Lecture Notes in Practical Research 1 1.1.

Simple Random Sampling – is a method of choosing

By: EDWIN P. DELA VEGA JR. samples in which all the members of the population
are given an equal chance of being selected. It is an
Topic: Sampling Technique and Procedures unbiased way of selection, as samples are drawn by
chance.
Word Bank: 1.2. Systematic Random Sampling – is a method of
1. Sample – refers to a portion or part of the population selecting every nth element of a population, e.g.,
that is representative of the population. every fifth, eighth, ninth, or eleventh element until
2. Population – the bigger group from where you the desired sample size is reached.
choose the sample that possess some common 1.3. Stratified Random Sampling – is a method where the
characteristics. population is divided into different strata (groups),
3. Sampling – refers to your method or process of and then the sampling follows. Age, gender, and
selecting respondents or people to answer questions educational qualifications are some possible criteria
meant to yield data for a research study. used to divide a population into strata.
4. Sampling Frame – is the term used to mean the list 1.4. Cluster Sampling – is used in large-scale studies.
of the members of such population from where you Clusters are representative samples of the
will get the sample. population as a whole. After the clusters are
5. Respondents – are individuals or groups of people established, a simple random sample of the clusters
who actively serve as sources of information during is drawn and the members of the chosen clusters are
data collection. sampled. Sampling procedures are difficult and time-
consuming.
HISTORY OF SAMPLING
2. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
The beginning of sampling could be traced back to the
early political activities of the Americans, in 1920 when Non-Probability Sampling disregards random selection
Literary Digest did a pioneering survey about the of subjects. The subjects are chosen based on their
American citizens’ favorite among the 1920 presidential availability or the purpose of the study, and in some
candidates. This was the very first survey that served as cases, on the sole discretion of the researcher. This is not
the impetus for the discovery by academic researchers of a scientific way of selecting respondents, and is
other sampling strategies that they categorized into two commonly used in qualitative research.
classes: probability sampling and non-probability
sampling. (Babbie 2013) 2.1. Convenience Sampling – involves choosing
respondents at the convenience of the researcher. It
Advantages of Sampling is also called accidental or incidental sampling.
2.2. Purposive Sampling – involves handpicking subjects,
Brown (2006) summarizes the advantages of sampling in
usually to suit very specific intentions. This is also
the following points:
called judgmental sampling.
a. Makes the research of any type and size
2.3. Quota Sampling – is somewhat similar to stratified
manageable;
sampling, in that the population is divided into strata,
b. Significantly saves the cost of the research;
and the researcher deliberately sets specific
c. Results in more accurate research findings;
proportions in the sample, whether or not the
d. Provides an opportunity to process the information
resulting proportion is reflective of the total
in a more efficient way;
population. This is commonly done to the ensure the
e. Accelerates the speed of primary data collection
inclusion of a particular segment of the population.
(Dudovskiy, 2016)
2.4. Volunteer Sampling – involves people who self-
select into the survey. Often, these folks have a
Sampling Method
strong interest in the main topic of the survey.
There are numerous ways of getting a sample, but here 2.5. Snowball Sampling – does not give a specific set of
are the most commonly used sampling methods. samples, similar to snow expanding widely or rolling
Probability Sampling Non-Probability rapidly. A snowball sample is achieved by asking a
Methods Sampling Methods participant to suggest someone else who might be
willing or appropriate for the study.
1. Simple Random 1. Convenience Sampling
Sampling 2. Purposive Sampling
2. Systematic Random 3. Quota Sampling
Sampling 4. Volunteer Sampling
3. Stratified Random 5. Snowball Sampling
Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling
1. PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
Probability sampling is a type of sampling in which all the
members of an entire population have a chance of being
selected. This is also called as scientific sampling, and is
commonly used in quantitative research.
Lecture Notes in Practical Research 1 standardized conditions of observation and
By: EDWIN P. DELA VEGA JR. the selection of related data of observation.
1.4.2. Unstructured Observation. When it takes
Topic: Data Gathering Instruments and Data Analysis place without the above characteristics.
1.4.3. Participant Observation happens when the
Types of Data Collection observer is member of the group which he is
observing.
1. Primary Data Collection – is the gathering of raw
1.4.4. Non-Participant Observation occurs when
data collected at the source. It is a process of
observer is observing people without giving
collecting the original data collected by a researcher
any information to them.
for a specific research purpose. It could be further
1.5. Questionnaire is predefined set of questions,
analyzed into two segments; qualitative research and
assembled in a pre-determined order. It is handy
quantitative data collection methods.
when the researcher is trying to collect information
2. Secondary Data Collection – is referred to as the
from large numbers of people.
gathering of second-hand data collected by an
1.5.1. Open-ended questions give the respondents
individual who is not the original user. It is the
the ability to respond in their own words.
process of collecting data that is already existing, be
1.5.2. Close-ended or fixed alternative questions
it already published books, journals and/or online
allow the respondents to choose one of the
portals. In terms of ease, it is much less expensive
given alternatives. Types: Dichotomous
and easier to collect.
questions and Multiple Questions.
1.6. Schedules are very similar to Questionnaire method.
Qualitative Research Method – The qualitative research
The main difference is that a schedule is filled by the
methods of data collection does not involve the
enumerator who is specially appointed for the
collection of data that involves numbers or a need to be
purpose. Here the enumerator goes to the
deduced through a mathematical calculation, rather it is
respondents, asks them the questions from the
based on the non-quantifiable elements like the feeling
Questionnaire in the order listed, and records the
or emotion of the researcher. An example of such a
responses in the space provided. It is a must that the
method is an open-ended questionnaire.
enumerator must be trained in administering the
1.1. Experiments schedule.
1.2. Surveys (sample surveys or census surveys)
1.3. Interview is a data collection strategy in which Qualitative Data Analysis:
participants are asked to talk about the area under
Qualitative data refers to non-numeric information such
consideration.
as interview transcripts, notes, video and audio
1.3.1. Structured Interview: In this case, a set of
recordings, images and text documents. Qualitative data
pre-decided questions are there.
analysis can be divided into the following five categories:
1.3.2. Unstructured Interview: In this case, we
don’t follow a system of predetermined
1. Content analysis. This refers to the process of
questions.
categorizing verbal or behavioral data to classify,
1.3.3. Focused Interview: Attention is focused on
summarize and tabulate the data.
the given experience of the respondent and
2. Narrative analysis. This method involves the
its possible effects.
reformulation of stories presented by
1.3.4. Clinical Interview: Concerned with broad
respondents taking into account context of each
underlying feelings or motivations or with
case and different experiences of each
the course of an individual’s life experience.
respondent. In other words, narrative analysis is
1.3.5. Group Interview: a group of 6 to 8
the revision of primary qualitative data by
individuals is interviewed.
researcher.
1.3.6. Qualitative and quantitative Interview:
3. Discourse analysis. A method of analysis of
divided on the basis of subject matter i.e.,
naturally occurring talk and all types of written
whether qualitative or quantitative.
text.
1.3.7. Individual Interview: Interviewer meets a
4. Framework analysis. This is more advanced
single person and interviews him.
method that consists of several stages such as
1.3.8. Selection Interview: Done for selection of
familiarization, identifying a thematic
people for certain Jobs.
framework, coding, charting, mapping and
1.4. Observation is a method under which data from the
interpretation.
field is collected with the help of observation by the
5. Grounded theory. This method of qualitative
observer or by personally going to the field. In the
data analysis starts with an analysis of a single
words of P.V Young “Observation may be defined as
case to formulate a theory. Then, additional
systematic viewing, coupled with consideration of
cases are examined to see if they contribute to
seen phenomenon.”
the theory.
1.4.1. Structured Observation. When the
observation is characterized by a careful
definition of the units to be observed, the
style of recording the observed information,