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cs231 ch1

The document provides an overview of operating systems, detailing their components, functions, and structure. It explains the role of the operating system as an intermediary between users and hardware, resource management, and the organization of computer systems. Additionally, it outlines topics such as process management, memory management, and file management, along with a syllabus and references for further reading.

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16 views19 pages

cs231 ch1

The document provides an overview of operating systems, detailing their components, functions, and structure. It explains the role of the operating system as an intermediary between users and hardware, resource management, and the organization of computer systems. Additionally, it outlines topics such as process management, memory management, and file management, along with a syllabus and references for further reading.

Uploaded by

prateek.singh23b
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Operating System

Introduction

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
Four Components of a Computer System

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 1.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
Computer System Structure

 Computer system can be divided into four components:


 Hardware
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
 Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of hardware among
various applications and users
 Application programs
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games
 Users
 People, machines, other computers

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 1.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
What is an Operating System?

 A program that acts as an intermediary between a


user of a computer and the computer hardware.
 “The one program running at all times on the
computer” is the kernel. Everything else is either a
system program (ships with the operating system) or
an application program.

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 1.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
Operating System Functions

 OS is a resource allocator
 Manages all resources
 Decides between conflicting requests for efficient
and fair resource use

 OS is a control program
 Controls execution of programs to prevent errors
and improper use of the computer
 Error in one program should not affect other
programs

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 1.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
Computer System Organization
 Computer-system operation
 One or more CPUs, device controllers connect
through common bus providing access to shared
memory

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 1.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
Computer-System Operation

 I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently

 Each device controller is in charge of a particular


device type

 Each device controller has a local buffer

 CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local


buffers

 I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller

 Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its


operation by causing an interrupt

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 1.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
Computer Startup

 bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot


 Typically stored in ROM or EEPROM, generally
known as firmware
 Initializes all aspects of system
 Loads operating system kernel and starts execution

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 1.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
Storage Hierarchy

 Storage systems organized in hierarchy


 Speed
 Cost
 Volatility

 Caching – copying information into faster storage


system; main memory can be viewed as a cache for
secondary storage

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 1.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
Storage-Device Hierarchy

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 1.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
Computer-System Architecture

 Most systems use a single general-purpose processor


 Most systems have special-purpose processors as well
 Multiprocessors systems growing in use and importance
 Also known as parallel systems, tightly-coupled systems
 Advantages include:
1. Increased throughput
2. Economy of scale
3. Increased reliability – graceful degradation or fault tolerance
 Two types:
1. Asymmetric Multiprocessing – each processor is assigned a
specie task.
2. Symmetric Multiprocessing – each processor performs all tasks

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Structure

 Multiprogramming needed for efficiency


 Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O
devices busy at all times
 Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and
data) so CPU always has one to execute
 A subset of total jobs in system is kept in
memory
 One job selected and run via job
scheduling
 When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS
switches to another job

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 1.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
Memory Layout for Multiprogrammed System

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 1.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
Timesharing (multitasking) : CPU switches jobs so frequently that
users can interact with each job while it is running, creating interactive
computing
Response time should be < 1 second
Each user has at least one program executing in memory process
If several jobs ready to run at the same time  CPU scheduling
If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping moves them in and out to run
Virtual memory allows execution of processes not completely in memory

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition 1.15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009
Syllabus :

Process Management: process, thread, scheduling;


Synchronization : mutual exclusion, semaphores, deadlocks;
Memory Management: allocation, protection, hardware support,
paging, segmentation; Virtual Memory: demand paging, allocation,
replacement, swapping, segmentation,TLBs;
File Management: naming, file operations and their implementation; File
Systems: allocation, free space management, directory management,
mounting;
I/O Management: device drivers, disk scheduling,
Introduction to Real time system, distributed system, Multimedia
system
Books
Text :

1. Silberschatz, A. and Galvin, P. B. Operating System Concepts. 10/e. Wiley, 2018.

References :

1. Stalling, W. Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles. 9/e. Pearson, 2017.

2. Tanenbaum, A. S. Modern Operating System. 3/e. Pearson, 2007.

3. Dhamdhere, D. M. Operating SystemsA Concept Based Approach, McGrawHill, 2008


Grading

End sem – 60 %
Mid sem – 40 %

**Subject to change
End of Chapter 1

Operating System Concepts – 8th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2009

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