- tntroduction - -Evolution of Networking

WHAT IS COMPUTER NETWORK ? ARPANET : Advanced research project agency network

AComputer Network is a set of nodes connected HISTORY
via communication links.
1961 - ARPANET Established
Node : Any device ina network and that can send,
1971- Email
receive,store or create data. for e.g.Computer,
Scanner, mobile etc. 1974- Internet
Link : Medium through which data travels. 1982 - TCP/IP
1983 - DNS

1990- HTML &WWW (Tim Berner's Lee)

Printer 1997 Wi fi
INTRODUCTION The Internet
2010 - Artificial Intelligence

Switch
Router
Server

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 -Types of Networks - O Youth af
3. MAN
1. PAN
’ Metropolitan Area Network
’ Personal Area Network ’ Range up to 30-40 km
’ Network formed by connecting a few ’ 2 or more LANS are connected via
personal devices like computers, Laptops, networking device can form MAN.
printers etc.
’ E.g. :Cable TV network or cable based
’ Range up to 10 meters. broadband internet services
’ E.g. -Mobile hotspot, Bluetooth

2. LAN 4. WAN

network
ofTypes ’ Local Area Network ’ Wide Area Network
’ Interconnects few nodes within alimited ’ Interconnect within a huge area
area. such as countries-continents.

’ Range up-to 1km, Speed 10 - 1000 Mbps ’ Internet is largest WAN.

’ Secure as only authentic connections are ’ Most expensive, slowest and errors
made
’ Ethernet cables, Wi-fi are used.
 -Types of Network Devices - 2. Ethernet Card O Youth af

’ It is also known as Network Interface Card (NIC)

1. MODEM
’ It is used to set up a wired network.
’ Modem stands for MOdulator DEModulator'. ’ It is acircuit board mounted on the motherboard of
’ Itconverts analog signal to digital bits &vice versa acomputer
’ The Ethernet cable connects the computer to the
’ The modem at the sender's end acts as a modulator network through NIC.
that converts the digital data into analog signals.
’ The modem at the receiver's end acts asa
demodulator that converts the analog signals into
digital datafor the destination node to understand.

Modulator
ETH
CAR
Sender

MODEM 3. RJ- 45
Digtal Aralogy
’ Registered Jack-45 is an eight-pin connector that
De-Modulator is used exclusively with Ethernet cables for
networking.
Receiver
 4. Repeater 6. HUB
’ Data are carried in the form of signals over the ’ A Hub is a network device used to connect different
cable. Signals lose their strength beyond the limit devices through wires.
and become weak.
’ The limitation of Hub is that if data from two
’ In such conditions, Repeater an analog device devices come at the same time, they will collide
regenerates the signl and put back on the cable. ’ Received data are sent t0 all the others nodes.
Weakened Signal Regenerated Signal

Repeater ODLink

6. Switch

GATEWAY
REPEATER, ’ Acentral device in a Local Area Network
5. Gateway ’ Like a hub, a switch is used to connect multiple
’ It acts as a "gate" between an organizations computers but it sends signals to only selected SW
HU
network and the outside world of the Internet devices instead of sending to all.
’ Gateway serves as the entry and exit point of a ’ It can forward multiple packets at the same time.
network, as all data coming in or going out of a
network must first pass through the gateway. ’ A switch does not forward the signals which are
’ It also maintain data routing noisy or corrupted.

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 7. Router - Network Topologies
’ Arouter can receive the data, analyze it &transmit
it to other networks. Topology: The arrangement of computers and other
peripherals in a network.
’ Compared to a hub or a switch, a router has
advanced capabilities as it can analyze the data Common network topologies are :
being carried over a network.
’ A
router can be wired or wireless. Mesh, Ring, Bus, Star, Tree.

’ These days, home Wi-fi routers perform the dual

task of a router and a modem/ switch, connect to 1. Mesh
incoming broadband lines, from ISP (Internet ’ Each communicating device is connected with
Service Provider), and convert them to digital data every other device in the network
for computing devices to process
’ Complex and costly
’ fast and secure
Node 1 Node2

ROUTER TO

Node 3 Node 3

Node &

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2. Bus 4. Star
’ Everycomputer and network device is connected to a > Each communicating device is
single cable. connected to a central node,
’ It is bi-directional. like a hub or a switch Cascanrator/u

’ It is a multi-point connection ’ failure in central node may crash Bedes

’ Cheap, Simple, less Secure whole system

File Seruer
’ Effective, Efficient and fast

5. Tree
Ilodes
’ Each branch can have one or more basic topologies
’ Hierarchical flow of data
Nodes

’ Costly
3. Ring
’ Complex lodes

’ It forms a ring byconnecting twoneighboring

devices. Concentrata

’ Data flow is Unidirectional

’ Simple and cheap Ring Topology Back bone Cable

’ Less Secure, Error Prone

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- tdentification of nodes -
’ Globally unique
’ Each MAC address is a 12-digit hexadecimal nos. (48
Each node in a network should be uniquely bits in length)
identified to identify the sender, receiver &decide ’ First six digits (24 bits) contain the manufacturer's ID
a routing9 path to transmit data. called Organizational Unique Identifier (0UI)and the
later six digits (24 bits) represents the serial number
PC-A
I am confused ,I have two
assigned to the card by the manufacturer.
recipients of this
address, to whom
should I deliver this
frame? 01 32 54 :76: 85:AB
00 00 0A BB 28 FC

OUI NIC

IP Address
PC-B PC.C

’ Internet protocol Address

ADDRESSES ’ Assigned to each node ina network, unlike MAC,
1. MAC Address IP address can change if a node is connected to
another network.
’ Media Access Control.
’ The Physical Ihardware address, engraved on NIC at ’ Initially IpV4(32 bits) nowadays Ipv6 (128 bits)
the time of manufacturing which makes it ’ E.g. 192:168:0:178
permanent address
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lnternet - wwW- I0T
Websito.com
12.345.678 DNS
Internet is the global network of computing
devices.
’ Each computer server hosting a website or web
World Wide Web (WwwW) is an ocean of resource is given a name against it's IP address.
information, stored in the form of trillions of > These names are called the Domain names or
interlinked web pages and web resources. hostnames.

Sir Tim Berners Lee invented the WwW in 1990. ’ Conversion of the domain name of each web server to
its corresponding IP address is called domain name
resolution.
HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) is a language
which is used to design Web Pages so that the Web ’ It is done through a server called DNS server.
contents can be read ’ ADNS Sserver maintains a database of domain names
and their corresponding IP addresses
URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) or
BASICS
INTERNET
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a unique www.example.com

address or path for each resource located on 1245.56.67

DNS Server

the web.

HTTP-The Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is a

set of rules which is used to retrieve linked 12.45 5.5s66.67 DN
web pages across the web. The more secure Browser Web Server
and advanced version is HTTPS.