Q1. List & explain the functional components of computer.

Ans: There are five basic components of a computer. They are:

 Input Unit :The input unit consists of input devices that are attached to the
computer. They take input and convert it into binary language for the computer to
understand. Eg keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanner etc.
 Output Unit : The output unit consists of output devices that are attached with
the computer. It converts the binary data coming from CPU to human
understandable form. Eg monitor, printer, plotter etc.
 Central Processing Unit (CPU) : The input is processed by the processor. It
executes the instructions by fetching data, if required, from memory or input
device. It performs the required computation and then either stores the output or
displays on the output device. The CPU has three main components which are
responsible for different functions – Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit
(CU) and Memory registers
 Memory : Memory is used for storage of data and instructions and is called
internal memory The internal memory is divided into many storage locations,
each of which can store data or instructions.

Q2. Differences between primary memory & secondary memory of the computer

Primary memory Secondary memory

Primary memory is temporary. Secondary memory is permanent.
Primary memory is directly accessible by Secondary memory is not directly accessible
Processor/ CPU. by the CPU.
Nature of Parts of Primary memory varies,
RAM- volatile in nature. ROM- Non- It’s always Non-volatile in nature.
volatile.
Secondary memory devices are less
Primary memory devices are more expensive
expensive when compared to primary
than secondary storage devices.
memory devices.
The memory devices used for primary The secondary memory devices are
memory are semiconductor memories. magnetic and optical memories.
Primary memory is also known as Main Secondary memory is also known as
memory or Internal memory. External memory or Auxiliary memory.
Examples: RAM, ROM, Cache memory, Examples: Hard Disk, Floppy Disk,
PROM, EPROM, Registers, etc. Magnetic Tapes, etc.

Q3. Two I/O devices other than Printer & Monitor:

i. Bar Code Scanner(I/p) ii. Plotter (O/p)
Devices that are both I/P as well as O/P:
1. Touch screens. 2. Network Card. 3. Modem. 4. USB ports. 5. Sound Card 6.
Graphics Card

Q4. Differences between RAM & ROM.

The major features (also differences) between RAM and ROM are:
RAM ROM
Definition of RAM is Random Access
Definition of ROM is Read-only Memory
Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM) is
ROM is cheaper when compared to RAM.
expensive when compared to ROM
The speed of Random Access Memory The speed of Read-only Memory (ROM) is
(RAM) is higher when compared to ROM slower when compared to RAM.
Random Access Memory (RAM) has a
ROM has a lower capacity compared to RAM
higher capacity when compared to ROM
Data in RAM can be modified, erased, or Data in ROM can only be read, it cannot be
read. modified or erased.
The data stored in RAM is used by the
The data stored in ROM is used to bootstrap the
Central Processing Unit (CPU) to process
computer.
current instructions
Data present in Read-Only Memory (ROM) is
Data of RAM is very volatile, it will exist as not volatile, it is permanent. Data will remain
long as there is no interruption in power. unchanged even when there is a disruption in the
power supply.

Q5. What is Memory? Write the functions of Memory.

Ans. Functions of main memory (RAM)

 Holds data currently being processed.

 Stores intermediate results of processing.
 Stores the supervisor part of the operating system (kernel). ...
 Holds data being transmitted from one input device to another.
 Keep a record of the address of all data within the memory.

Q6. Why is CPU also called the brain of the computer?

Ans: The CPU is called the brain of the computer because it is the control center of the
computer. It first fetches instructions from memory and then interprets them so as to
know what is to be done. If required, data is fetched from memory or input device.

Q7. Give the different parts of the CPU.

Ans: The different parts of the CPU are:

 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) : The ALU, as its name suggests performs
mathematical calculations and takes logical decisions. Arithmetic calculations
include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical decisions
involve comparison of two data items to see which one is larger or smaller or
equal.
 Control Unit : The Control unit coordinates and controls the data flow in and out
of CPU, controls all the operations of ALU, memory registers and also
input/output units. It is also responsible for carrying out all the instructions stored
in the program. It decodes the fetched instruction, interprets it and sends control
signals to input/output devices until the required operation is done properly by
ALU and memory.
  Memory : Memory attached to the CPU is used for storage of data and
instructions. and is called internal memory. when a program is executed, it’s data
is copied to the internal memory and is stored in the memory till the end of the
execution. The internal memory is also called the Primary memory or Main
memory. This memory is also called as RAM, i.e. Random Access Memory.

Q8. What are Registers?

Ans: Memory Registers is a temporary unit of memory in the CPU. These are used to
store the data which is directly used by the processor. Registers can be of different
sizes(16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit and so on) and each register inside the CPU has a specific
function like storing data, storing an instruction, storing address of a location in memory
etc.

Q9. How do you define a computer? State the differences between Data & Information
with examples.
Ans: A computer is an electronic device, under the control of instructions stored in its
memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules
(Program), produce information (output), and store the information for future use.

Data are raw numbers or other findings which, by themselves, are of limited
value. Eg, names, roll nos, marks, salary etc.
Information is data that has been converted into a meaningful and useful context. Eg
Raman scored 30 in First UT.

Q. Sate the different functionalities of a computer

Any digital computer performs five functions in gross term.
1.Take data as input
2.Stores data/instructions
3.Process those stored data
4.Generate the output
5.Control all above steps

Q Explain the different functional components of a computer.

Control unit: It organizes the computer to work computer as single unit
Arithmetic/Logic Unit: Performs basic arithmetic operations such as addition and
subtraction. Performs logical operations such as AND, OR, and NOT.Mostmodern ALUs
have a small amount of special storage units called registers that can be accessed faster
than main memory.
Memory: A collection of cells, each with a unique physical address.

Q. Explain the different parts/types of computer’s memory.

Ans. Primary Memory & Secondary Memory
Primary Memory: RAM and ROM
Random Access Memory (RAM): Memory in which each location can be accessed and
changed
Read Only Memory (ROM): Memory in which each location can be accessed but not
changed
RAM is volatile, ROM is not
Secondary Storage Devices : Magnetic Tape
mass auxiliary storage device

Q. What are input devices? Name few input devices other than Keyboard, Mouse
Scanner. Explain MICR/ OMR/ MICR.
Input devices are peripherals that can send data to a computer or another device for
processing.
Microphone, Webcam, GraphicsTablets, Trackballs, Barcodereader, Gamepad
OMR: optical mark recognition/ reader, is used to read marks on a document and send
them to computer.
OCR: OCR stands for optical character Recognition, is an input device which reads
printed text and sends that to computer.
MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Reader is an input device which generally finds
application is banks to process cheques.

Q. Name and explain the different components of a Mobile Phone

Ans: Components of a Mobile Phone:
1. A circuit board as brains of the phone
2. An antenna
3. A liquid crystal display (LCD)
4. A keyboard / A touch screen
5. A microphone
6. A speaker
7. A battery

Q. Explain how software is classified.

Types of software:
(1)Application software: It handles specialized/common tasks a user wants to perform,
such as banking,hotelmanagement, any dataprocessing, word processing etc.
(2)System software: controls the basic functions of a computer and hides the complexity
of computer system from user and application software. E.g. Operating System,
Compiler, Interpreter etc.
(3)Utility software: Which helps to manage, maintain and control computer
resources.E.g. are anti virus software, backup software and disk tools.

Q. What is OPERATING SYSTEM? What is it’s significance?

An Operating System(OS) is a system program that controls and manages the

computer resources (resource manager) so that application software can run on
it.
Example: Microsoft Windows, Solaris, Linux, MACOS, Ubuntu, Apple’s i-Phone OS
etc.
In any computer or mobile device, the operating system can be termed as the
backbone when it comes to software. This is because it has to be there before
other programs can be run. It works as a middle man (interface) between
machine and user.

Q. What are the FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM?

Ans OS functions can be categorized under the following heads:
• Processor management: Loads, schedules and execute process/programs.
• Memory management: Allocates /De-allocation of memory for
program execution.
• Device management: Communicate and controls various I/O devices.
• Storage management: Manages and controls the storage device to provide space to
program for execution & data save.
• Application interface: API/drivers provide a way for applications to make use of
hardware subsystems
• User interface: structure for interaction between a user and the computer

Q. Name few types of OPERATING SYSTEM

Ans OS types can be categorized under the following heads:
* Single-User, Single Task Operating System: These operating systems work on single
task & single user at a time. E.g. DOS
* Single-User, Multi-Task Operating System: These operating systems works on more
than one task and process them concurrently at a time.E.g. windows 95 or later version of
windows
* Multiuser Operating System: In these OS, multiple users are allowed to access the
same data or information at a time via anetwork.E.g. Unix,Linux,Windows7.
* Multiprocessing Operating System: Here, a single process runs on two or more
processors. All the processing and their management takes place in a parallel way, hence
this OS are also called asParallel Processing.E.g. Linux, UNIX and Windows 7.
* Embedded Operating System: These are embedded in a device, which is located in
ROM.E.g. OS of microwaves,washingmachine.
* Distributed Operating System: In these OS, the computers work in co-operation with
each other.

Q. What are Language processor? What are it’s types?

As the computer understand machine language(0/1) whereas Humans
understand High level/ Human Lang, Language Processors does the conversion task (high
level to machine lang.
These are of 3 types Language processors
* Assembler * Compiler * Interpreter
Compilers
It convert high-level language code to machine code in one session. It takes time
because it have to translate high-level code to lower-level machine language all
at once and then save the executable object code to memory.
Interpreters
It translates code like a compiler but reads the code and immediately executes
that code, and therefore it is initially faster than a compiler.
Assemblers
It translates an assembly language program into machine language.

Q. What are Utility software? Name few Utility software & explain how they
work.
Ans: Utility softwares are those that assists OS in carrying out certain specialized tasks &
maintenance work of the computer. Eg.,
 Antivirus-An anti-virus scans the system for any virus and if detected, gets rid of
 it by deleting or isolating it.
 Compression tools-Compression tools are utilities that assist operating systems
in shortening files so that they take less space
 Disk Clean up-Disk clean up tools assist users in freeing up disk space.
  Disk Defragmenter-Disk defragmenter is a disk management utility that
increasesfile access speeds by rearranging fragmented files on contiguous
locations.
 Backup-Back up utility enables backing up offiles,folders, databases or
complete disks.
 File management tools-Utility software providing regular file management tasks
like browse, search, update, preview,etc. are called file management tools.

Q. What is the smallest unit of memory? How can you further divide a memory?
What is a nibble? 1 TB= ? MB

Ans:
The smallest memory unit is known as a bit. The term "bit" refers to a binary digit. A
logical state with one of two potential values is represented by a bit.

1 Byte = 8 bits
1024 Bytes = 1 KB (Kilo Byte)
1024 KB = 1 MB (Mega Byte)
1024 MB = 1 GB(Giga Byte)
1024 GB = 1 TB(Terra Byte)
1024 TB = 1 PB(PetaByte)
1024 PB = 1 EB(ExaByte)
1024 EB = 1 ZB(ZettaByte)
1024 ZB = 1 YB (YottaByte)
1024 YB = 1 (BrontoByte)
1024 Brontobyte= 1 (GeopByte)

1 nibble = 4 bits.

1 TB= 1024 X 1024 MB

Difference between Compiler and Interpreter

Interpreter Compiler
Scans the entire program and translates it as
Translates program one statement at a time.
a whole into machine code.
Interpreters usually take less amount of time Compilers usually take a large amount of
to analyze the source code. However, the time to analyze the source code. However,
overall execution time is comparatively the overall execution time is comparatively
slower than compilers. faster than interpreters.
Generates Object Code which further
No Object Code is generated, hence are
requires linking, hence requires more
memory efficient.
memory.
Target programs execute independently.
Interpreter originally exists in the memory at
They don’t require the Compiler in the
the time of interpretation.
memory.
Programming languages like JavaScript, Programming languages like C, C++, Java
Python, Ruby use interpreters. use compilers.