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Computer - Read Only Memory (ROM)

Read-Only Memory (ROM) is a non-volatile memory that permanently stores data, essential for computer functionality, including BIOS settings and operating system instructions. There are several types of ROM, including MROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and Flash Memory, each with distinct characteristics and applications. ROM offers advantages such as reliability, fast data access, and low cost compared to RAM, making it crucial in various electronic systems.

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27 views

Computer - Read Only Memory (ROM)

Read-Only Memory (ROM) is a non-volatile memory that permanently stores data, essential for computer functionality, including BIOS settings and operating system instructions. There are several types of ROM, including MROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and Flash Memory, each with distinct characteristics and applications. ROM offers advantages such as reliability, fast data access, and low cost compared to RAM, making it crucial in various electronic systems.

Uploaded by

narelasidhportal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer - Read Only Memory (ROM)

What is ROM?
ROM is a non-volatile memory that stores data permanently. Advanced ROM data can be
erased and rewritten. The information in ROM can only be accessed, making it perfect for
use in computers as it enables quick access to data without the need for constant data
rewriting. Important data, like BIOS settings and operating system instructions, are stored
in these memories, which are crucial for the proper functioning of your computer. Without
them, your computer would essentially be "brain dead," so they must continue to work
properly at all times!

ROM is an efficient storage method requiring minimal effort and maintenance, capable of
holding instructions and various types of data.
Characteristics of Read Only Memory (ROM)
The primary characteristics of ROM are as follows −

ROM is Non-volatile in nature.

Advanced ROM can be rewritten.

Data or information stored on ROM can be read-only.

ROM holds its data even when power is turned off.

The read-only characteristic ensures data stability and integrity.

ROM utilization occurs during the computer's boot-up procedure.

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How does Read Only Memory (ROM) Work?


ROM functions by using memory cells, which are composed of transistors arranged in
series to enable the flow of electrical current when powered. This current passing through
the transistors generates a magnetic field that retains the data in the memory cell until it
is erased by another signal passing through the transistor. The information stored in these
cells cannot be altered or deleted unless directed by an external entity such as a computer
processor or hard drive controller.

Overall, inside the computer, a small but durable battery powers the ROM. Its two
essential components are the decoder and OR logic gates. Binary input from the ROM is
processed by the decoder, which then produces the decimal equivalent as output. The
decimal output of the decoder is used as the input for the OR gates in the ROM.

ROM is akin to an array of disks. The system can be activated and deactivated using a grid
of rows and columns. Each element of the array is assigned to a specific memory element
on the ROM. A diode is used to connect the relevant components. When a request is sent,
the address provided is used to locate the specific memory location. The value extracted
from the ROM chip must match the value in the array's selected element.

Types of Read-Only Memory (ROM)


Based on its characteristics and uses, ROM is broadly classified into four different types −
1. MROM (Masked Read-Only Memory)
MROM stands for Masked Read-Only Memory. This memory device is no longer used
nowadays due to obsolescence. Manufacturers are using this memory to store software
and information during the manufacturing process. Therefore, it is impossible to alter,
reprogram, or erase this type of pre-programmed chip later.

Applications of MROM

It is most widely used in Network Operating Systems and Server Operating Systems.

2. PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory)


PROM stands for Programmable Read-Only Memory. Generally, it’s a blank memory chip. It
can be programmed during manufacturing and cannot be changed or erased. A PROM
programmer or PROM burner is used to write information to a PROM. The process of
programming a PROM chip is commonly known as "PROM Burning." Once programmed,
the chip's content cannot be changed. As a result, it is also known as a one-time
programmable device.

Applications of PROM

It is most widely used in Computer Bios, TV Remote, Video game consoles and nowadays
a day used in Mobile Phones.

3. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)


EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. It can be programmed and
later erased by exposing it to strong ultraviolet light. After being erased, the EPROM can
be reprogrammed. EPROM is a type of read-only memory chip that may erase previously
programmed data. High voltage can be used to program the programmable read-only
memory to write data, which is then retained until exposed to ultraviolet light for 10
minutes or more.

Applications of EPROM
It is most widely used in Video cards, Memory sticks, BIOS chips, and Modem.

4. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)


EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. It is an
advanced type of ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed electrically. This operation
can be repeated indefinitely, and the computer system can do it while running. The
EEPROM allows users to program and erase any desired spot. It is erased byte by byte
rather than the full chip. As a result, reprogramming is flexible and takes less time to
complete the process.

Applications of EEPROM

It is most widely used in Bios Chip and Microcontrollers for Smart Cards.

5. Flash Memory
It is a type of EEPROM that can be erased and reprogrammed in blocks rather than one
byte at a time which allows for faster and more efficient operations. It is widely employed
as storage in modern devices such as USB drives, memory cards, and SSDs. A modern
variant of EEPROM is flash memory. With its newer designs and high endurance, it may be
erased and rewritten faster than typical EEPROMs.

Applications of Flash Memory

It is most widely used in storage devices like USB drives, memory cards, and SSDs.

Advantages of Using (Read Only Memory) ROM


The primary advantages of ROM are as follows −

It is non-volatile and less expensive than RAM.

Its circuit design is simple as compared to RAM.


No need to refresh it.

ROM provides fast data access.


It is reliable.

Data remains intact and uncorrupted.


It maintains data integrity and security.

Applications of Read Only Memory (ROM)


There are various applications of ROM. Some of those applications are as follows −

Supports the Booting Process − It supports the booting process of the computer
and loads the operating system.
Input/output (I/O) Tasks − ROM performs large I/O tasks.

Stores Data − ROM stores data and updates firmware software.


Embedded Systems − ROMs are most widely used in microwaves, washing
machines, and related appliances where firmware controls operations.

Consumer Electronics − It is used in modern smartphones for storing bootloaders


and firmware.

Computer BIOS − It provides support for basic Input / Output System (BIOS) in
PCs.

ROM is an essential memory device in different electronic systems due to its impact use
like reliability, security, and cost-effectiveness.

RAM Vs. ROM


The primary difference between RAM and ROM are as −

RAM ROM

It stands for Random Access Memory It stands for Read-only Memory

It is more expensive than ROM It is less expensive than RAM

Its speed is high Its speed is low

Permanent storage for data and


Temporary storage for data and programs
programs

Its storage capacity is high compared to Its storage capacity is low compared to
ROM the RAM

It can perform Read, Modify and Delete


It performs only Read operations
operations

It performs processing on current


It performs Bootstrap processing
instructions

RAM is a fast ROM is slow

Probably used in the CPU cache and primary Probably used in firmware and micro-
memory controllers

It is volatile It is not volatile

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