Western Institute of Technology

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Instructor: Narbie Joy L. Paclibar
CE443: APPLIED MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING, PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION AND HIGHWAY ENGINEERING,
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND METHODS
MODULE 1: ALGEBRA AND ADVANCE MATH 6. If 𝑎 > 𝑏, 𝑐 > 𝑑, then 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 > 0, then
𝑎𝑐 > 𝑏𝑑
BASIC LAW OF NATURAL NUMBERS 1 1
7. If 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0, 𝑎 > 𝑏, then 𝑎 < 𝑏
1. Commutative Law
a. Addition: OTHER IMPORTANT PROPERTIES IN ALGEBRA
• 𝑎+𝑏 =𝑏+𝑎 1. 𝑎 × 0 = 0
b. Multiplication: 2. If 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 0, then either 𝑎 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑏 = 0 or
• 𝑎×𝑏 =𝑏×𝑎 both 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 are zero.
2. Associative Law 0
3. 𝑎 = 0 if 𝑎 ≠ 0
a. Addition: 𝑎
• 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐 4. 0 = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑎
b. Multiplication: 5. ∞ = 0
• 𝑎(𝑏𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏(𝑐)
3. Distributive Law LAWS OF EXPONENTS (INDEX LAW)
• 𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐

BASIC LAWS OF EQUALITY

1. Reflexive Property
• 𝑎=𝑎
2. Symmetric Property
If 𝑎 = 𝑏 ,then 𝑏 = 𝑎
3. Transitive property
If a=b and b = c, then a = c. That is, things PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHM
equal to the same thing are equal to each
other.
4. If a = b and c = d, then a + c=b + d. That is,
if equals are added to equals, the results
are equal.
5. If a=b and c=d, then ac = bd. That is, if
equals are multiplied to equals, the
results are equal

INEQUALITY

A statement that one quantity is greater than or less

than another quantity

Symbols used in inequality

𝑎>𝑏 a is greater than b

𝑎<𝑏 a is less than b

𝑎≥𝑏 a is greater than or equal to b

𝑎≤𝑏 a is less than or equal to b POLYNOMIALS

THEOREMS ON INEQUALITIES a. Expanding Brackets
1. 𝑎 > 𝑏 if and only if −𝑎 > −𝑏
2. If 𝑎 > 0, then −𝑎 < 0
3. If −𝑎 < 0, the 𝑎 > 0
4. If 𝑎 > 𝑏, 𝑐 < 0, then 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐 b. Factorization
5. If 𝑎 > 𝑏, 𝑐 > 𝑑, then (𝑎 + 𝑐) > (𝑏 + 𝑑)

Reference:
Engineering Mathematics V1, GERTC
 c. Special Products and Factoring f. Remainder Theorem

d. Division of Polynomials

BINOMIAL THEOREM

a. Pascal’s Triangle

e. Factor Theorem
b. 𝒓𝒕𝒉 term of (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝒏

Reference:
Engineering Mathematics V1, GERTC
 b. Properties of Proportion

c. Coefficient of Next Term

QUADRATIC FORMULA

d. Sum of Coefficient of Variables

a. Properties of Roots

PARTIAL FRACTIONS

PROPORTION a. Improper Fractions

b. Proper Fractions

a. Mean Proportion

Reference:
Engineering Mathematics V1, GERTC
 Case IV:

c. Method of Resolving Proper Fraction

into Partial Fraction
VARIATIONS

a. Direct Variations

b. Inverse Variations

c. Joint Variations
Case I:

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

Case II:

a. 𝒏𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎

b. Sum of 𝒏 terms of A. P
Case III:

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

a. 𝒏𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎

Reference:
Engineering Mathematics V1, GERTC
 b. Sum of 𝒏 terms of A. P PRINCIPLES IN AGE PROBLEMS

SUM OF INFINITE GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

PRINCIPLES IN DIGIT PROBLEMS

HARMONIC PROGRESSION

PRINCIPLES IN NUMBER PROBLEMS

WORK PROBLEMS

CLOCK PROBLEM

a. Work problem with n persons with the

same rate doing the job

MIXTURE PROBLEMS

Reference:
Engineering Mathematics V1, GERTC
MOTION PROBLEMS
𝑛 = 9; 2 − 𝐼, 3 − 𝑇
9!
𝑃= = 30, 240 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
2! 3!
c. Permutation of 𝒏 things in a circle
(Cyclical Permutation

COMBINATION

a. Combination of 𝒏 things taken 𝒓 at a

time
a. Airplane Traveling with the Wind

b. Airplane Traveling against the wind

b. Combination of 𝒏 things taken

𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … 𝒏 at a time

PERMUTATION

a. Permutation of 𝒏 different things taken

𝒓 at a time.

PROBABILITY

b. Permutation of 𝒏 objects with some

objects identical

How many permutations can be made from

the letters in the word I N S T I T U T E

Solution:
Reference:
Engineering Mathematics V1, GERTC
 a. Multiple Events
1. Dependent and Independent
Events

2. Mutually Exclusive Events c. The “at least one” Condition

b. Repeated Trials

Reference:
Engineering Mathematics V1, GERTC
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

a. Classification of Matrices
1. Square Matrix

2. Diagonal Matrix

3. Identity Matrix
4. Division of Matrices

c. Other Operations on a Matrix

1. The Transpose of a Matrix
4. Scalar Matrix

5. Triangular Matrix

b. Important Algebraic Operations of

Matrices
2. The Determinant of a Matrix
1. Equality of Matrices

2. Addition and Subtraction of Properties of Determinant

Matrices

3. Multiplication of Matrices

Reference:
Engineering Mathematics V1, GERTC
 3. The Cofactor of an Entry in a Matrix

Reference:
Engineering Mathematics V1, GERTC
 4. Classical Adjoint

5. The inverse Matrix

COMPLEX NUMBERS

a. Algebraic or Rectangular Form

SOLUTIONS TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATION
USING DETERMINANTS (CRAMER’S RULE)

b. Addition or Subtraction of Complex

Numbers

Reference:
Engineering Mathematics V1, GERTC
 c. Multiplication of Complex Numbers Multiplication

Division

d. Conjugate of Complex Numbers

i. De Moivre’s Theorem

e. Division of Complex Numbers

f. Complex Equations

g. Polar Form or Trigonometric Form

h. Argand Diagram (Complex Plane)

j. Exponential Form

Reference:
Engineering Mathematics V1, GERTC
VENN DIAGRAM

Reference:
Engineering Mathematics V1, GERTC