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Mathematics As A Tool

The document provides an overview of statistics, including definitions, data gathering techniques, and data presentation methods. It covers various sampling methods such as simple random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling, as well as ways to present data through textual, tabular, and graphical formats. Additionally, it explains how to construct frequency distributions and includes examples for clarity.

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20 views14 pages

Mathematics As A Tool

The document provides an overview of statistics, including definitions, data gathering techniques, and data presentation methods. It covers various sampling methods such as simple random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling, as well as ways to present data through textual, tabular, and graphical formats. Additionally, it explains how to construct frequency distributions and includes examples for clarity.

Uploaded by

iyaloveskpop
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATHEMATICS AS A TOOL PT.

1 (DATA MANAGEMENT)
MODULE 3 – STATISTICS

 3.00 Statistics
 3.01 Data Gathering
 3.02 Data Presentation
 3.03 Measures of Central Tendency
 3.04 Measures of Relative Position
 3.05 Measures of Dispersion
 3.06 Measures of Correlation
MODULE 3.0 Statistics
DEFINITIONS

Statistics - Collection, Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data. Sample

Population - Refers to the totality of subject under study. Population

Sample - Refers to a part of population.


FIELD OF STATISTICS

Descriptive Statistics
– values that describe the characteristics of a sample or population.

Inferential Statistics
– values that infer result of a sample to the population from which sample is drawn.
– Drawing conclusions about a population based on the data observed in a sample.
MODULE 3.01 DATA GATHERING
Probability Sampling
– random sampling
– unbiased
1.) Simple Random Sampling
– each group of a size “n” has an equal chance of being selected.

Methods of simple random sampling


a.) Lottery Method – Draws the sample randomly from the box/container.

b.) Random Table – Series of digits arranged randomly in rows and columns. Draws sample by randomly start
at any place and select the numbers that is not yet included in the sample.

c.) Electronic Random Number Generator – Draws random number from electronic devices.
MODULE 3.01 DATA GATHERING
2.) Systematic Sampling
– put the population/sample in some order then systematically take the object at a certain number apart.

Types:
a.) Linear Systematic Sampling –
A Systematic sampling method where samples
aren’t repeated at the end and ‘n’ units are
selected to be part of a sample
having ‘N’ population units.

b.) Circular Systematic Sampling –


A sample starts again from the same point
once again after ending.
MODULE 3.01 DATA GATHERING
3.) Stratified Sampling
– break the population into subgroups(strata) based on characteristics. Then sample each subgroup.

The proportionate stratified random sample will be


obtained using this
formula:

𝑛
Strata Sample Size = (𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒)
𝑁
MODULE 3.01 DATA GATHERING
4.) Cluster Sampling
a.) Single stage – divide the population into clusters
regardless of characteristics then sample the cluster.

b.) Multi stage – divide the population into clusters then


randomly pick a cluster and divide them to another
clusters. And then randomly pick from last cluster. Sample
the last cluster.
MODULE 3.02 DATA PRESENTATION
1.) Textual Presentation
This is the technique in a paragraph form. In this technique, it does not necessary mean that the
presentation contain words only but figures can also utilized as part of the presentation.

2.) Tabular Presentation


In this technique, the data are summarized using tables. A table usually used is on the Frequency and
Percentage Distribution. It is a table presenting the frequency and percentage sharing of nominal data.

3.) Graphical Presentation


a.) Frequency Polygon / Line Graph – the values are plotted using dots which are called “markers”
connected with line segments.
b.) Histogram / Bar Graph – the values in the data is presented by rectangular bars. The length of the
bars shows the measure of a certain value while its width has a fixed size.
c.) Pictograph – expresses its meaning through its pictorial similarity to a physical object. Each object
used in pictograph stands for corresponding measure.
d.) Pie Chart – a circle is divided into several parts with each parts typifying the categories of the data.
MODULE 3.02 DATA PRESENTATION
Frequency Distribution
A tabular arrangement of data categories and their corresponding frequencies and others.

Frequency - number of times that outcome occurs within specific period.


Class Mark - a value within interval usually its midpoint or the nearest integral value. Used to represent
the interval for computational convenience.
Class Limits – highest and lowest value that can be entered in each class.
Class Boundary – refers to the value between the upper limit of a certain interval and lower limit of next
interval.
Class Interval Size – size of each classes into which a range of variable is divided.
Relative Frequency Distribution – Shows the proportion in percent the frequency of each class to the
total frequency.
Cumulative Frequency Distribution – Running total of frequency.
MODULE 3.02 DATA PRESENTATION
How to Construct Frequency Distribution
1.) Get Highest and Lowest value and compute Range ; Range = Highest – Lowest
2.) Determine number of classes (Generally 5 – 15) .
using formula; k = 1 + 3.3Log n ;
where k = number of classes, n = sample size
3.) Determine Class interval size.
𝑅
using formula; C = 𝐾 Where C = Class Interval size, R = Range, K = number of classes
4.) Construct Classes from lowest to highest.
5.) Determine Frequency of each class.
6.) Determine Class Mark, Class Boundary, Relative Frequency Distribution, Cumulative Frequency
Distribution.
MODULE 3.02 DATA PRESENTATION
Classes f X c.b. %f <cf >cf
Example
11 23 27 30 35 38 11 - 24 2 17.5 10.5 - 24.5 6.67 2 30
39 45 47 49 49 51
53 54 54 60 62 62 25 - 38 4 31.5 24.5 - 38.5 13.33 6 28
63 64 65 65 66 69
70 75 78 75 85 94 39 - 52 6 45.5 38.5 - 52.5 20 12 24

Solution:
53 - 66 11 59.5 52.5 - 66.5 36.67 23 18
H=99 L = 11
R = 94 – 11 = 83 67 - 80 5 73.5 66.5 - 80.5 16.67 28 7
K = 1 + 3.3 Log (30) = 5.87
K=6 81 - 94 2 87.5 80.5 - 94.5 6.67 30 2
C = R / K = 83/6 = 13.83
C = 14
MODULE 3.02 DATA PRESENTATION
Frequency Polygon
Class f X
es
11 - 24 2 17.5

25 - 38 4 31.5

39 - 52 6 45.5

53 - 66 11 59.5

67 - 80 5 73.5

81 - 94 2 87.5
MODULE 3.02 DATA PRESENTATION
Histogram
Classes f X

11 - 24 2 10.5 - 24.5

25 - 38 4 24.5 - 38.5

39 - 52 6 38.5 - 52.5

53 - 66 11 52.5 - 66.5

67 - 80 5 66.5 - 80.5

81 - 94 2 80.5 - 94.5
END

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