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Introduction to Computer Network & Internet

A computer network consists of interconnected devices that exchange data using various communication protocols over cable or wireless media. The OSI model outlines seven layers, from the physical layer responsible for the actual connection to the application layer that interfaces with user applications. The document also discusses the historical context of networks, starting with ARPANET, and categorizes networks into LAN, MAN, and WAN.

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2 views

Introduction to Computer Network & Internet

A computer network consists of interconnected devices that exchange data using various communication protocols over cable or wireless media. The OSI model outlines seven layers, from the physical layer responsible for the actual connection to the application layer that interfaces with user applications. The document also discusses the historical context of networks, starting with ARPANET, and categorizes networks into LAN, MAN, and WAN.

Uploaded by

slsmgmccsit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is a computer network?

A computer network is a group of interconnected nodes or computing devices that


exchange data and resources with each other. A network connection between these devices
can be established using cable or wireless media. Once a connection is
established, communication protocols -- such as TCP/IP, Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol and Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- are used to exchange data between the
networked devices.

The first working network, called ARPANET, was created in the late 1960s and was funded
by the U.S. Department of Defense. Government researchers used to share information at a
time when computers were large and difficult to move.
There are different types of network listed as below:
1) LAN (Local Area Network)
2) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
3) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Physical layer- Layer 1:

The lowest layer of the OSI reference model is the physical layer. It is responsible for the
actual physical connection between the devices.

The physical layer contains information in the form of bits. It is responsible for
transmitting individual bits from one node to the next.

When receiving data, this layer will get the signal received and convert it into 0s and 1s and
send them to the Data Link layer, which will put the frame back together.

Functions of the Physical Layer are Bit synchronization, Bit rate control, Physical
topologies, Transmission mode.

Data Link Layer- Layer 2:

The data link layer is responsible for the node-to-node delivery of the message. The main
function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is error-free from one node to another,
over the physical layer.

When a packet arrives in a network, it is the responsibility of the DLL to transmit it to the
Host using its MAC address.
Functions of the Data Link Layer are framing, physical addressing, error control flow
control & Access control.

Network Layer – Layer 3

The network layer works for the transmission of data from one host to the other located in
different networks.

It also takes care of packet routing i.e. selection of the shortest path to transmit the packet,
from the number of routes available.

The sender & receiver’s IP addresses are placed in the header by the network layer.

Functions of the Network Layer are Routing & Logical Addressing

Transport Layer – Layer 4


The transport layer provides services to the application layer and takes services from the
network layer.

The data in the transport layer is referred to as Segments. It is responsible for the End to
End Delivery of the complete message.

The transport layer also provides the acknowledgment of the successful data transmission
and re-transmits the data if an error is found.

Functions of the Transport Layer are Segmentation and Reassembly & Service Point
Addressing.

Session Layer – Layer 5

This layer is responsible for the establishment of connection, maintenance of sessions, and
authentication, and also ensures security.

Functions of the Session Layer are Session establishment, maintenance, termination,


Synchronization and Dialog Controller.

Presentation Layer – Layer 6


The presentation layer is also called the Translation layer. The data from the application
layer is extracted here and manipulated as per the required format to transmit over the
network.

Functions of the Presentation Layer are Translation, Encryption/ Decryption &


Compression.

Application Layer – Layer 7

At the very top of the OSI Reference Model stack of layers, we find the Application layer
which is implemented by the network applications.

These applications produce the data, which has to be transferred over the network. This
layer also serves as a window for the application services to access the network and for
displaying the received information to the user.

Functions of the Application Layer are Network Virtual Terminal, File transfer access and
management, Mail Services & Directory Services.

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