Itrpduction Computer and internet play the most conspicuous roles in all aspects of human life. Computer | -Jelated technologies have a strong impact on the world. These have attracted many students and Sr{siessionals to the field of information technology. ‘There are thousands of web sites and web ‘adsmig opportunities available which are ever growing. Many information technologies, from the qurliest computers to email and the Internet, have been developed for scientific applications. Ag~-heney (2003) stafes: “Understanding the role of IT for science is important because of the ceiwuil role of, — “science in today’s information s ‘the achievement of societal From health to national security. As a result, it is important for policy makers to understand hoff IT affects the quality and productivity of science. It can be understood from the observation and the literature that there are several complementary approaches to examining the implications of IT for science. One approach is to examine the role of specific information technologies, such as email or the World Wide Web. Another approactris~ to examine the role of IT in specific aspects of the scientific process, such as scholarly communication or scientific collaboration. Biology is at its core an informational science based on the information embedded in the genetic code. At the molecular level, a key challenge in biology is to understand how instructions encoded in genomes lead to the structure and function of the proteins. and the regulation and expression of genes. IT is essential to store, manage, and decipher the mass of information produced in work in these areas. At levels of organization above the molecular level, computer models are critical tools to handle the complexity of relationships in biology. Ifis shown that IT plays the following roles in biology: + IT-aided instruments, such as gene sequencers, DNA microarrays, and microscopes, are used for data collection. — + Large shared, Internet-connected databases, such as gene and protein data banks, allow many researchers to obtain and contribute data to large problems. + Imaging and visualization, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and tomography are important in several areas of bioscience. + Modeling and simulation are used To mddel protein folding and to help understand complex biological systems such as cells, tissues, organisms, and populations. + Electronic communication technologies are used to share scientific information and aid ety. Advances in science affect economic performance and scientific collaboration. ——___ oe ee Although information technology has been used in the biosciences for a long time, the biosciences, were initially relatively modest users of IT. A 1966-1967 survey that covered use of computing in the life sciences, found that a lower percentage of life scientists than physical used computers (National Academy of Sciences, 1970). In recent years, however, the use of IT in the biosciences has expanded greatly. Lander et al. (1991) observed that biology had been going. through major changes driven by computing for the previous ten years. Since the discovery in the1950s of how genetic information is coded in DNA, the biosciences have increasingly become trach-more dependent on-TT- Much ‘bioscience “research “now involves: deciphering the information stored in genetic sequences; understanding how these sequences codes for genes and proteins; and understanding the function and structure of these proteins. In 4 a $ense, biology has become driven by the infprmation contained in the genetic code, and information technology is ¢ irr generating and managing this information, The growth if importance of information technology is exemplified by the growth of several new interdisciplinary subfields of biology. One is “bioinformatics,” defined as the application of computers, databases, and computational methods to the management and analysis of biological mation. The human genome project and genome sequencing projes is in other organisms,— fogether with new technologies that analyze gene expression patterns, have created vast amount of data, Bioinformatics has become essential for_almost_cvery aspect of data management in” modern biology (Kaminski 2000). Another subfield is “computational biology,” which uses jathematical and computational approaches, such as mathematical modeling and computational Simulation techniques, to address theoretical and experimental questions in biology. Other new “subfields are the ones with the suffix “omics”— which include genomics (the study of the full DNA sequence of organisms, including sequencing, mapping-and determining the function of — genes); transcriptomics (RNA and gene expression); proteomics (protein expression), jnetabolomics (metabolites and_metabolic networks); pharmacogenomics (how genetics affects individuals responses to drugs); and physiomics (physiological dynamics and functions of whole organisms). Each of these involves the combination of quantitative, experimental, and computational approaches to improve understanding of complex biological systems and processes. IT has a substantial impact on biology. Information technology plays three following impacts in biological sciences: ULmakss 2 grest revolution in semote fusstion; IT leads to a remarkable improvement in biological simulation; and last but not least Information Technology makes a visible in laboratory studies. “The review shows blatantly that IT is used in a wide variety of applications in bioscience. These applications include automated data collection, statistical analysis of data, Internet-accessible shared databases, modeling and simulation, imaging and visualization of data and analysis, Internet-based communication among scie electronic dissemination of research results, Another role played by IT is that throughout the_ scientific cycle in biology. IT is used in many ways throughout the scientific process. This distinguishes IT from most other kinds of scientific equipment, such as microscopes or physits accelerators, which are generally used in one stage of the scientific process, such as data collection. IT aids in hypothesis formation, research design, data collection, data analysis, and communications of scientific results. ' Table 5 shows the relation of TT to stages of the scientific process. IT is especially important in bioinformatics and the "omics" -- (genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, etc.). In the geosciences, IT is especially important in analyzing subsurface formations, mappi modeling complex systems. There appear to be few, if any, fields that are untouched by IT. Shared Internet accessible databases are important in paleontology; and_ important in population biology and ecology; and genomics are influencing many fields in ale gy {a —— dels and databases areThere are some systems that are too intricate to study without advanced computational tools for managing and integrating the data into mechanistic models (Department of Energy, 2001). > Systems biology aims to model and simulate various systems and visualize the results to s help better understand living processes. Instead of the data driven approach of genomics, researth in blologieal systems can be characterized es “model-driven” (Yao, 2002). > The complexity of biological systems and the explosion of the quantity of biological information that is rapidly becomi: ilable from experimental and clinical studies Tequire the use of mathematical and computational modeling (Mehr, 2001). > _Modeling requires taking knowledge in the form of qualitative biological theories and expressing it as explicitly and quantitatively as possible. It requires that implicit knowledge be made explicit so that disparate human knowledge can accumulate in an integrated way (Yao, 2002). > _Model building also helps point out areas where knowledge is lacking, such as unknown pathways and parameters. — > Simulation can identify missing components and suggest experiments to gather missing information. The number of activities that apply information technology to model activity at the cellular and sub cellular levels is on the rise and wide variety. > Computer-aided algorithms are being used to analyze the behavior of thousands of genes at a time and are creating a foundation of data for building integrated models of cellular processes (Schilling et. al 1999 and Kao 1999). > Gene expression is regulated through networks of interactions between DNA, RNA, proeins, and small molecules. & Because most genetic regulatory networks involve many components connected through interlocking positive and negative feedback loops, it is difficult to obtain an intuitive understanding of their dynamics. > Formal methods and computer tools for the modeling and simulation of genetic regulatory networks are needed to understand their operation. > Although past attempts to model cellular processes have been disappointing, increases in biological understanding combined with advances in computational methods and in computer power make it possible to foresee construction of useful and predictive simulations of cellular processes (Endy and Brent 2001, Covert et. al. 2001). > There are other uses of IT in biology too. For instance, another cross-cutting area at the intersection of IT and bioscience is the application of artificial intelligence to biology. Molecular biologists and computer scientists have experimented with various computational methods developed in artificial intelligence, including knowledge-based. and expert systems, qualitative simulation, and artificial neural networks and other automated learning techniques (Rawlings and Fox 1994). > These methods have been applied to problems in data analysis, construction of databases Ss with advanced retrieval capabilities, and modeling of biological systems. Practical \sqnte hy :> results have been obtained in identifying active genes in genomic sequences, assembling physical and genetic maps, and predicting protein structure. To sum up, IT has proved to be of conspicuously great impacts on different areas of bioscience and the uses will be on the rise both in new areas and new perspectives. Application of AI in Biology > AI has now made its way into the biological field, demonstrating its worth through innovative and cutting-edge procedures . » Additionally, the world has seen a true revolution in the field of information technology vv (IT), leading to the production and storage of an enormous amount of data, not just in the field of technology but in other areas as well in recent years. Computational resources are inextricably linked to big data, which encompasses annotated and raw information due to the ever-increasing volume and complexity of data from multiple sources . Because of developments in sequencing and other high-throughput techniques, the biosciences and biotech industries have made remarkable strides in recent years . Al-based algorithms have the capacity to effectively store and process large amounts of Taw, unstructured data and make them available for quick extraction, which is necessary to build an intelligent computing system with complex decision-making capability. Such advancement in data generation, storage and analysis allows the development of a wide range of products and services in different sectors including biosciences. While advances in computing and the Internet ushered in the third industrial revolution and laid the groundwork for AI’s meteoric rise, Big Data and the analytics it spawned have allowed us to take our intelligence to new heights . Al is now considered a major invention of the fourth industrial revolution. Experiments that would have taken years to execute are now feasible and often inexpensive due to recent advances in data and methodology. Raw data in a variety of formats are generated as a result of these experimental analyses. The ability to store and analyze data with the help of AI has created new possibilities for the academic community, scientific researchers and the biotech industry. Various applications of AI are used in biology, including the precise identification of the 3D geometry of biological molecules such as proteins which is one of the most critical tasks and useful in biological research. Moreover, in biological science, AI plays a critical role in promoting innovation not only in laboratories, but also throughout the lifecycle of a medication or chemical product Furthermore, Al-based tools and applications help automate complicated production procedures, thereby meeting the fast-rising demand for medications, chemicals for use in industry and food and other bio-based raw materials. ML, a subset of Al, aids in the prediction of outcomes by executing massive permutations and combinations of datasets available for the drug molecules to determine the best combination without relying on traditional manual methods in the lab. Although traditional model-driven methods are still useful for analyzing biological data, they lack the ability to use vast amounts of available data, or even big data, to uncover information, forecast data behavior and comprehend complex data linkages.The extensive use of big data is becoming increasingly important in biotechnology and bioinformatics as it continues to grow and becomes available to academicians and scientists for analysis throughout the world. ‘Al and deep neural network designs might efficiently analyze genomic data to determine the genetic basis of a trait and to uncover genetic markers linked with certain traits . The use of AI may aid in deciphering complex links across diverse information hidden in data to obtain meaningful insights from them. ‘As a result, the incorporation of Al approaches is now widely observed in the field of biological science and is expected to increase further in the near future as this technology matures. Furthermore, medical images and drug responses contribute complex but significant data and need efficient algorithmic programs to analyze them. Therefore, ML- and DL-based Al is garnering much attention due to their capabilities for faster processing of huge data and extraction of meaningful information. Al-based digital image processing, drug designing and virtual drug tests might transform medical science in the near future. Al in Medical Science > > Medical science and biotechnology advancements have opened new avenues for developing medications and antibiotics. AT has enormous potential for widespread applications in the pharmaceutical industry (Figure 4). With Al, novel therapeutic molecules based on known target structures can be discovered. A branch of AI known as ML is commonly employed in disease diagnosis since it leverages the outcomes of diagnostic testing to improve the accuracy of results. Al allows researchers to manage challenging issues, including quantitative and predictive epidemiology, precision-based medicines and host-pathogen interactions . Al can help in disease detection and diagnosis and make computer code more accessible to non-technical individuals. Predictive epidemiology, individual-based precision medicine and the analysis of host- pathogen interactions are examples of research areas that could benefit from machine and deep learning breakthroughs. These approaches aid with disease diagnosis and individual case identification, more accurate forecasts and fewer mistakes, faster decision making and better risk analysis (Figure 4). The growing number of tissue biomarkers and the complexity of their evaluations significantly promote the use of Al-based techniques. These Al-based biomarkers help physicians in the prediction and analysis of the diagnosis, patient responses to the treatment and patient survival. More realistic models of complex socio-biological systems are achievable because of knowledge representation and reasoning modelling . ML-based methods can also be used to improve the efficiency and reliability of epidemiological models. ML advances helped develop ten cellular parameters algorithmic program-based models that can accurately distinguish benign from malignant tumors.Ee anit _s (Samm rretare mE > Researchers could use AI in DNA, RNA and protein studies to better visualize the effects of drug doses on living tissue over time and reorganize signaling networks during therapy. > Based on AI, IBM Watson assists in the creation of the appropriate treatment plan for a patient depending on the patient’s medical history and personal data, including genetic makeup. (Oe (Ol (a > An Al-based system of personalized medicine will not only reduce treatment cost but also minimize the side effects of drugs in the patient . > In addition to saving time and improving patient care, Al can also simplify gene editing, radiography and drug management planning procedure. > Furthermore, electronic health records (EHRs) can be improved with evidence-based. clinical decision support systems. > Al involves massive processing capacity (supercomputers), algorithms that can learn at a phenomenal rate (deep learning) and a new strategy that utilizes physicians’ cognitive talents. > Inarecent study, an Al-based approach was found to be very beneficial for the early identification, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of myopia. > In cardiology, dermatology and oncology, deep learning algorithms outperform physicians at least in the diagnosis of disease. > Evidently, computer algorithms can detect metastatic breast cancer in sentinel lymph node biopsies in full slide images with an accuracy rate of more than 91 percent, and this was raised to 99.5 percent when physician inputs were added. > One of the proven applications of AI in risk analysis is for diagnosing heart malfunctioning through cardiovascular imaging. It includes automated monitoring of any K< {a0 ‘ z eSdeviations from normal conditions based on image processing, myocardial function and the detection and analysis of coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Diseases Studied AMD Alzheimer's disease COVID-9 Ovarian cancer Pulmonary cancer Algorithm ML-based predictive model PA ANN LCP-CNN, Brock model IAT-BPNN Modality ch I data Clinical and Imaging, data Clinical data Clinical data Clinical data CDC data and Twitter dataset Findings ‘At-based predictive model was able to ‘predict the progression of AMD with high accuracy ‘Ab-model was able to accurately detect and predict the progression of Alzheimer’s disease with accuracy of 98.95% in first layer and 87.08% in second layer ‘An accuracy of 70-80% was achieved inn predicting severe COVID-19 cases ‘An accuracy of 93% was achieved in predicting the survival of ovarian cancer patients, and 77% accuracy was achieved in predicting the surgical outcome LCP-CNN was able to predict the malignancy of pulmonary nodules with higher accuracy and lower false negative results than Brock model TAT-BPNN was able to predict influenza-like illness ina large population size with an high accuracy