ELE 203 Signals and Systems I Prof. Mahmoud A.

Abdalla

Signals and Systems

Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

Prof. Dr. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

[email protected]
[email protected]

Spring 2024 DTFT Transform 1

ELE 203 Signals and Systems I Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

DISCRETE –TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM (DTFT)

The discrete-time Fourier Transform

 x(n )   


x(e ) = x(n ) =  x(n )e


jw − jwn

n = − n = −

The Inverse discrete-time Fourier Transform (IDTFT)

x(n ) =   X (e ) =
1 
 X (e ).e dw
−1 jw jw jwn

Notes:
2 −

• X(ejw) is a complex valued continuous function

w = 2π f [rad/sec]
f is the digital frequency measured in [ C/S]

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ELE 203 Signals and Systems I Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

PROPERTIES OF DTFT
PERIODICITY

X (e jw
) Is periodic with period 2π


X e ( ) = X (e
jw j ( w+ 2 )
) = X (e jw
) ( )
e j 2 = X e jw .1 = X e jw ( )
Therefore, we need for analysis only period of w  0,2 
X(ejw) for
w  −  ,  

Not for the whole domain − w

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ELE 203 Signals and Systems I Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

PROPERTIES OF DTFT (Contd.)

LINEARITY

 
 x1 (n ) + x2 (n ) = x1 (n ) + x2 (n )
TIME SHIFTING
A shift in the time domain corresponds to the phase shifting

x(n − k ) = X e ( )e
jw − jwk

FREQUENCY SHIFTING
Multiplication by a complex exponential corresponds to a shift in the
frequency domain

x(n)e  = X (e
jwo n j ( w− wo )
)
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ELE 203 Signals and Systems I Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

PROPERTIES OF DTFT (Contd.)

SYMMETRY
( )
x(n ), X e jw is conjugate symmetric

For real-valued ( ) ( )X e jw = X  e − jw

ReX (e ) = ReX (e )
jw − jw Even Symmetry
ImX (e ) = − ImX (e )
jw − jw
Odd Symmetry

( ) ( )
X e jw = X e − jw Even Symmetry

X (e ) = X (e )
jw − jw
Odd Symmetry

Therefore, to plot X(ejw) we need to consider a half period of X(ejw)

Generally, in practice this period is chosen to be w  0,  

Spring 2024 DTFT Transform 5
ELE 203 Signals and Systems I Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

PROPERTIES OF DTFT (Contd.)

FOLDING
Folding in the time domain corresponds to the folding in the frequency

x(− n ) = X (e − jw )
domain
CONVOLUTION
The convolution in the time domain has product in the frequency
domain.

( ) ( )
x1 (n) x2 (n ) = x1 (n ).x2 (n) = X 1 e jw X 2 e jw
x(n) h(n) y(n ) = x(n )  h(n )

Time Domain X e ( )
jw
H(ejw)
( ) ( ) ( )
Y e jw = X e jw H e jw

Frequency Domain

Spring 2024 DTFT Transform 6

ELE 203 Signals and Systems I Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

PROPERTIES OF DTFT (Contd.)

MULTIPLICATION
This is dual to the convolution property
x1 (n ).x2 (n ) = x1 (n ) x2 (n )
ENERGY
The energy of the sequence x(n) can be written as :


 X (e )

E =  x(n )
1 jw 2
=
2
dw
− 2 −

This is known as the Parseval’s Theorem

Spring 2024 DTFT Transform 7

ELE 203 Signals and Systems I Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

EXAMPLE
Consider the signal x(n) = (0.5) U (n)
n

a- Determine its DTFT.

b- Evaluate X(ejw) at w = 0, 0.25π, 0.5π , 0.75 π and π
c- Plot its magnitude , angle, real part and imaginary part
Solution:
a- Since the signal x(n) is absolutely summable, therefore, DTFT exists:
  
X (e )= =  ( 0.5  e ) 1
 x (n )e =  ( 0.5 ) e
− jwn n − jwn − jw n
jw
=
n =− 0 0 1− ( 0.5  e − jw )
cos(w) + j sin (w) cos(w) + j sin (w)
X e ( )
jw
= jw
e jw
= =
e − 0.5 (cos(w) + j sin (w)) − (0.5) (cos(w) − (0.5)) + j sin (w)

X e ( jw
)= (cos(w) + j sin (w)) ((cos(w) − (0.5)) − j sin (w))
(cos(w) − 0.5) + (sin (w))
2 2

Spring 2024 DTFT Transform 8

ELE 203 Signals and Systems I Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

EXAMPLE
Consider the signal x(n) = (0.5) U (n)
n

Solution:

X (e ) =
jw (cos(w)) − (0.5)cos(w) + (sin(w)) + jsin(w)cos(w) − sin(w)cos(w) − 0.5 sin(w)
2 2

(cos(w)) + (sin(w)) + 0.25 − cos(w)

2 2

X (e ) =
jw 1 − 0.5 cos(w) − j 0.5 sin (w)
1.25 − cos(w)
1 − 0.5 cos(w)
( )
X e jw =
(1 − 0.5 cos(w))2 + (0.5 sin (w))2  ( )
Re X e jw =
1.25 − cos(w)
(1.25 − cos(w))2
− 0.5 sin (w)
( )
X e jw = tan −1
− 0.5 sin (w)  ( )
Im X e jw
=
1.25 − cos(w)
1 − 0.5 cos(w)

Spring 2024 DTFT Transform 9

ELE 203 Signals and Systems I Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

Frequency Domain Representation of LTI System

The discrete-time Fourier transform of an impulse response is called
the frequency response or Transfer function of a LTI system

 (n ) h(n )
( )
LTI System
jw
1 He

( )  h(n)e

− jwn
H e jw =
n = −
For an arbitrary summable sequence x(n) as an input with impulse response h(n)

x(n ) h(n )
y(n ) = x(n )  h(n )
( )
X e jw
He( )jw ( ) ( ) ( )
Y e jw = X e jw  H e jw

Hint: y(n ) =  Y (e )
−1 jw

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ELE 203 Signals and Systems I Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

Frequency Domain Representation of LTI System

Special Cases :

Case 1:
If x(n) = Ae jwo n complex exponential


y (n ) = A H (e )e  jwo j wo n + H ( e jwo ) 
Case 2:

If x(n ) = A cos(wo n +  ) Sinusoidal input


y (n ) = A H e ( ) cos(w n +  + H (e ))
jwo
0
jwo

This is called the steady state response of the system yss (n)

Spring 2024 DTFT Transform 12

ELE 203 Signals and Systems I Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

EXAMPLE
For the system described by its impulse response, answer the following:
h n = 0.9 U (n)
( ) ( )n
a- Determine the frequency response

b- Calculate the steady state response for the input x(n ) = 0.1U (n )
Solution
( )  h(n)e
 
H e jw = − jwn
=  (0.9) e − jwn
n
a- Using DTFT :
 (0.9e )
 n = −
− jw n 1 1n =0
= = =
n = − 1 − (0.9)e − jw
1 − (0.9) cos(w) + j (0.9)sin (w)

He ( )=
jw 1
(1 − 0.9 cos(w))2 + (0.9 sin (w))2
( )
H e jw =
1
=
1
(1 − 0.9 cos(w))2 + (0.9 sin (w))2 
1 − 2  (0.9 ) cos(w) + (0.9 )  (cos(w)) + (sin (w))
2 2 2

H (e jw ) =  0.9 sin (w) 
1
1.81 − 1.8  cos(w)
=
( )
H e jw = − arctan 
− ( ) 
1 0.9 cos w 
Spring 2024 DTFT Transform 14
ELE 203 Signals and Systems I Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

EXAMPLE
For the system described by its impulse response, answer the following:
h n = 0.9 U (n)
( ) ( )n
a- Determine the frequency response

b- Calculate the steady state response for the input x(n ) = 0.1U (n )
Solution
The steady state response [ at A = 0.1, θ = 0, wo = 0] is given by :

( ) (
y ss (n ) = A H e jw cos wo n +  + H e jwo ( ))

( ) (
yss (n ) = 0.1 H e 0 cos 0  n + 0 + H e jw0 ( ))

( )
yss (n ) = 0.1 H e 0 = 0.110 = 1
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ELE 203 Signals and Systems I Prof. Mahmoud A. Abdalla

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