)
print("Gender\t\t:", self.__gender)

class Employee(Details): #Inheritance

def __init__(self):
self.__company="<No Company>"
self.__dept="<No Dept>"
def setEmployee(self,id,name,gender,comp,dept):
self.setData(id,name,gender)
self.__company=comp
self.__dept=dept
def showEmployee(self):
self.showData()
print("Company\t\t:", self.__company)
print("Department\t:", self.__dept)
def main():
e=Employee()
e.setEmployee(101,"Prem Sharma","Male","New Delhi",110065)
e.showEmployee()

if __name__=="__main__":
main()

Output

Id : 101
Name : Prem Sharma
Gender : Male
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Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

Company : New Delhi

Department : 110065

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM

WITH TWO CHILD (DERIVED) CLASSES IN PYTHON.
# Python code to demonstrate example of
# single inheritance with two child classes

class Details:
def __init__(self):
self.__id=0
self.__name=""
self.__gender=""
def setDetails(self):
self.__id=int(input("Enter Id: "))
self.__name=input("Enter Name: ")
self.__gender=input("Enter gender: ")
def showDetails(self):
print("Id: ",self.__id)
print("Name: ",self.__name)
print("Gender: ",self.__gender)

class Employee(Details):
def __init__(self):
self.__company=""
self.__desig=""
def setEmployee(self):
self.setDetails()
self.__company=input("Enter Compmany Name: ")
self.__desig=input("Enter Designation: ")
def showEmployee(self):
self.showDetails()
print("Company: ",self.__company)

print("Designation: ",self.__desig)

class Doctor(Details):
def __init__(self):
self.__hospital=""
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self.__dept=""
def setDoctor(self):
self.setDetails()
self.__hospital=input("Enter Hospital Name: ")
self.__dept=input("Enter Department: ")
def showDoctor(self):
self.showDetails()
print("Hospital: ",self.__hospital)
print("Department",self.__dept)

def main():
print("Employee Object: ")
e = Employee()
e.setEmployee()
e.showEmployee()
print("\nDoctor Object: ")
d=Doctor()
d.setDoctor()
d.showDoctor()

if __name__=="__main__":
main()

Output

Employee Object:
Enter Id: 101
Enter Name: Prem Sharma

Enter gender: Male

Enter Compmany Name: IncludeHelp
Enter Designation: Technical writer
Id: 101
Name: Prem Sharma
Gender: Male
Company: IncludeHelp
Designation: Technical writer
Doctor Object:
Enter Id: 201
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Enter Name: Amit Shukla

Enter gender: Male
Enter Hospital Name: APOLLO
Enter Department: Doctor
Id: 201
Name: Amit Shukla
Gender: Male
Hospital: APOLLO
Department Doctor

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM WITH MULTIPLE

INHERITANCE IN PYTHON.
# Python code to demonstrate example of
# multiple inheritance

class Personel:
def __init__(self):
self.__id=0
self.__name=""
self.__gender=""
def setPersonel(self):
self.__id=int(input("Enter Id: "))
self.__name = input("Enter Name: ")
self.__gender = input("Enter Gender: ")
def showPersonel(self):
print("Id: ",self.__id)
print("Name: ",self.__name)
print("Gender: ",self.__gender)

class Educational:
def __init__(self):
self.__stream=""

self.__year=""
def setEducational(self):
self.__stream=input("Enter Stream: ")
self.__year = input("Enter Year: ")
def showEducational(self):
print("Stream: ",self.__stream)
print("Year: ",self.__year)
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class Student(Personel,Educational):
def __init__(self):
self.__address = ""
self.__contact = ""
def setStudent(self):
self.setPersonel()
self.__address = input("Enter Address: ")
self.__contact = input("Enter Contact: ")
self.setEducational()

def showStudent(self):
self.showPersonel()
print("Address: ",self.__address)
print("Contact: ",self.__contact)
self.showEducational()

def main():
s=Student()
s.setStudent()
s.showStudent()
if __name__=="__main__":main()

Output

Enter Id: 101

Enter Name: Prem Sharma
Enter Gender: Male

Enter Address: Nehru Place, New Delhi

Enter Contact: 0123456789
Enter Stream: Computer Science

Enter Year: 2010

Id: 101
Name: Prem Sharma
Gender: Male
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Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

Address: Nehru Place, New Delhi

Contact: 0123456789
Stream: Computer Science
Year: 2010

PROGRAM - WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM FOR BINARY SEARCH.

def binary_search(l, num_find):

'''
This function is used to search any number.
Whether the given number is present in the
list or not. If the number is present in list
the list it will return TRUE and FALSE otherwise.
'''
start = 0
end = len(l) - 1
mid = (start + end) // 2

# We took found as False that is, initially

# we are considering that the given number
# is not present in the list unless proven
found = False
position = -1

while start <= end:

if l[mid] == num_find:
found = True
position = mid
break

if num_find > l[mid]:

start = mid + 1

mid = (start + end) // 2

else:
end = mid - 1
mid = (start + end) // 2
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return (found, position)

# Time Complexity : O(logn)

# main code
if __name__=='__main__':

l = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
num = 6
found = binary_search(l, num)
if found[0]:
print('Number %d found at position %d'%(num, found[1]+1))
else:
print('Number %d not found'%num)

Output

Number 6 found at position 7

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO PERFORM

BUBBLE SORTING.

1. # Creating a bubble sort function

2. def bubble_sort(list1):
3. # Outer loop for traverse the entire list
4. for i in range(0,len(list1)-1):
5. for j in range(len(list1)-1):

6. if(list1[j]>list1[j+1]):
7. temp = list1[j]
8. list1[j] = list1[j+1]
9. list1[j+1] = temp
10. return list1
11.
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12. list1 = [5, 3, 8, 6, 7, 2]

13. print("The unsorted list is: ", list1)
14. # Calling the bubble sort function
15. print("The sorted list is: ", bubble_sort(list1))

Output:

The unsorted list is: [5, 3, 8, 6, 7, 2]

The sorted list is: [2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8]

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO COPY ODD LINES

OF ONE FILE TO ANOTHER FILE IN PYTHON.
# opening the file
file1 = open('file1.txt', 'r')

# creating another file to store odd lines

file2 = open('file2.txt', 'w')
# reading content of the files
# and writing odd lines to another file
lines = file1.readlines()
type(lines)
for i in range(0, len(lines)):
if(i % 2 != 0):
file2.write(lines[i])

# closing the files

file1.close()

file2.close()
+51426

# opening the files and printing their content

file1 = open('file1.txt', 'r')
file2 = open('file2.txt', 'r')

# reading and printing the files content

str1 = file1.read()
str2 = file2.read()
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print("file1 content...")
print(str1)

print() # to print new line

print("file2 content...")
print(str2)

# closing the files

file1.close()
file2.close()

Output

file1 content...
This is line 1.
This is line 2.
This is line 3.
This is line 4.
This is line 5.

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO DESIGN

TRADITIONAL CALCULATOR IN PYTHON3.
# Program make a simple calculator that can
# add, subtract, multiply and divide using functions

# This function adds two numbers

def add(x, y):
return x + y

# This function subtracts two numbers

def subtract(x, y):
return x - y

# This function multiplies two numbers

def multiply(x, y):
return x * y
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# This function divides two numbers

def divide(x, y):
return x / y

print("Select operation.")
print("1.Add")
print("2.Subtract")
print("3.Multiply")
print("4.Divide")

# Take input from the user

choice = input("Enter choice(1/2/3/4):")

num1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))

num2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))

if choice == '1':
print(num1,"+",num2,"=", add(num1,num2))

elif choice == '2':

print(num1,"-",num2,"=", subtract(num1,num2))

elif choice == '3':

print(num1,"*",num2,"=", multiply(num1,num2))
elif choice == '4':
print(num1,"/",num2,"=", divide(num1,num2))
else:
print("Invalid input")

Output
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Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO CREATE A LINE

PLOT USING MATPLOTLIB.PYPLOT.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

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x = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
y = [3,9,6,12,5,1,10,5,4,9]
plt.plot(x,y, label='lineplots', color='b')
plt.xlabel('X-axis')
plt.ylabel('Y-axis')
plt.title('Line Plot')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

Output

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO CREATE A BAR

CHART USING MATPLOTLIB.PYPLOT.
 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
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Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = [2,4,6,8,10]
y=[3,9,11,2,6]
plt.bar(x,y,label ='Bars')

plt.xlabel('X-axis')
plt.ylabel('Y-axis')
plt.title('Bar Graph1')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

Output

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO CREATE A BAR

GRAPH USING MATPLOTLIB.PYPLOT.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x1 = [2,4,6,8,10]
y1=[3,9,11,2,6]
 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

x2=[1,3,5,7,9]
y2=[6,4,7,8,3]

plt.bar(x1,y1,label ='Bars1', color='g')

plt.bar(x2,y2,label = 'Bars2', color='r')

plt.xlabel('X-axis')
plt.ylabel('Y-axis')
plt.title('Bar Graph2')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

Output

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO CREATE A

STACKED BAR USING MATPLOTLIB.PYPLOT.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np
N=6
y1=[3,9,11,2,6,4]

y2=[6,4,7,8,3,4]
 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

xvalues = np.arange(N)

plt.bar(xvalues,y1,color='b', label ='Team1')

plt.bar(xvalues,y2, color='r', bottom =y1, label = 'Team2')
plt.xticks(xvalues, ('V1', 'V2', 'V3', 'V4', 'V5'))

plt.xlabel('Teams')
plt.ylabel('Scores')
plt.title('Stacked Bar Graphs')
plt.legend()

Output

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO CREATE A

SCATTER PLOT USING MATPLOTLIB.PYPLOT.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
y = [3,9,6,12,5,1,10,5,4,9]

plt.scatter(x,y, label='scplots', color='r', s=60, marker="X")

 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

plt.xlabel('X-axis')
plt.ylabel('Y-axis')
plt.title('Scatter Plot')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

Output

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO CREATE A PIE

- CHART USING MATPLOTLIB.PYPLOT.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

days = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

slices = [7,2,2,13]
cols = ['r','y','g','b']

my_labels = ["Sleeping ", "Eating", "Working", "Playing"]

 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

plt.pie(slices,
labels=my_labels,
colors = cols,
startangle=45,
explode =(0,0.2,0,0),
shadow = True,
autopct = '%1.1f%%')
plt.axis('equal')
plt.legend(loc=3)
plt.show()

Output

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO CREATE A STACK

PLOT USING MATPLOTLIB.PYPLOT

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

days=[1,2,3,4,5]

sleeping = [7,8,6,11,7]
eating = [2,3,4,3,2]
working = [7,8,7,2,2]
 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

playing = [8,5,7,8,13]

plt.plot([],[],color ='m', label = 'Sleeping', linewidth = 5)

plt.plot([],[],color ='c', label = 'Eating', linewidth = 5)
plt.plot([],[],color ='r', label = 'Working', linewidth = 5)
plt.plot([],[],color ='y', label = 'Playing', linewidth = 5)

plt.stackplot(days, sleeping, eating, working, playing, colors =

['m','c','r','y'])

plt.xlabel('Days')
plt.ylabel('Hours')
plt.title('Stack Plot1')
plt.xticks(days, ('Mon', 'Tue', 'Wed', 'Thur', 'Fri'))

plt.legend()
plt.show()

Output
 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO PLOTTING IN

SAME AND DIFFERENT GRAPH USING MATPLOTLIB.PYPLOT.

import random
import pylab
val = []

for n in range(1004):
x = random.choice(range(0,90))
y = random.choice(range(0,90))
val.append(x+y)

pylab.hist(val, bins = 10)

pylab.xlabel('NUMBER OF OCCURENCE')

Output:

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO CREATE A

SIMPLE BUTTON USING TKINTER PROGRAMMING.

from tkinter
import *root = Tk()
 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

frame = Frame(root)

frame.pack()
bottomframe = Frame(root)
bottomframe.pack( side =
BOTTOM )
redbutton = Button(frame, text = 'Red', fg
='red')redbutton.pack( side = LEFT)
greenbutton = Button(frame, text = 'Brown', fg='brown')
greenbutton.pack( side = LEFT )
bluebutton = Button(frame, text ='Blue', fg ='blue')
bluebutton.pack( side = LEFT )
blackbutton = Button(bottomframe, text ='Black', fg ='black')
blackbutton.pack( side = BOTTOM)
root.mainloop()

Output :-

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO CREATE A

CHECKBOX.

from tkinter import *

master = Tk()
va r1 = IntVar()
Checkbutton(master, text='male', variable=var1).grid(row=0,
sticky=W)
var2 = IntVar() Checkbutton(master, text='female',
variable=var2).grid(row=1, sticky=W)
 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

mainloop()

Output :-

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO CREATE A LABEL

, ENTRYFIELD.

from tkinter import *

mas ter = Tk()
Label(master, text='First Name').grid(row=0)
Label(master, text='Last
Name').grid(row=1)e1 = Entry(master)
e2 = Entry(master)
e1.grid(row=0, column=1)
e2.grid(row=1, column=1)
mainloop()

Output :-
 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO CREATE A

LISTBOX.

from tkinter
import *top = Tk()
Lb = Listbox(top)
Lb.insert(1, 'Python')

Lb.insert(2, 'Java')
Lb.insert(3, 'C++')
Lb.insert(4, 'Any other')
Lb.pack()
top.mainloop()

Output :-

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO CREATE A

SIMPLE
SERVER.PY FILE.

# This is server.py file

 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

import socket # Import socket module

s = socket.socket() # Create a socket object

host = socket.gethostname() # Get local machine name
port = 12345 # Reserve a port for your service.
s.bind((host, port)) # Bind to the port

s.listen(5) # Now wait for client connection.

while True:
c, addr = s.accept() # Establish connection with client.
print 'Got connection from', addr
c.send('Thank you for connecting')
c.close() # Close the connection

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO CREATE A

SIMPLE
CLIENT.PY FILE.

# This is client.py file

import socket # Import socket module

s = socket.socket() # Create a socket object

host = socket.gethostname() # Get local machine name
port = 12345 # Reserve a port for your service.

s.connect((host, port))
print s.recv(1024)
s.close() # Close the socket when done

Output :-
 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

# Following would start a server in background.

$ python server.py &

# Once server is started run client as follows:

$ python client.py

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO SEND AN E- MAIL

USING SMTP.

import smtplib

sender = '[email protected]'
receivers = ['[email protected]']

message = """From: From Person <[email protected]>

To: To Person <[email protected]>
Subject: SMTP e-mail test

This is a test e-mail message.

"""

try:
smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
smtpObj.sendmail(sender, receivers, message)
print "Successfully sent email"
except SMTPException:
print "Error: unable to send email"

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO CREATE A

CONNECTION WITH DATABASE.
 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user =
"root",pass wd = "google")
4. #printing the connection object
5. print(myconn)

Output:

<mysql.connector.connection.MySQLConnection object at 0x7fb142edd780>

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO CREATE A

CONNECTION WITH DATABASE.

1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",
4. passwd= "google", database = "mydb")
5. #printing the connection object
6. print(myconn)
7.
7. #creating the cursor object
8. cur = myconn.cursor()
9. print(cr)

Output:

<mysql.connector.connection.MySQLConnection object at 0x7faa17a15748>

MySQLCursor: (Nothing executed yet)

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO CREATE A

NEW DATABASE.
 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

import mysql.connector
2.
3. #Create the connection object
4. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd
= "google")
5. #creating the cursor object
6. cur = myconn.cursor()
7. try:
8. dbs = cur.execute("show databases")
9. except:
10. myconn.rollback()
11.
11.for x in cur:
12. print(x)
13.myconn.close()

Output:

('EmployeeDB',)
('Test',)
('TestDB',)
('information_schema',)
('javatpoint',)
('javatpoint1',)
('mydb',)
('mysql',)
('performance_schema',
)
('testDB',)

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO CREATE A

NEW TABLE EMPLOYEE.

create table Employee (name varchar(20) not null, id int primary

key, salary float not null, Dept_Id int not null)

 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd
= "google",database = "PythonDB")
4. #creating the cursor object
5. cur = myconn.cursor()
6. try:
7. #Creating a table with name Employee having four columns i.e.,
name, id, s alary, and department id
8. dbs = cur.execute("create table Employee(name varchar(20) not null, id int
(20) not null primary key, salary float not null, Dept_id int not null)")
9. except:
10. myconn.rollback()
11. Myconn.close()
12.

Output :
 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO ALTER

NEW TABLE EMPLOYEE.

1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd
= "google",database = "PythonDB")

4.
5. #creating the cursor object

6. cur = myconn.cursor()
7. try:
8. #adding a column branch name to the table Employee

9. cur.execute("alter table Employee add branch_name varchar(20) not null")

10. except:
11. myconn.rollback()
12. Myconn.close()

Output :
 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO INSERTING A

SINGLE ROW INTO TABLE.

1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd
= "google",database = "PythonDB")

4. #creating the cursor object

5. cur = myconn.cursor()
6. sql = "insert into Employee(name, id, salary, dept_id, branch_name) values (
%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)"
7. #The row values are provided in the form of tuple
8. val = ("John", 110, 25000.00, 201, "Newyork")
9. try:
10. #inserting the values into the table
11. cur.execute(sql,val)
12. #commit the transaction
13. myconn.commit()
14.except:
15. myconn.rollback()
16.print(cur.rowcount,"record inserted!")
17.myconn.close()

Output :
1 record inserted!
 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO INSERTING A

MULTIPLE ROWS INTO TABLE.

1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd
= "google",database = "PythonDB")
4. #creating the cursor object
5. cur = myconn.cursor()
6. sql = "insert into Employee(name, id, salary, dept_id, branch_name) values (
%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)"

. val = [("John", 102, 25000.00, 201, "Newyork"),("David",103,25000.00,202,"P

ort of spain"),("Nick",104,90000.00,201,"Newyork")]
8. try:
9. #inserting the values into the table
10. cur.executemany(sql,val)
11. #commit the transaction
12. myconn.commit()
13. print(cur.rowcount,"records inserted!")
14.except:
15. myconn.rollback()
16. myconn.close()

Output :-

3 records inserted!
 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO RETRIEVING ALL

THE ROWS FROM TABLE.

1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd
= "google",database = "PythonDB")
4. #creating the cursor object
5. cur = myconn.cursor()
6. try:
7. #Reading the Employee data
8. cur.execute("select * from Employee")
9. #fetching the rows from the cursor object

10. //result = cur.fetchall()

11. #printing the result
12. for x in result:
13. print(x);
14. 14.except:
17. myconn.rollback()
18. myconn.close()
 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

Output :-

('John', 101, 25000.0, 201, 'Newyork')

('John', 102, 25000.0, 201, 'Newyork')
('David', 103, 25000.0, 202, 'Port of spain')
('Nick', 104, 90000.0, 201, 'Newyork')
('Mike', 105, 28000.0, 202, 'Guyana')

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO UPDATE A

RECORD FROM THE TABLE.

1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",passwd
= "google",database = "PythonDB")
4. #creating the cursor object

5. cur = myconn.cursor()
6. try:
7. #updating the name of the employee whose id is 110
8. cur.execute("update Employee set name = 'alex' where id = 110")
9. myconn.com
mit()10.except:
11. myconn.rollback()
12. myconn.close()
 SHREE H. N. SHUKLA COLLEGE OF I.T. & MGMT.
(AFFILIATED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY)

2 – Vaishalinagar 3 – Vaishalinagar
Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge Nr. Amrapali Under Bridge
Raiya Road Raiya Road
Rajkot – 360001 Rajkot – 360001

PROGRAM :- WRITE A PYTHON PROGRAM TO DELETE A

RECORD FROM THE TABLE.

1. import mysql.connector
2. #Create the connection object
3. myconn = mysql.connector.connect(host = "localhost", user = "root",
passwd= "google",database = "PythonDB")
4. #creating the cursor object
5. cur = myconn.cursor()
6. try:
7. #Deleting the student details whose rollno is 4

8. cur.execute("delete from students where rollno = 4")

9. myconn.commit()
10.except:
11.myconn.rollback
()12.myconn.close()

Output :-