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Regular Expression
Pocket Reference
 SECOND EDITION

Regular Expression
Pocket Reference

Tony Stubblebine

Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Paris • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo

Regular Expression Pocket Reference, Second Edition
by Tony Stubblebine

Copyright © 2007, 2003 Tony Stubblebine. All rights reserved. Portions of

this book are based on Mastering Regular Expressions, by Jeffrey E. F. Friedl,
Copyright © 2006, 2002, 1997 O’Reilly Media, Inc.
Printed in Canada.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North,
Sebastopol, CA 95472.
O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales
promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles
(safari.oreilly.com). For more information, contact our corporate/
institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or [email protected].

Editor: Andy Oram Indexer: Johnna VanHoose Dinse

Production Editor: Sumita Mukherji Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery
Copyeditor: Genevieve d’Entremont Interior Designer: David Futato

Printing History:
August 2003: First Edition.
July 2007: Second Edition.

Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are
registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. The Pocket Reference series
designations, Regular Expression Pocket Reference, the image of owls, and
related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish
their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear
in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the
designations have been printed in caps or initial caps.
Java™ is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Microsoft Internet Explorer
and .NET are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Spider-Man
is a registered trademark of Marvel Enterprises, Inc.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the
publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for
damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

ISBN-10: 0-596-51427-1
ISBN-13: 978-0-596-51427-3
[T]
 Contents

About This Book 1

Introduction to Regexes and Pattern Matching 3
Regex Metacharacters, Modes, and Constructs 5
Unicode Support 13
Regular Expression Cookbook 13
Recipes 14
Perl 5.8 16
Supported Metacharacters 17
Regular Expression Operators 21
Unicode Support 23
Examples 24
Other Resources 25
Java (java.util.regex) 26
Supported Metacharacters 26
Regular Expression Classes and Interfaces 30
Unicode Support 35
Examples 36
Other Resources 38

v
.NET and C# 38
Supported Metacharacters 38
Regular Expression Classes and Interfaces 42
Unicode Support 47
Examples 47
Other Resources 49
PHP 50
Supported Metacharacters 50
Pattern-Matching Functions 54
Examples 56
Other Resources 58
Python 58
Supported Metacharacters 58
re Module Objects and Functions 61
Unicode Support 64
Examples 65
Other Resources 66
RUBY 66
Supported Metacharacters 67
Object-Oriented Interface 70
Unicode Support 75
Examples 75
JavaScript 77
Supported Metacharacters 77
Pattern-Matching Methods and Objects 79
Examples 82
Other Resources 83

vi | Contents
PCRE 83
Supported Metacharacters 84
PCRE API 89
Unicode Support 92
Examples 92
Other Resources 96
Apache Web Server 96
Supported Metacharacters 96
RewriteRule 99
Matching Directives 102
Examples 102
vi Editor 103
Supported Metacharacters 103
Pattern Matching 106
Examples 108
Other Resources 108
Shell Tools 109
Supported Metacharacters 109
Other Resources 114
Index 115

Contents | vii
 Regular Expression Pocket
Reference

Regular expressions are a language used for parsing and

manipulating text. They are often used to perform complex
search-and-replace operations, and to validate that text data
is well-formed.
Today, regular expressions are included in most program-
ming languages, as well as in many scripting languages,
editors, applications, databases, and command-line tools.
This book aims to give quick access to the syntax and
pattern-matching operations of the most popular of these
languages so that you can apply your regular-expression
knowledge in any environment.
The second edition of this book adds sections on Ruby and
Apache web server, common regular expressions, and also
updates existing languages.

About This Book

This book starts with a general introduction to regular
expressions. The first section describes and defines the
constructs used in regular expressions, and establishes the
common principles of pattern matching. The remaining sec-
tions of the book are devoted to the syntax, features, and
usage of regular expressions in various implementations.
The implementations covered in this book are Perl, Java™,
.NET and C#, Ruby, Python, PCRE, PHP, Apache web
server, vi editor, JavaScript, and shell tools.

1
Conventions Used in This Book
The following typographical conventions are used in this
book:
Italic
Used for emphasis, new terms, program names, and
URLs
Constant width
Used for options, values, code fragments, and any text
that should be typed literally
Constant width italic
Used for text that should be replaced with user-supplied
values
Constant width bold
Used in examples for commands or other text that
should be typed literally by the user

Acknowledgments
Jeffrey E. F. Friedl’s Mastering Regular Expressions (O’Reilly)
is the definitive work on regular expressions. While writing, I
relied heavily on his book and his advice. As a convenience,
this book provides page references to Mastering Regular
Expressions, Third Edition (MRE) for expanded discussion of
regular expression syntax and concepts.
Nat Torkington and Linda Mui were excellent editors who
guided me through what turned out to be a tricky first edi-
tion. This edition was aided by the excellent editorial skills of
Andy Oram. Sarah Burcham deserves special thanks for
giving me the opportunity to write this book, and for her
contributions to the “Shell Tools” section. More thanks for
the input and technical reviews from Jeffrey Friedl, Philip
Hazel, Steve Friedl, Ola Bini, Ian Darwin, Zak Greant, Ron
Hitchens, A.M. Kuchling, Tim Allwine, Schuyler Erle, David
Lents, Rabble, Rich Bowan, Eric Eisenhart, and Brad Merrill.

2 | Regular Expression Pocket Reference

Introduction to Regexes and Pattern
Matching
A regular expression is a string containing a combination of
normal characters and special metacharacters or metase-
quences. The normal characters match themselves.
Metacharacters and metasequences are characters or sequences
of characters that represent ideas such as quantity, locations,
or types of characters. The list in “Regex Metacharacters,
Modes, and Constructs” shows the most common metachar-
acters and metasequences in the regular expression world.
Later sections list the availability of and syntax for sup-
ported metacharacters for particular implementations of
regular expressions.
Pattern matching consists of finding a section of text that is
described (matched) by a regular expression. The underlying
code that searches the text is the regular expression engine.
You can predict the results of most matches by keeping two
rules in mind:
1. The earliest (leftmost) match wins
Regular expressions are applied to the input starting at
the first character and proceeding toward the last. As
soon as the regular expression engine finds a match, it
returns. (See MRE 148–149.)
2. Standard quantifiers are greedy
Quantifiers specify how many times something can be
repeated. The standard quantifiers attempt to match as
many times as possible. They settle for less than the max-
imum only if this is necessary for the success of the
match. The process of giving up characters and trying
less-greedy matches is called backtracking. (See MRE
151–153.)
Regular expression engines have differences based on their
type. There are two classes of engines: Deterministic Finite
Automaton (DFA) and Nondeterministic Finite Automaton

Introduction to Regexes and Pattern Matching | 3

(NFA). DFAs are faster, but lack many of the features of an
NFA, such as capturing, lookaround, and nongreedy quanti-
fiers. In the NFA world, there are two types: traditional and
POSIX.
DFA engines
DFAs compare each character of the input string to the
regular expression, keeping track of all matches in
progress. Since each character is examined at most once,
the DFA engine is the fastest. One additional rule to
remember with DFAs is that the alternation metase-
quence is greedy. When more than one option in an
alternation (foo|foobar) matches, the longest one is
selected. So, rule No. 1 can be amended to read “the
longest leftmost match wins.” (See MRE 155–156.)
Traditional NFA engines
Traditional NFA engines compare each element of the
regex to the input string, keeping track of positions
where it chose between two options in the regex. If an
option fails, the engine backtracks to the most recently
saved position. For standard quantifiers, the engine
chooses the greedy option of matching more text; how-
ever, if that option leads to the failure of the match, the
engine returns to a saved position and tries a less greedy
path. The traditional NFA engine uses ordered
alternation, where each option in the alternation is tried
sequentially. A longer match may be ignored if an earlier
option leads to a successful match. So, here rule #1 can
be amended to read “the first leftmost match after greedy
quantifiers have had their fill wins.” (See MRE 153–154.)
POSIX NFA engines
POSIX NFA Engines work similarly to Traditional NFAs
with one exception: a POSIX engine always picks the
longest of the leftmost matches. For example, the alter-
nation cat|category would match the full word
“category” whenever possible, even if the first alternative
(“cat”) matched and appeared earlier in the alternation.
(See MRE 153–154.)

4 | Regular Expression Pocket Reference

Regex Metacharacters, Modes, and Constructs
The metacharacters and metasequences shown here repre-
sent most available types of regular expression constructs
and their most common syntax. However, syntax and avail-
ability vary by implementation.

Character representations
Many implementations provide shortcuts to represent char-
acters that may be difficult to input. (See MRE 115–118.)
Character shorthands
Most implementations have specific shorthands for the
alert, backspace, escape character, form feed, newline,
carriage return, horizontal tab, and vertical tab
characters. For example, \n is often a shorthand for the
newline character, which is usually LF (012 octal), but
can sometimes be CR (015 octal), depending on the oper-
ating system. Confusingly, many implementations use \b
to mean both backspace and word boundary (position
between a “word” character and a nonword character).
For these implementations, \b means backspace in a char-
acter class (a set of possible characters to match in the
string), and word boundary elsewhere.
Octal escape: \num
Represents a character corresponding to a two- or three-
digit octal number. For example, \015\012 matches an
ASCII CR/LF sequence.
Hex and Unicode escapes: \xnum, \x{num}, \unum, \Unum
Represent characters corresponding to hexadecimal num-
bers. Four-digit and larger hex numbers can represent the
range of Unicode characters. For example, \x0D\x0A
matches an ASCII CR/LF sequence.
Control characters: \cchar
Corresponds to ASCII control characters encoded with
values less than 32. To be safe, always use an uppercase
char—some implementations do not handle lowercase

Introduction to Regexes and Pattern Matching | 5

 representations. For example, \cH matches Control-H, an
ASCII backspace character.

Character classes and class-like constructs

Character classes are used to specify a set of characters. A char-
acter class matches a single character in the input string that is
within the defined set of characters. (See MRE 118–128.)
Normal classes: [...] and [^...]
Character classes, [...], and negated character classes,
[^...], allow you to list the characters that you do or do
not want to match. A character class always matches one
character. The - (dash) indicates a range of characters.
For example, [a-z] matches any lowercase ASCII letter.
To include the dash in the list of characters, either list it
first, or escape it.
Almost any character: dot (.)
Usually matches any character except a newline. How-
ever, the match mode usually can be changed so that dot
also matches newlines. Inside a character class, dot
matches just a dot.
Class shorthands: \w, \d, \s, \W, \D, \S
Commonly provided shorthands for word character,
digit, and space character classes. A word character is
often all ASCII alphanumeric characters plus the under-
score. However, the list of alphanumerics can include
additional locale or Unicode alphanumerics, depending
on the implementation. A lowercase shorthand (e.g., \s)
matches a character from the class; uppercase (e.g., \S)
matches a character not from the class. For example, \d
matches a single digit character, and is usually equiva-
lent to [0-9].
POSIX character class: [:alnum:]
POSIX defines several character classes that can be used
only within regular expression character classes (see
Table 1). Take, for example, [:lower:]. When written as
[[:lower:]], it is equivalent to [a-z] in the ASCII locale.

6 | Regular Expression Pocket Reference

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