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 Introductory and
BITTINGER
BEECHER

Get the Most Out of JOHNSON

Introductory and Intermediate Algebra

MyLab Math
MyLabTM Math is the world’s leading online tutorial and
assessment program designed to help you learn and succeed in
Intermediate Algebra
your mathematics course. MyLab Math courses provide you with:

S Personalized learning experiences

S Interactive practice with immediate feedback
and just-in-time learning aids
S Multimedia learning resources
S Complete eText, accessible anywhere with the
Pearson eText app

MyLab Math is available for this textbook.

To learn more, visit pearson.com/mylab/math.

www.pearson.com
Sixth
Edition
Sixth Edition
BITTINGER | BEECHER | JOHNSON
 Contents

Index of Activities   vii Mid-Chapter Review  61

Index of Animations   viii 1.5 Multiplication of Real Numbers   63
Preface  x 1.6 Division of Real Numbers   70
Index of Applications   xvi 1.7 Properties of Real Numbers   79
1.8 Simplifying Expressions; Order of
JUST-IN-TIME REVIEW 1 Operations  92
1 All Factors of a Number   2 Summary and Review   101
2 Prime Factorizations  3 Test  107
3 Greatest Common Factor   4
4 Least Common Multiple   5
5 Equivalent Expressions and Fraction
Notation  7 2 SOLVING EQUATIONS
AND INEQUALITIES 109
6 Mixed Numerals  8
7 Simplify Fraction Notation   9 2.1 Solving Equations: The Addition
8 Multiply and Divide Fraction Notation   10 Principle  110
9 Add and Subtract Fraction Notation   12 2.2 Solving Equations: The Multiplication
10 Convert from Decimal Notation to Fraction Principle  116
Notation  14 2.3 Using the Principles Together   122
11 Add and Subtract Decimal Notation   15 2.4 Formulas  133
12 Multiply and Divide Decimal Notation   16
13 Convert from Fraction Notation to Decimal Mid-Chapter Review  141
Notation  17 2.5 Applications of Percent   143
14 Rounding with Decimal Notation   18 2.6 Applications and Problem Solving   151
15 Convert between Percent Notation and
Decimal Notation  19 Translating for Success   162
16 Convert between Percent Notation and 2.7 Solving Inequalities  168
Fraction Notation  21 2.8 Applications and Problem Solving with
17 Exponential Notation  23 Inequalities  180
18 Order of Operations   24
Summary and Review   188
Test  193
Cumulative Review  195

1 INTRODUCTION TO REAL
NUMBERS AND ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSIONS27 3 GRAPHS OF LINEAR
EQUATIONS197
1.1 Introduction to Algebra   28
1.2 The Real Numbers   35 3.1 Introduction to Graphing   198
1.3 Addition of Real Numbers   46 3.2 Graphing Linear Equations   205
1.4 Subtracton of Real Numbers   54 3.3 More with Graphing and Intercepts   216

Contents iii

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 Visualizing for Success   221 Translating for Success   413
Mid-Chapter Review  227 Summary and Review   419
3.4 Slope and Applications   229 Test  425
Cumulative Review  427
Summary and Review   240
Test  246
Cumulative Review  249

6 RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
AND EQUATIONS 429
4 POLYNOMIALS: OPERATIONS 251
6.1 Multiplying and Simplifying Rational
Expressions  430
4.1 Integers as Exponents   252
6.2 Division and Reciprocals   440
4.2 Exponents and Scientific Notation   262
6.3 Least Common Multiples and
4.3 Introduction to Polynomials   274 Denominators  445
4.4 Addition and Subtraction of 6.4 Adding Rational Expressions   449
Polynomials  287
6.5 Subtracting Rational Expressions   457
Mid-Chapter Review  295
Mid-Chapter Review  465
4.5 Multiplication of Polynomials   297
6.6 Complex Rational Expressions   467
4.6 Special Products  304
6.7 Solving Rational Equations   473
Visualizing for Success  310 6.8 Applications Using Rational Equations
and Proportions  481
4.7 Operations with Polynomials in Several
Variables  315 Translating for Success   488
4.8 Division of Polynomials   324
6.9 Variation and Applications   495
Summary and Review   331
Summary and Review   506
Test  337
Test  513
Cumulative Review  339
Cumulative Review  515

5 POLYNOMIALS: FACTORING 341

5.1 Introduction to Factoring   342 7 GRAPHS, FUNCTIONS,

AND APPLICATIONS 517
5.2 Factoring Trinomials of the Type
x 2 + bx + c  350 7.1 Functions and Graphs   518
5.3 Factoring ax 2 + bx + c, a ≠ 1: 7.2 Finding Domain and Range   532
The FOIL Method    360
5.4 Factoring ax 2 + bx + c, a ≠ 1: Mid-Chapter Review  537
The ac-Method   368 7.3 Linear Functions: Graphs and Slope   539
Mid-Chapter Review  374 7.4 More on Graphing Linear Equations   550

5.5 Factoring Trinomial Squares and Differences Visualizing for Success   557
of Squares  376 7.5 Finding Equations of Lines;
5.6 Factoring Sums or Differences of Cubes   386 Applications  562
5.7 Factoring: A General Strategy   391
5.8 Solving Quadratic Equations by Summary and Review   573
Factoring  399 Test  582
5.9 Applications of Quadratic Equations   407 Cumulative Review  585

iv Contents

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 Mid-Chapter Review  751
8 SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS 587 10.5 More on Division of Radical
Expressions  753
10.6 Solving Radical Equations   758
8.1 Systems of Equations in Two Variables   588
10.7 Applications Involving Powers and Roots   769
8.2 Solving by Substitution   597
8.3 Solving by Elimination   603 Translating for Success   771
8.4 Solving Applied Problems:
10.8 The Complex Numbers   776
Two Equations  612
Summary and Review   787
Translating for Success   620
Test  793
Mid-Chapter Review    625
Cumulative Review  795
8.5 Systems of Equations in Three
Variables  627
8.6 Solving Applied Problems: Three

11
Equations  634
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Summary and Review   641 AND FUNCTIONS 797
Test  647
Cumulative Review  649 11.1 The Basics of Solving Quadratic
Equations  798
11.2 The Quadratic Formula   812

9
11.3 Applications Involving Quadratic
MORE ON INEQUALITIES 651 Equations  819
Translating for Success   825
9.1 Sets, Inequalities, and Interval Notation   652 11.4 More on Quadratic Equations   831
Translating for Success   661 Mid-Chapter Review  840
9.2 Intersections, Unions, and Compound 11.5 Graphing f 1x2 = a1x - h2 2 + k  842
Inequalities  668 11.6 Graphing f 1x2 = ax 2 + bx + c  851
Mid-Chapter Review  680 Visualizing for Success   856
9.3 Absolute-Value Equations and 11.7 Mathematical Modeling with Quadratic
Inequalities  682 Functions  860
9.4 Systems of Inequalities in Two 11.8 Polynomial Inequalities and Rational
Variables  693 Inequalities  871
Visualizing for Success   702 Summary and Review   879
Summary and Review   707 Test  885
Test  713 Cumulative Review  887
Cumulative Review  715

10 RADICAL EXPRESSIONS,
EQUATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS 717 12 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 889

10.1 Radical Expressions and Functions   718 12.1 Exponential Functions  890

10.2 Rational Numbers as Exponents   729 12.2 Composite Functions and Inverse
10.3 Simplifying Radical Expressions   736 Functions  904
10.4 Addition, Subtraction, and More 12.3 Logarithmic Functions  921
Multiplication  745 12.4 Properties of Logarithmic Functions   932

Contents v

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 Mid-Chapter Review  938 APPENDIXES 987
12.5 Natural Logarithmic Functions   940 A Introductory Algebra Review   988
B Mean, Median, and Mode   990
Visualizing for Success   945
C Synthetic Division  993
12.6 Solving Exponential Equations and D Determinants and Cramer’s Rule   996
Logarithmic Equations  949 E Elimination Using Matrices   1001
12.7 Mathematical Modeling with Exponential F The Algebra of Functions   1005
Functions and Logarithmic Functions   956
G Distance, Midpoints, and Circles   1008
Translating for Success   964
Summary and Review   970 Answers  A-1
Test  978 Guided Solutions  A-47
Cumulative Review  981 Glossary  G-1
Index  I-1

vi Contents

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 Index of
Animations

Section Title
1.2d Order on the Number Line
2.7b Graphing Inequalities
3.2a Graphing Linear Equations
3.4a Slope
3.4a Slope of a Line
4.1f Negative Exponents
4.6c Special Products
5.8b Intercepts and Solutions
6.8a Motion Problems
7.1c Graphing Functions
7.2a Domain and Range of a Function
7.3b Slope
7.3b Slope of a Line
7.3b Slope-Intercept Form
7.3b Equations of Lines: Slope-Intercept Form
7.5b Equations of Lines: Point-Slope Form
8.4a Mixture Problems
9.1b Graphing Inequalities

viii Index of Animations

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 Index of
Animations

Section Title
1.2d Order on the Number Line
2.7b Graphing Inequalities
3.2a Graphing Linear Inequalities
3.4a Slope
3.4a Slope of a Line
4.1f Negative Exponents
4.6c Special Products
5.8b Intercepts and Solutions
6.8a Motion Problems
7.1c Graphing Functions
7.2a Domain and Range of a Function
7.3b Slope
7.3b Slope of a Line
7.3b Slope-Intercept Form
7.3b Equations of Lines: Slope-Intercept Form
7.5b Equations of Lines: Point-Slope Form
8.4a Mixture Problems
9.1b Graphing Inequalities

viii Index of Animations

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 9.3e Absolute-Value Equations and Inequalities
9.4b Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
10.1a Graphs of Radical Functions
11.3a Motion Problems
11.5c Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs
11.5c Graphs of Quadratic Functions
11.6b Intercepts and Solutions
11.7a Application: Height of a Baseball
11.8a Polynomial and Rational Inequalities
12.1a Graphs of Exponential Functions
12.2d Graphing Functions and Their Inverses
12.2d Graphs of Inverse Functions
12.3a Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
Appendix F Sum and Difference of Two Functions
Appendix F Product and Quotient of Two Functions
Appendix G Equations of Circles

Index of Animations ix

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 Preface

Math doesn’t change, but students’ needs—and the way students learn—do.

With this in mind, Introductory and Intermediate Algebra, 6th edition, continues the
Bittinger tradition of objective-based, guided learning, while integrating many updates
with the proven pedagogy. These updates are motivated by feedback that we received
from students and instructors, as well as our own experience in the classroom. In this edi-
tion, our focus is on guided learning and retention: helping each student (and instructor)
get the most out of all the available program resources—wherever and whenever they
engage with the math.
We believe that student success in math hinges on four key areas: Foundation,
Engagement, Application, and Retention. In the 6th edition, we have added key new
program features (highlighted below, for quick reference) in each area to make it easier
for each student to personalize his or her learning experience. In addition, you will
recognize many proven features and presentations from the previous edition of the
program.

FOUNDATION
Studying the Concepts
Students can learn the math concepts by reading the textbook or the eText, participa­
ting in class, watching the videos, working in the MyMathGuide workbook—or using
whatever combination of these course resources works best for them.

In order to understand new math concepts, students must recall and use skills
and concepts previously studied. To support student learning, we have integrated
two important new features throughout the 6th edition program:
New! Just-in-Time Review at the beginning of the text and the eText is a set
of quick reviews of the key topics from previous courses that are prerequisites
for the new material in this course. A note on each Chapter Opener in
Chapters 1–6 alerts students to the topics they should review for that chapter.
In MyLab Math, students will find a concise presentation of each topic in the
Just-in-Time Review Videos.
New! Skill Review, in nearly every section of the text and the eText,
reviews a previously presented skill at the objective level where it is key to
learning the new material. This feature offers students two practice exercises
with answers. In MyLab Math, new Skill Review Videos, created by the
Bittinger author team, offer a concise, step-by-step solution for each Skill
Review exercise.

Margin Exercises with Guided Solutions, with fill-in blanks at key steps in the problem-
solving process, appear in nearly every text section and can be assigned in MyLab Math.

x Preface

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 Algebraic–Graphical Connections in the text draw explicit connections between the
algebra and the corresponding graphical visualization.
Introductory and Intermediate Algebra Video Program, our comprehensive program
of objective-based, interactive videos, can be used hand-in-hand with our MyMathGuide
workbook. Interactive Your Turn exercises in the videos prompt students to solve prob-
lems and receive instant feedback. These videos can be accessed at the section, objec-
tive, and example levels.
MyMathGuide offers students a guided, hands-on learning experience. This objective-
based workbook (available in print and in MyLab Math) includes vocabulary, skill, and
concept review—as well as problem-solving practice with space for students to fill in the
answers and stepped-out solutions to problems, to show (and keep) their work, and to
write notes. Students can use MyMathGuide while watching the videos, listening to the
instructor’s lecture, or reading the text or the eText in order to reinforce and self-assess
their learning.
Studying for Success sections are checklists of study skills designed to ensure that stu-
dents develop the skills they need to succeed in math, school, and life. They are avail-
able at the beginning of selected sections.

ENGAGEMENT
Making Connections through Active Exploration
Since understanding the big picture is key to student success, we offer many active
learning opportunities for the practice, review, and reinforcement of important concepts
and skills.

New! Chapter Opener Applications with graphics use current data and
applications to present the math in context. Each application is related to
exercises in the text to help students model, visualize, learn, and retain the
math.
New! Student Activities, included with each chapter, have been developed
as multistep, data-based activities for students to apply the math in the
context of an authentic application. Student Activities are available in
MyMathGuide and in MyLab Math. (See the Index of Activities on p. vii.)
New! Interactive Animations can be manipulated by students in MyLab
Math through guided and open-ended exploration to further solidify their
understanding of important concepts. (See the Index of Animations on p. viii.)

Translating for Success offers extra practice with the important first step of the process
for solving applied problems. Visualizing for Success asks students to match an equa-
tion or an inequality with its graph by focusing on characteristics of the equation or the
inequality and the corresponding attributes of the graph. Both of these activities are
available in the text and in MyLab Math.
Calculator Corner is an optional feature in each chapter that helps students use a calcu-
lator to perform calculations and to visualize concepts.
Learning Catalytics uses students’ mobile devices for an engagement, assessment, and
classroom intelligence system that gives instructors real-time feedback on student learning.

APPLICATION
Reinforcing Understanding
As students explore the math, they have frequent opportunities to apply new concepts,
practice, self-assess, and reinforce their understanding.

Preface xi

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Visit https://testbankfan.com
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 Margin Exercises, labeled “Do Exercise . . . ,” give students frequent opportunities to
apply concepts just discussed by solving problems that parallel text examples.
Exercise Sets in each section offer abundant opportunity for practice and review in the
text and in MyLab Math. The Section Exercises are grouped by objective for ease of
use, and each set includes the following special exercise types:

New! Check Your Understanding, with Reading Check and Concept Check
exercises, at the beginning of each exercise set gives students the opportunity
to assess their grasp of the skills and concepts before moving on to the
objective-based section exercises. In MyLab Math, many of these exercises
use drag & drop functionality.
Skill Maintenance Exercises offer a thorough review of the math in the
preceding sections of the text.
Synthesis Exercises help students develop critical-thinking skills by requiring
them to use what they know in combination with content from the current
and previous sections.

RETENTION
Carrying Success Forward
Because continual practice and review is so important to retention, we have integrated
both throughout the program in the text and in MyLab Math.

New! Skill Builder adaptive practice, available in MyLab Math, offers each
student a personalized learning experience. When a student struggles with
the assigned homework, Skill Builder exercises offer just-in-time additional
adaptive practice. The adaptive engine tracks student performance and deliv-
ers to each individual questions that are appropriate for his or her level of
understanding. When the system has determined that the student has a high
probability of successfully completing the assigned exercise, it suggests that
the student return to the assigned homework.

Mid-Chapter Review offers an opportunity for active review midway through each
chapter. This review offers four types of practice problems:

Concept Reinforcement, Guided Solutions, Mixed Review,

and Understanding Through Discussion and Writing
Summary and Review is a comprehensive learning and review section at the end of
each chapter. Each of the five sections—Vocabulary Reinforcement (fill-in-the-blank),
Concept Reinforcement (true/false), Study Guide (examples with stepped-out solutions
paired with similar practice problems), Review Exercises, and Understanding Through
Discussion and Writing—includes references to the section in which the material was
covered to facilitate review.
Chapter Test offers students the opportunity for comprehensive review and reinforce-
ment prior to taking their instructor’s exam. Chapter Test Prep Videos in MyLab Math
show step-by-step solutions to the questions on the chapter test.
Cumulative Review follows each chapter beginning with Chapter 2. These reviews
revisit skills and concepts from all preceding chapters to help students retain previously
presented material.

xii Preface

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 Resources for Success
MyLab Math Online Course for Bittinger, Beecher, and
Johnson, Introductory and Intermediate Algebra, 6th edition
(access code required)
MyLabTM Math is available to accompany Pearson’s market-leading text offerings.
To give students a consistent tone, voice, and teaching method, the pedagogical
approach of the text is tightly integrated throughout the accompanying MyLab
Math course, making learning the material as seamless as possible.

UPDATED! Learning Path

Structured, yet flexible, the updated Learning Path
highlights author-created, faculty-vetted content—
giving students what they need exactly when they
need it. The Learning Path directs students
to resources such as two new types of video:
Just-in-Time Review (concise presentations of
key topics from previous courses) and Skill Review
(author-created exercises with step-by-step
solutions that reinforce previously presented
skills), both available in the Multimedia Library and
assignable in MyLab Math.

NEW!
Drag-and-Drop Exercises
Drag-and-drop exercises are now
available in MyLab Math. This new
assignment type allows students
to drag answers and values within
a problem, providing a new and
engaging way to test students’
concept knowledge.

NEW and UPDATED!

Animations
New animations encourage students to
learn key concepts through guided and
open-ended exploration. Animations are
available through the Learning Path and
Multimedia Library, and they can be
assigned within MyLab Math.

pearson.com/mylab/math

A01_BITT7433_06_AIE_FM_i-xxii.indd 13 20/03/18 9:44 AM

 Resources for Success
Instructor Resources Student Resources
Additional resources can be downloaded from
www.pearsonhighered.com or hardcopy resources Introductory and Intermediate
can be ordered from your sales representative. Algebra Lecture Videos
• Concise, interactive, and objective-based videos.
Annotated Instructor’s Edition • View a whole section, choose an objective, or go
ISBN: 0134707435 straight to an example.
• Answers to all text exercises.
• Helpful teaching tips, including suggestions for Chapter Test Prep Videos
incorporating Student Activities in the course. • Step-by-step solutions for every problem in the
chapter tests.
Instructor’s Resource Manual
with Tests and Minilectures Just-in-Time Review Videos
(download only) • One video per review topic in the Just-in-Time
ISBN: 0134707397 Review at the beginning of the text.
• Resources designed to help both new and experi- • View examples and worked-out solutions that par-
enced instructors with course preparation and allel the concepts reviewed in each review topic.
class management.
• Chapter teaching tips and support for media
Skill Review Videos
supplements. Students can review previously presented skills at
• Multiple versions of multiple-choice and free- the objective level with two practice exercises before
response chapter tests, as well as final exams. moving forward in the content. Videos include a
step-by-step solution for each exercise.
Instructor’s Solutions Manual
(download only)
MyMathGuide:
By Judy Penna Notes, Practice, and Video Path
ISBN: 0134707494 ISBN: 0134707400
The Instructor’s Solutions Manual includes brief solu- • Guided, hands-on learning in a workbook format
tions for the even-numbered exercises in the exer- with space for students to show their work and
cise sets and fully worked-out annotated solutions record their notes and questions.
for all the exercises in the Mid-Chapter Reviews, the • Highlights key concepts, skills, and definitions;
Summary and Reviews, the Chapter Tests, and the offers quick reviews of key vocabulary terms with
Cumulative Reviews. practice problems, examples with guided solu-
tions, similar Your Turn exercises, and practice
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides exercises with readiness checks.
(download only) • Includes student activities utilizing real data.
• Editable slides present key concepts and defini- • Available in MyLab Math and as a printed manual.
tions from the text.
• Available to both instructors and students.
Student’s Solutions Manual
• Fully accessible. ISBN: 0134707451
By Judy Penna
TestGen® • Includes completely worked-out annotated solu-
TestGen enables instructors to build, edit, print, and tions for odd-numbered exercises in the text, as
administer tests using a computerized test bank of well as all the exercises in the Mid-Chapter Reviews,
questions developed to cover all the objectives of the Summary and Reviews, the Chapter Tests, and
the text. (www.pearsoned.com/testgen) the Cumulative Reviews.
• Available in MyLab Math and as a printed manual.

pearson.com/mylab/math

A01_BITT7433_06_AIE_FM_i-xxii.indd 14 20/03/18 9:44 AM

 Acknowledgments
Our deepest appreciation to all the instructors and students who helped to shape
this revision of our program by reviewing our texts and courses, providing feedback,
and sharing their experiences with us at conferences and on campus. In particular, we
would like to thank the following for reviewing the titles in our worktext program for
this revision:
Amanda L. Blaker, Gallatin College
Jessica Bosworth, Nassau Community College
Judy G. Burn, Trident Technical College
Abushieba A. Ibrahim, Nova Southeastern University
Laura P. Kyser, Savannah Technical College
David Mandelbaum, Nova Southeastern University

An outstanding team of professionals was involved in the production of this text.

We want to thank Judy Penna for creating the new Skill Review videos and for writing
the Student’s Solutions Manual and the Instructor’s Solutions Manual. We also thank
Laurie Hurley for preparing MyMathGuide, Robin Rufatto for creating the new Just-in-
Time videos, and Tom Atwater for supporting and overseeing the new videos. Accuracy
checkers Judy Penna, Laurie Hurley, and Susan Meshulam contributed immeasurably
to the quality of the text.
Jane Hoover, of Lifland et al., Bookmakers, provided editorial and production
services of the highest quality, and Geri Davis, of The Davis Group, performed superb
work as designer, art editor, and photo researcher. Their countless hours of work and
consistent dedication have led to products of which we are immensely proud.
In addition, a number of people at Pearson, including the Developmental Math
Team, have contributed in special ways to the development and production of our
program. Special thanks are due to Cathy Cantin, Courseware Portfolio Manager, for
her visionary leadership and development support. In addition, Ron Hampton, Content
Producer, contributed invaluable coordination for all aspects of the project. We also
thank Erin Carreiro, Producer, and Kyle DiGiannantonio, Product Marketing Manager,
for their exceptional support.
Our goal in writing this textbook was to make mathematics accessible to every
student. We want you to be successful in this course and in the mathematics courses
you take in the future. Realizing that your time is both valuable and limited, and that
you learn in a uniquely individual way, we employ a variety of pedagogical and visual
approaches to help you learn in the best and most efficient way possible. We wish you
a positive and successful learning experience.

Marv Bittinger
Judy Beecher
Barbara Johnson

Preface xv

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 Index of
Applications

Agriculture Butterfly wings, 408

Composting, 868 DNA, 268
Corral design, 867 Elephant measurements, 315
Feed lot, 826 Endangered species, 27, 28–29, 75, 493, 902
Fenced-in land, 867 Fish population, 270, 484, 492, 494
Filling a grain bin, 796 Frog population, 492
Flower bed, 26 Gray whale calves, 193
Flower bulbs, 622 Gray wolves, 192
Garden design, 868 Growth of bacteria, 903, 977
Gardening, 490 Hawaiian goose population, 890, 902
Grain flow, 964 Honey bees, 493
Grass seed, 492 Length of an E. coli bacterium, 264
Harvesting, 490, 796 Mass of water in the human body, 503
Livestock feed, 622 Number of humpback whales, 494
Mixing fertilizers, 616–617 Number of manatees, 27, 28–29, 75
Mulching flowerbeds, 514 Otter population, 966
Vegetable seeds, 622 Sharks’ teeth, 423
Speed of a black racer snake, 491
Astronomy Speed of sea animals, 481–482
Distance from the sun to Earth, 251, 267 Zebra population, 514
Earth vs. Jupiter, 251, 271
Earth vs. Saturn, 337 Business
Space travel, 272 Book sale, 638
Stars in the known universe, 271 Bookstores, 149
Stars in the Milky Way galaxy, 264 Catering, 622
Surface temperature on a planet, 56, 60 Clients, 661
Weight on Mars, 503 Container sizes, 692
Copy machine rental, 194
Automotive Deli trays, 491
Automobile pricing, 638 Delivering leaflets, 768
Automotive maintenance, 623, 624 Delivery service, 666
Automotive repair, 791–792 Delivery truck rental, 155–156
Car assembly line, 234 Disney revenue, 571
Classic cars, 969 eBook revenue, 148
Daytime accidents, 869 Fabric manufacturing, 498
Electric vehicles, 150 Fruit quality, 485–486
Fuel economy, 624 Gift card sales, 524–525, 579
Gas mileage, 485, 492 Gold production in China, 527
Insurance-covered repairs, 186 Holiday sales, 245, 546
Median age of cars, 582 Home listing price, 163
Nighttime accidents, 869 Homespun Jellies, 581
Speed of a skidding car, 767 Lens production, 639
Stopping distance of a car, 504, 868 Manufacturing computers, 990
Vehicle production, 549 Markup, 339
Maximizing profit, 868
Biology Minimizing cost, 867
Animal speeds, 489 Newspaper circulation, 547
Bacteria, 991 Number of eating and drinking places, 549
Bees and honey, 497 Office budget, 488
Blue whales, 511, 965 Office expense, 620

xvi Index of Applications

A01_BITT7433_06_AIE_FM_i-xxii.indd 16 20/03/18 9:44 AM

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earnestness of a prophet. In an age of pedantry and dilettantism, he
has no grain of these in his composition. There is no where else,
surely, in recent readable English, or other books, such direct and
effectual teaching, reproving, encouraging, stimulating, earnestly,
vehemently, almost like Mahomet, like Luther; not looking behind
him to see how his Opera Omnia will look, but forward to other work
to be done. His writings are a gospel to the young of this
generation; they will hear his manly, brotherly speech with
responsive joy, and press forward to older or newer gospels.

We should omit a main attraction in these books, if we said

nothing of their humor. Of this indispensable pledge of sanity,
without some leaven, of which the abstruse thinker may justly be
suspected of mysticism, fanaticism, or insanity, there is a super-
abundance in Carlyle. Especially the transcendental philosophy needs
the leaven of humor to render it light and digestible. In his later and
longer works it is an unfailing accompaniment, reverberating through
pages and chapters, long sustained without effort. The very
punctuation, the italics, the quotation marks, the blank spaces and
dashes, and the capitals, each and all are pressed into its service.
Every man, of course, has his fane, from which even the most
innocent conscious humor is excluded; but in proportion as the
writer’s position is high above his fellows, the range of his humor is
extended. To the thinker, all the institutions of men, as all
imperfection, viewed from the point of equanimity, are legitimate
subjects of humor. Whatever is not necessary, no matter how sad or
personal, or universal a grievance, is, indeed, a jest more or less
sublime.
Carlyle’s humor is vigorous and Titanic, and has more sense in it
than the sober philosophy of many another. It is not to be disposed
of by laughter and smiles merely; it gets to be too serious for that—
only they may laugh who are not hit by it. For those who love a
merry jest, this is a strange kind of fun—rather too practical joking,
if they understand it. The pleasant humor which the public loves, is
but the innocent pranks of the ball-room, harmless flow of animal
spirits, the light plushy pressure of dandy pumps, in comparison. But
when an elephant takes to treading on your corns, why then you are
lucky if you sit high, or wear cowhide. His humor is always
subordinate to a serious purpose, though often the real charm for
the reader, is not so much in the essential progress and final upshot
of the chapter, as in this indirect side-light illustration of every hue.
He sketches first with strong, practical English pencil, the essential
features in outline, black on white, more faithfully than Dryasdust
would have done, telling us wisely whom and what to mark, to save
time, and then with brush of camel’s hair, or sometimes with more
expeditious swab, he lays on the bright and fast colors of his humor
everywhere. One piece of solid work, be it known, we have
determined to do, about which let there be no jesting, but all things
else under the heavens, to the right and left of that, are for the time
fair game. To us this humor is not wearisome, as almost every other
is. Rabelais, for instance, is intolerable; one chapter is better than a
volume—it may be sport to him, but it is death to us. A mere
humorist, indeed, is a most unhappy man; and his readers are most
unhappy also.
Humor is not so distinct a quality as for the purposes of criticism,
it is commonly regarded, but allied to every, even the divinest
faculty. The familiar and cheerful conversation about every hearth-
side, if it be analyzed, will be found to be sweetened by this
principle. There is not only a never-failing, pleasant, and earnest
humor kept up there, embracing the domestic affairs, the dinner,
and the scolding, but there is also a constant run upon the
neighbors, and upon church and state, and to cherish and maintain
this, in a great measure, the fire is kept burning, and the dinner
provided. There will be neighbors, parties to a very genuine, even
romantic friendship, whose whole audible salutation and intercourse,
abstaining from the usual cordial expressions, grasping of hands, or
affectionate farewells, consists in the mutual play and interchange of
a genial and healthy humor, which excepts nothing, not even
themselves, in its lawless range. The child plays continually, if you
will let it, and all its life is a sort of practical humor of a very pure
kind, often of so fine and ethereal a nature, that its parents, its
uncles and cousins, can in no wise participate in it, but must stand
aloof in silent admiration, and reverence even. The more quiet the
more profound it is. Even nature is observed to have her playful
moods or aspects, of which man seems sometimes to be the sport.
But, after all, we could sometimes dispense with the humor,
though unquestionably incorporated in the blood, if it were replaced
by this author’s gravity. We should not apply to himself, without
qualification, his remarks on the humor of Richter. With more repose
in his inmost being, his humor would become more thoroughly
genial and placid. Humor is apt to imply but a half satisfaction at
best. In his pleasantest and most genial hour, man smiles but as the
globe smiles, and the works of nature. The fruits dry ripe, and much
as we relish some of them, in their green and pulpy state, we lay up
for our winter store, not out of these, but the rustling autumnal
harvests. Though we never weary of this vivacious wit, while we are
perusing its work, yet when we remember it from afar, we
sometimes feel balked and disappointed, missing the security, the
simplicity, and frankness, even the occasional magnanimity of
acknowledged dullness and bungling. This never-failing success and
brilliant talent become a reproach. To the most practical reader the
humor is certainly too obvious and constant a quality. When we are
to have dealings with a man, we prize the good faith and valor of
soberness and gravity. There is always a more impressive statement
than consists with these victorious comparisons. Besides, humor
does not wear well. It is commonly enough said, that a joke will not
bear repeating. The deepest humor will not keep. Humors do not
circulate but stagnate, or circulate partially. In the oldest literature,
in the Hebrew, the Hindoo, the Persian, the Chinese, it is rarely
humor, even the most divine, which still survives, but the most sober
and private, painful or joyous thoughts, maxims of duty, to which the
life of all men may be referred. After time has sifted the literature of
a people, there is left only their Scripture, for that is WRITING, par
excellence. This is as true of the poets, as of the philosophers and
moralists by profession; for what subsides in any of these is the
moral only, to re-appear as dry land at some remote epoch.
 We confess that Carlyle’s humor is rich, deep, and variegated, in
direct communication with the back bone and risible muscles of the
globe—and there is nothing like it; but much as we relish this jovial,
this rapid and detergeous way of conveying one’s views and
impressions, when we would not converse but meditate, we pray for
a man’s diamond edition of his thought, without the colored
illuminations in the margin—the fishes and dragons, and unicorns,
the red or the blue ink, but its initial letter in distinct skeleton type,
and the whole so clipped and condensed down to the very essence
of it, that time will have little to do. We know not but we shall
immigrate soon, and would fain take with us all the treasures of the
east, and all kinds of dry, portable soups, in small tin canisters,
which contain whole herds of English beeves, boiled down, will be
acceptable.
The difference between this flashing, fitful writing and pure
philosophy, is the difference between flame and light. The flame,
indeed, yields light, but when we are so near as to observe the
flame, we are apt to be incommoded by the heat and smoke. But
the sun, that old Platonist, is set so far off in the heavens, that only
a genial summer-heat and ineffable day-light can reach us. But many
a time, we confess, in wintery weather, we have been glad to
forsake the sun-light, and warm us by these Promethean flames.
Carlyle must undoubtedly plead guilty to the charge of
mannerism. He not only has his vein, but his peculiar manner of
working it. He has a style which can be imitated, and sometimes is
an imitator of himself. Every man, though born and bred in the
metropolis of the world, will still have some provincialism adhering to
him; but in proportion as his aim is simple and earnest, he
approaches at once the most ancient and the most modern men.
There is no mannerism in the Scriptures. The style of proverbs, and
indeed of all maxims, whether measured by sentences or by
chapters, if they may be said to have any style, is one, and as the
expression of one voice, merely an account of the matter by the
latest witness. It is one advantage enjoyed by men of science, that
they use only formulas which are universal. The common language
and the common sense of mankind, it is most uncommon to meet
with in the individual. Yet liberty of thought and speech is only
liberty to think the universal thought, and speak the universal
language of men, instead of being enslaved to a particular mode. Of
this universal speech there is very little. It is equable and sure; from
a depth within man which is beyond education and prejudice.
Certainly, no critic has anywhere said what is more to the
purpose, than this which Carlyle’s own writings furnish, which we
quote, as well for its intrinsic merit as for its pertinence here. “It is
true,” says he, thinking of Richter, “the beaten paths of literature
lead the safeliest to the goal; and the talent pleases us most, which
submits to shine with new gracefulness through old forms. Nor is the
noblest and most peculiar mind too noble or peculiar for working by
prescribed laws; Sophocles, Shakspeare, Cervantes, and in Richter’s
own age, Goethe, how little did they innovate on the given forms of
composition, how much in the spirit they breathed into them! All this
is true; and Richter must lose of our esteem in proportion.” And
again, in the chapter on Goethe, “We read Goethe for years before
we come to see wherein the distinguishing peculiarity of his
understanding, of his disposition, even of his way of writing,
consists! It seems quite a simple style, [that of his?] remarkable
chiefly for its calmness, its perspicuity, in short, its commonness;
and yet it is the most uncommon of all styles.” And this, too,
translated for us by the same pen from Schiller, which we will apply
not merely to the outward form of his works, but to their inner form
and substance. He is speaking of the artist. “Let some beneficent
divinity snatch him, when a suckling, from the breast of his mother,
and nurse him with the milk of a better time, that he may ripen to
his full stature beneath a distant Grecian sky. And having grown to
manhood, let him return, a foreign shape, into his century; not,
however, to delight it by his presence, but, dreadful, like the son of
Agamemnon, to purify it. The matter of his works he will take from
the present, but their form he will derive from a nobler time; nay,
from beyond all time, from the absolute unchanging unity of his own
nature.”
But enough of this. Our complaint is already out of all proportion
to our discontent.
 Carlyle’s works, it is true, have not the stereotyped success which
we call classic. They are a rich but inexpensive entertainment, at
which we are not concerned lest the host has strained or
impoverished himself to feed his guests. It is not the most lasting
word, nor the loftiest wisdom, but rather the word which comes last.
For his genius it was reserved to give expression to the thoughts
which were throbbing in a million breasts. He has plucked the ripest
fruit in the public garden; but this fruit already least concerned the
tree that bore it, which was rather perfecting the bud at the foot of
the leaf stalk. His works are not to be studied, but read with a swift
satisfaction. Their flavor and gust is like what poets tell of the froth
of wine, which can only be tasted once and hastily. On a review we
can never find the pages we had read. The first impression is the
truest and the deepest, and there is no reprint, no double entendre,
so to speak, for the alert reader. Yet they are in some degree true
natural products in this respect. All things are but once, and never
repeated. The first faint blushes of the morning, gilding the
mountain tops, the pale phosphor and saffron-colored clouds do
verily transport us to the morning of creation; but what avails it to
travel eastward, or look again there an hour hence? We should be as
far in the day ourselves, mounting toward our meridian. These
works were designed for such complete success that they serve but
for a single occasion. It is the luxury of art, when its own instrument
is manufactured for each particular and present use. The knife which
slices the bread of Jove ceases to be a knife when this service is
rendered.
[Conclusion in our next.
 SONG.
———
BY WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT.
———

These prairies glow with flowers,

These groves are tall and fair;
The mocking-bird with music fills
The fragrant morning air.
And yet I pine to see
My native hill once more,
And hear the sparrow’s friendly chirp
Beside its cottage door.

And he for whom I left

My native hill and brook,
Alas! I sometimes think I trace
A coldness in his look.
If I have lost his love,
I know my heart will break;
And haply they I left for him
Will sorrow for my sake.
 THE MIDSHIPMAN’S FAREWELL.
———
BY MRS. CORNELIA DA PONTE.
———

When slumber seals those heavenly eyes,

And dreams of rapture round thee glow,
When angels watch, for angels love
To guard the pure from ills below,
Mine in that hour must keep the watch
Alone upon the midnight sea,
As winds and waves with hated speed
Bear me away from home and thee.

Yes, mine shall fix their silent gaze,

Nor shrink if danger hover near;
This hand that trembles now in thine,
Must grasp the sword without a fear;
And for the music of thy voice,
The stormy wave with shout of men,
For whispers soft, words stern and cold
Must be the sounds that hail me then.

The hour has come, fresh blows the gale,

Our ship moves down yon tide afar,
Away, away beyond that tide
Thy image follows as a star;
Farewell to thee, farewell to all,
My native land and skies above;
O who will greet the wanderer now
With soothing words or smiles of love?
Remember me, ’tis all I ask,
When others gaze, when others sigh,
When others plead with bending knee,
And drink the beauty of thine eye,
Remember then, for e’en in dreams,
Though bright they come, this heart shall weep,
My thirsting spirit vainly seek
Thy image on the lonely deep.
 LAW AND LOVE.
OR GAINING A CASE.

———
BY ICHABOD JONES.
———

“So, Oliver, you have a case with which to commence your career
at the bar?”
“Yes, thanks to Uncle Scott, I have.”
“And will you allow me to ask what it is?”
“Well, to tell you that, I must first know myself. I believe it to be
in relation to a contested will, but as to the particulars you are as
wise as I.”
“A will case, eh! I have heard old lawyers say they were the best
of cases, as far as fee is concerned.”
“To-morrow I am to have an interview with my client. My uncle
gave such a glowing description of her that he has quite raised my
curiosity.”
“A lady for a client! why that’s better yet. By the bye, Oliver, you
seem somewhat indifferent to the divine sex; and yet you have a
warm heart.”
“For friendship, James, but how can I think of love, the owner of
the six chairs, book-case and table you see, and nothing but my
profession to rely on for the future. Love never flourishes in so stern
a climate.”
“We have the best authority for knowing that it lives through the
fiercest tempest, as well as under the beautiful skies of Italy. What
do you think, Oliver, of a rich wife?”
“I think such advice comes very badly from you. Let me ask in
turn why you are about to connect yourself with a penniless girl,
when you might win the greatest fortune in town.”
 This question came to the point, but it received no other answer
than a light laugh as the young man turned on his heel to go.
“Well, Oliver, I wish you great success in the cause of this lovely
client. Good day,” said he, in the gleeful tone of a heart free from
care. And, indeed, if this could be the condition of any mortal in this
care-worn world, it was that of James Ashly. Thus far in life his path
had been strewn with flowers, and in the horizon of the future no
clouds were visible. The son of an opulent merchant, endowed by
nature with a good mind, and possessing in a rare degree that
animation only to be acquired by intercourse with gay society, he
was an unusual favorite with those in whose company he mingled,
especially the fairer portion, whose gentle hearts are ever gracious,
to that easy air and manner, too much neglected by their fancied
lords and superiors. But he joined with these superficial graces of
address, a cultivated intellect, stored with much useful information,
which are so seldom united as to be deemed inconsistent, if not
antagonistical. By the latter he retained all the good will and esteem
which by the former he gained.
In his extensive acquaintance no friend was more valued than
Oliver Barton, a young lawyer, in whose office the above
conversation occurred, and whose fortune consisted of little more
than a well-furnished mind and generous heart—a kind of wealth
little appreciated in this matter-of-fact world. He had been educated
by a maternal uncle, who rejoiced in the name of Scott, and having
made choice of the legal profession, was fitted in due course for the
bar. In the maiden speech he delivered, shortly after his admission,
he gave promise of future eminence and distinction. Unlike his
friend, he was reserved and somewhat diffident, but his intrinsic
worth and handsome form won favor and respect by less striking,
but equally certain means. It was only when well known that those
nice shades of merit, which so permanently recommend their
possessor, could be discovered in his character. His prominent
forehead and rather heavy brow gave a slight shade of melancholy
to his countenance, but their intellectual expression, increased by
the steady light of a dark eye, commanded admiration. When he
smiled a row of glistening teeth revealed themselves, and his
features were lit up with a life and joy rendered more striking by
their usual thoughtful repose.

——
 CHAPTER II.
The next day Oliver Barton proceeded to his office at an earlier
hour than usual; so early indeed that most of those adjoining were
still closed. Being of a meditative turn of mind, and even inclined to
castle-building, this era of his life afforded much subject for thought.
“If I succeed,” thought he, “it will be the commencement of an
extensive practice.” Forthwith, upon this contingency, he proceeded
to erect a magnificent superstructure in the air, which was finally
blown away by it occurring to him that he might not succeed.
Unwilling to contemplate this side of the picture, and remembering
his client was a lady, he took from the table before him
“Chesterfield’s Letters,” in hopes of finding something there both
useful and entertaining.
Notwithstanding the agreeable wit and advice of his lordship, the
hours passed heavily. At last in came Uncle Scott, a little, genteel-
looking person, in tight pantaloons and well-brushed coat, carrying
his ivory-headed cane under his arm. He looked the very
personification of a precise old bachelor, who had lived in the great
world and grown wise by experience.
“Here I am, according to appointment,” said he, pulling a showy
watch from its fob, “just half past twelve, and we are to be at Miss
Medford’s at one.”
“I’m ready, uncle,” returned Oliver, after having changed his coat
and settled his hat before the glass with extra attention. Mr. Scott,
like most old bachelors, was very punctual in fulfilling engagements.
“You told me, I believe, that Miss Medford was an orphan?” said
Oliver, when they had reached the street.
“Yes, poor thing,” answered Mr. Scott, “she lost her mother while
still an infant, and it has now been ten years since her father,
Charles Medford, died. He was a generous, noble-hearted fellow, but
too much given to fine company and expense. I recollect him well,
for we were young men together, and dashed about in the same gay
society. He married a beautiful woman for love,” and Uncle Scott
sighed, “with her face for her fortune, and as his own amounted to
little more, the match was any thing but happy. To be deprived of
the only parent she had ever known nearly broke Clara’s heart, and
she wept long and bitterly. So touching was her grief it affected the
heart of her uncle, John Medford, who, as he was a bachelor,
adopted her, and resolved to cherish her as his own. He was one of
the most singular men I have ever known. Withered and forbidding
in appearance, crabbed in temper, and particular about money
matters even to parsimony, he was no attractive object to so tender
a flower as Clara. But, by her childish love and attention, she
insinuated herself into his unkindly heart, and soothed the many
cares of the declining years of his life—so that even he blessed her.
At his death the principal amount of his property was bequeathed to
her, but with this singular provision, that if she marry within ten
years it was to go to some distant relative. Among the many whims
of the old man, he particularly hated a branch of his family, the
children of a disobedient sister. These are now endeavoring to prove
the illegality of the will in question, as they are entirely cut off by it
from all share in his estate; but you shall hear more of the
circumstances from her own lips.”
They were now at their destination, and in a few moments found
themselves seated in a spacious and richly furnished parlor,
containing many indications of female taste and attention. On the
centre-table lay a small boquet of beautiful flowers, blushing with
the freshness of the field, but which, on a closer inspection, were
found to be artificial, doubtless moulded under the delicate fingers
of the presiding fairy. A number of beautifully shaded landscape
sketches next attracted Oliver’s attention, and as he turned from one
to another he would have forgotten the dry subject on which he
came, but for the promptings of Mr. Scott.
They had not waited long before Clara Medford entered. If Oliver
had been affected by her story he was still more touched with her
winning grace and beauty, enhanced rather than obscured by the
deep mourning in which she was dressed. She was somewhat pale,
but he would have found no difficulty in accounting for this in her
late affliction, had not the sweet expression of her hazel eye more
than atoned for it. Her mien was so easy and unaffected that Oliver,
who had dreaded the awkward formality of so embarrassing an
interview, felt at once perfectly self-possessed. There was something
serene and even childlike in her countenance, which was extremely
interesting, and she seemed polite, rather because it was natural to
her, than in obedience to the requirements of custom.
We leave them to converse over the business of the suit, of
which the reader already knows sufficient for the purposes of our
narrative.

——
 CHAPTER III.
Some weeks after the scene of our last chapter, Clara Medford
was sitting where the young attorney had first seen her. Jane
Preston, an intimate friend, who had called to pay a morning visit,
sat by her side on the sofa with bonnet and shawl still on.
“Well, Clara,” said she, changing their conversation, “you are now
secured in the possession of this house and all your uncle’s property;
my, what wealth! I’m sure I wish it may yield you all the happiness
you desire.”
“Thank you, Jane, for your kind wishes,” answered Clara mildly,
“but I have thought that wealth seldom confers as much real
happiness as it brings additional care and anxiety.”
“But your care, unlike that of others, ends for the best.”
“True, I have no disappointment to complain of,” said Clara, “but
my success is only a negative pleasure, after all.”
“I am sure I should think it a very positive one,” returned Miss
Preston, as she rose to go. Clara pressed her to stay longer, but,
pleading an engagement, she proceeded to the door.
“But, Clara,” said she, continuing their conversation on the steps,
“do tell me who young Lawyer Barton is?”
“I know little more of him than that he is very talented in his
profession,” replied Clara, slightly blushing, more at the manner in
which it was asked than at the question itself.
“I have heard he was very retired, and went but little into
company,” continued Jane, giving information when she found none
was to be obtained. “But every one agrees that he has conducted
your late suit with great ability, for which, I suppose, you are very
grateful,” said she, with an arch side glance at her companion.
“I am, sincerely so,” returned Clara seriously, but with a rapid
change of countenance she added, “Oh! Jane, I almost forgot to ask
you whether you have yet appointed a day to gratify your sighing
swain?”
 “Oh!” exclaimed she, blushing crimson in turn, “I’ll tell you when
we’ve more time, for it’s a long story. Good-by, Clara, don’t be too
grateful to the handsome Mr. Barton,” and with a ringing, joyous
laugh, she tripped lightly down the marble steps.
“Good-by,” returned Clara, gazing after her retiring form, and
almost envying her the happy spirit with which she was animated.

At the time the above conversation occurred, Oliver Barton was

meditating on his encouraging success in the late trial, alone in the
office where twice before we have seen him. There was a more than
usual melancholy in the expression of his countenance. His head
rested on his hand, and at intervals he would heave an involuntary
sigh, as though his thoughts were of no agreeable nature. One
would have concluded that some great misfortune, rather than
triumphant success, had befallen him. At length he was roused from
his reverie by the sound of rapid footsteps in the entry, and in
another moment James Ashly had entered.
“Well, Oliver,” said he, “so you exerted your eloquence to some
purpose. I knew when I saw your eye that you intended carrying all
before you. But,” continued he, observing the dejected mood of his
friend, “what is the matter—have you heard of the death of any near
relative?”
“No,” answered Oliver, “I ought, I know, to be very happy.”
“You have cause to be so, certainly; then what has made you
look like a man contemplating suicide.”
“Sit down, James,” said Oliver, in a calm tone, and composing
himself as with an effort, “and I will tell you the cause; I confide in
your friendship, because I know its sincerity. The truth is, my
sentiments toward Miss Medford are not those of mere admiration,
they are warmer; I feel that I love her,” and starting from his chair,
he strode rapidly across the room.
“And, Oliver,” urged James, when the first surprise of so
unexpected an announcement was over, “is it cause of grief to love a
girl so amiable and beautiful as Miss Medford? You are already
esteemed by her, and time may incline her heart to a more tender
sentiment. There is but one short step between friendship and love.
This suit is now so happily terminated—”
“You have named the most embittering reflection of all,” said
Oliver, stopping before him and speaking earnestly; “by that decision
the validity of a will is established, which deprives her of the right to
dispose of her hand. By its mandate she must resign all; and what
could I offer to compensate her for the sacrifice? The homage of my
heart, and the devotion of my life, are worthless trifles. I knew,
while striving to establish her rights, that if successful I sealed my
own unhappiness, and forever cut off all hope of calling her mine. I
even debated with myself whether I might not lose the case by
mismanagement, and then win the heart of the trusting, beautiful
Clara. It was a great conflict for a single moment, but the temptation
yielded to a sense of honor and justice. Her cause triumphed; and at
least I have the melancholy satisfaction left of knowing that I served
the one I love.”
Oliver spoke with the eloquence of despair, and his friend
listened, engrossed in astonishment and admiration.
“I can appreciate the feelings which so trying a situation
prompts, but,” added he, the naturally sanguine disposition of his
mind prevailing over its first gloomy sensations, “trust to time for a
happy termination; for although your way is now overhung with
clouds, as you advance into the future, it will become brighter, and a
glorious store of happiness will be opened to your view.”
“Your words bid me hope,” answered Oliver, “but I fear while you
utter them your heart misgives you. No, no, James—I see no room
for hope, nothing to brighten my path with a solitary ray of comfort.
I must try to banish her image from my heart, and think of her only
in connexion with every thing lovely and perfect, never as my first
and only love. I can but make the effort, though I believe it will fail.”
James was sensible of all the deep despair and silently corroding
influence of “hope deferred;” its dreams and disappointments; its
moments of bright anticipation succeeded by still darker views of the
stern reality; its overwhelming anguish, and its rush of mad gayety
more dreadful than tears. He knew, too, the depth of passionate
feeling of which Oliver’s heart was capable, and shuddered as he
thought that the soul of one so generous and noble would be made
the prey of that slow and deadly poison, hopeless love. But by an
effort he suppressed the rising emotions of his breast, and continued
to urge the possibility of the future removing the obstacles which
now appeared so formidable.
“It is not to be expected,” said he, “nay, it is impossible, that one
so young and beautiful should remain single, in mere obedience to
the foolish whim of an uncle, no longer living. If her heart become
engaged, she will soon resign the gold, which is but a useless
burthen, and some one less scrupulous will possess the hand that
might be your own. Besides, will she not appreciate the struggle you
have endured, and the sacrifice of self in your conduct? And these
aided by the gratitude she already feels, are sufficient to win the
heart of any maiden.”
But the view thus presented, skillfully colored by the hand of
friendship, could not change the determination he had expressed.
“It was I,” said Oliver, “who undertook the case, and succeeded
in securing to her the full benefit of her uncle’s will; knowing, then,
its provisions, would it not be inconsistent, even fraudulent, in me to
attempt to defeat it now?”
To this James could oppose nothing, for he felt the delicacy of his
friend’s situation; he knew how deep was the suffering excited by
that absorbing passion of the soul when struggling with adversity or
oppression, and his own heart swelled with a generous sympathy, as
he grasped the hand of his friend on parting.

——
 CHAPTER IV.
Again we take a leap over a period of time which, to those in the
enjoyment of a life of pleasure and excitement, appears short, but to
the sufferer on a bed of sickness, or the condemned felon, is an age.
They, in whom we are more immediately interested, thought it either
brief or tedious, as it brought good or ill fortune. James Ashly,
though deeply concerned in the distress of his friend, was enabled
by the elasticity of his spirits to preserve that sprightly air, which had
in a manner become habitual. But he had much real cause for joy.
The girl who had long reigned mistress of his heart, had consented
to become a bride, and appointed a day for the wedding. As for
Oliver Barton, a heavy cloud rested on his brow, denoting deep-
seated grief. In vain his friend tried to entertain him, and draw his
mind from the melancholy subject on which it continually brooded;
in vain Oliver himself endeavored to carry out his resolution, and
banish all thought of Clara Medford from his mind; the effort only
proved the strength of his affection. But it was not weakness; he
could have trusted himself in her society, conversed with, worshiped
her, and yet kept the secret buried in his breast.
“Oliver,” said uncle Scott one day, bustling into his nephew’s
office, with a huge book under his arm, which looked as though it
might have been bound near the beginning of the seventeenth
century, “here is an old relic of your family, which I think you have
never seen—no less than the family Bible, containing a record of the
births, marriages, and deaths, of the ancestors in whose connexion
you have just reason to be proud.”
This was delivered with all the importance of one communicating
a valuable secret, never doubting that Oliver would feel as lively an
interest as himself.
“It is, in fact,” continued he, “a complete history of the house for
several generations back. The character of the writer is shown in the
chirography much better than in many a prosy biography.”
 Oliver expressed much more interest in the “old relic” than he
really felt, from a desire to please an indulgent uncle by humoring
his whims.
“Your father,” continued Mr. Scott, spreading the old volume
before him, and looking intently on it, “you will observe, was an only
son, with two sisters, Mary and Catharine Blake. The former died
early; here is the record in his own hand.” Oliver gazed on with
awakened attention. “The latter married Charles Blake.”
“Her name, then, was Catharine Blake,” said Oliver, earnestly.
“Yes,” answered Mr. Scott, “it was; my recollection serves me to
recall an incident in relation to her marriage. It was this; John
Medford loved her devotedly, but she could never return his
affection, and finally bestowed her hand on Charles Blake, who had
nothing but spotless worth and intelligence to recommend him. She
left no children, and is long since dead; but Medford, who always
cherished an affection for her, could never be persuaded of the truth
of the report.”
This account was heard by Oliver with breathless attention, and
as he examined the venerable record, a glow of intense joy lit up his
face. Observing this, Mr. Scott proceeded further back into the
annals of the Bartons, and expiated on the events and eras with
critical exactness. But the mind of his nephew was engrossed by
what he had already learned, and he scarcely heard the list of
marriages, and intermarriages, deaths, and births, which his uncle
recounted with painful minuteness.
At length he was alone.
“A ray of hope,” exclaimed he, “has already dawned, destined
probably to shed a propitious fight on my path. James was right; the
future may yet have a store of happiness provided for me, too great
even to contemplate.”

A goodly company was assembled in the lofty parlors of Miss

Medford’s residence. The young, the gay, the serious, the frivolous,
were there in indiscriminate profusion; some chatting familiarly on
the luxurious sofas and lounges, others walking or standing beneath
the chandelier, and not a few engaged in unseen, as they thought,
flirtations in the corners. The young and the old of both sexes
seemed to enjoy the scene with a peculiar relish. The flowers
sparkled in their vases, under the rich light of the numerous lamps;
the jewels glistened, their owners smiled, and all was gay, happy,
and inspiring.
Among that numerous and fashionable company, James Ashly
was the most joyful of the joyous, the happiest of the happy. His
heart had secured the prize for which it had so long contended—its
constant love had been crowned with success; and in the sweet
being leaning on his arm, he felt he possessed such a treasure as
the world could not equal. After a prolonged courtship, Jane Preston
became his bride—and they were now the admired of all admirers.
The small figure and benevolent countenance of Mr. Scott were not
less conspicuous in the crowd of happy faces which thronged the
apartments, whose walls had never witnessed so animated a scene.
But there was one individual who seemed to have no connexion
with any one present. He sat by himself, and took no part in the
conversation of either the young or old. His countenance bore deep
traces of habitual care and discontent, which, with the wrinkles of
age, gave it a sour and forbidding aspect. Dressed in a blue coat,
which might have fitted him when it was made, but now hung
loosely about his form; straight-collared vest, too long and too loose;
and pantaloons of the greatest redundancy of cloth—he appeared to
no advantage, nor did he seem to care. A nervous uneasiness
pervaded his frame, as though contemplating something beyond the
mere pleasure of being present. Sometimes his attention was
attracted by a witty remark, or joyful laugh, but he would turn away
his head, and smile dismally, as though he envied the happy heart
from which it echoed. The name of this person was Sandford. He
had been engaged in business with the deceased Mr. Medford, and
was in every respect a congenial spirit. At his death, Sandford was
left executor, and entrusted with the administration of the will.
The occasion which brought together this various company, and
gave it so lively a tone, was no less than the marriage of the modest
and charming Clara Medford to the handsome and talented Oliver
Barton.
The hour approached when the knot was to be tied, and the
grave minister, in his robes, was already present. A bustle was
suddenly perceptible through the rooms as the youthful couple
entered, the bride blushing to the borders of her dress, and the
groom, it must be confessed, paler than usual. The ceremony began
with that embarrassment always attending such occasions; and
many a heart palpitated with mingled emotions of joy and terror
under the solemn and impressive voice of the clergyman. The
earnest appeal was made for those who knew of any impediment “to
speak now, or ever after hold their peace.”
“This lady,” said Sandford, in the pause that followed, with the
astonished eyes of every one fixed on him, “this lady, by the present
act, forfeits, according to her uncle’s will, all title to his wealth, which
is to go to one Catharine Blake, or her heirs, if she be not living. I
thought it proper to make this declaration, as the legal executor of
the deceased Mr. Medford. The ceremony may now proceed.”
“And, sir,” said Oliver Barton, “the only surviving heir of Catharine
Blake you will recognize in me.”
A whisper of delight ran through the rooms at this unexpected
dénouement; the service proceeded, and in a few moments, tears,
kisses, and confusion announced the silken bands of matrimony had
firmly united two as pure, confiding hearts as ever throbbed in
human breast.
And thus the case was doubly gained.
 MY AUNT FABBINS’S OLD GARRET.
———
BY C. P. CRANCH.
———

I have often wondered whether there ever was in our whole

blessed United States, such a queer place as my Aunt Fabbins’s
garret. In all my migrations from city to city, from house to house,
from room to room, where I was the guest of people who were quite
differently constituted by nature and education from my good aunt, I
have thought to myself as I observed somewhat of the family
economy in these various hospitable abodes, that there could not
possibly be in a single one of them a room whose internal
arrangement or disarrangement bore the faintest resemblance to
that queer old garret at my Aunt Fabbins’s. Oh, it was the queerest
of all queer places that the sun ever peeped into or did not peep
into. Language utterly fails to tell how queer it was. I have
sometimes thought I would seriously sit down and describe it at
length; that I would take an inventory of all the queer things it
contained, one by one, with scientific patience and accuracy, and
give to the herein unenlightened world the results of my researches
and labors, in the shape of an article for some antiquarian society,
or, perhaps, some national academy of arts and sciences. Catacombs
and tombs, and Egyptian pyramids, have been thrown open to the
gaze of mankind, and the dim religious light of old cloisters and
cathedrals has been invaded by the prying spirit of utilitarian
curiosity and reform; and that which was hidden and mysterious,
hath been everywhere brought into the atmosphere of vulgar
daylight, and Penny Magazines, and Lyceum Lectures—and science
every where is laying his cold clutch upon the shrinking form of
poetic truth; then why should not the secrets of my Aunt Fabbins’s
queer old musty fusty garret be disclosed, and the world be one little
wrinkle the wiser?
Now I do not propose to treat this old garret and its contents
scientifically or chronologically—perhaps I shall treat it hardly
reverentially; and though there was many a monument therein of
past years, and many a hieroglyphic of deep significance were the
key only known, yet I shall modestly decline entering the lists with
Champollion or Mr. Gliddon. Other spirits more peculiarly gifted with
powers of investigation than myself, may, at some future time, visit
my aunt’s house, and if they should be favored by chance, or by
friendship, to enter that dim upper receptacle of the shadows of the
past, they may more fully explore a field which I have scarcely had
the courage or patience to do with completeness and accuracy.
But before I enlighten my readers upon the subject of this old
garret and its arcana, it will be necessary for me to give a glance at
one feature in the domestic economy of my Aunt and Uncle Fabbins.
A worthier and more warm-hearted old couple never lived. For
forty years they had shared the joys and sorrows of life together;
they had known many trials, but these had only bound them more
closely to each other, and to Heaven. They had married early, and
brought up a large family, like good parents and good Christians as
they were. In the earlier period of their wedded state, they had
both, through habit and necessity, managed all their domestic affairs
with the strictest economy. They were perfect patterns of
housekeeping and management to their neighbors. With the
extravagant Southerners, among whom they lived (for my uncle and
aunt emigrated from the land of steady habits, old Massachusetts,
soon after their marriage, into a more southern latitude, for the
same reasons, I suppose, which carry so many of our young
couples, nowadays, off to the west); among these Southerners, I
say, my Uncle and Aunt Fabbins were absolute wonders, so different
were their habits from those about them. There was no end, no
bound to the wonder of these people. They could not comprehend
how, with their limited income, they contrived to live so snugly and
genteelly. The richest families among them could not keep their
household arrangements from going “out in the elbows.” In the
winter time they never could keep their parlors warm, or their doors
shut. Their windows would rattle; the wind would blow in, bringing
influenza and consumption on its wings; they could not keep their
closets supplied with medicines, or even always with the necessary
eatables of life, but were somehow or other obliged to borrow of the
Fabbins’s. And in summer, they would leave their windows open to
every rain, or their chimneys would tumble down, or their garden-
tools would get lost or broken, or their children catch the ague and
fever, from running about in puddles, or eating green fruit; and then
the whole family establishment and family counsel and assistance of
the Fabbins’s were taxed for the ill-management of these
extravagant and improvident neighbors. If a pump-handle were
loose, or needed oiling, no one could put it to rights like Uncle
Fabbins. If a wheelbarrow or rake were broken, they invariably
borrowed of neighbor Fabbins. If a baby had the croup, the whole
family came in a committee of the whole to wait on the Fabbins’s;
Uncle Fabbins must prescribe the physic, and weigh it out, and Aunt
Fabbins must leave her sewing, or her pickling, or her ironing, and
run in to put the child into a warm bath. If a neighboring housewife
wanted a quart of meal, or a loaf of bread, or a pound of butter, she
would not scruple to send at all hours of the day, or night to draw
upon Mrs. Fabbins’s exhaustless store-house. Everybody knew just
where to go when any sudden want or emergency overtook them. I
remember hearing of a man who sent out his servant to one of his
neighbors’ houses, when a thunder storm was coming up, to give his
master’s compliments, and “please wouldn’t he lend him his
lightning-rod for a little while.” I have never heard that my uncle’s
neighbors ever went quite so far in their neighborly feelings as this,
but I do remember hearing my aunt relate one circumstance nearly
as amusing as this. A storm was coming up, and all the windows and
doors were closed—not a sign of any living creature was seen
abroad, save a few lazy cows, who began to think it best to retire to
their apartments in their respective cow-yards. The sky was growing
darker and darker; the wind swept by over trees and dusty roads in
fearful gusts; a few large rain-drops were beginning to fall, and one
or two vivid flashes of lightning had cleft the dark clouds, followed
by tremendous claps of thunder; when a small boy was seen running
violently toward my uncle’s house—a loud knocking was heard—the
summons was answered—and the embassy was not exactly to
borrow a lightning-rod, for there were none in those days, I believe,
but, “mother says, please lend her”—“What, child, is anybody
dying?” “No, marm, but mother says, please lend her—a nutmeg!”
“Parturiunt Montes!” I said to myself, when I heard it, (it was in
my college days, when I was fond of Latin quotations,) “et nascitur
ridiculus mus.”
This is not altogether a digression from my subject. I will come to
the garret presently, after I have patiently conducted my readers up
the preliminary steps. We must always begin at the bottom of the
stairs before we can get to the top; that old garret may be called the
flower, run to seed, of all this beautiful economy in the household
affairs of the Fabbins’s.
It was, indeed, a beautiful system of economy. The Fabbins’s
homestead was a little world in itself of ways and means—a
microcosm, where, for years, every thing that was needed stood at
hand ready for use, and every thing had its place. You could not lay
your hand upon the merest bit of broken crockery, or rusty nail, or
weather-stained shingle, or fragment of tangled twine, but it came
into service, sooner or later, in some part of the establishment—at
least so my aunt always affirmed. Honor to these good old folks for
their principles and their practice. If the world—if society at large—if
government could but take a lesson from these humble lights of
their little circle, how much poverty, and crime, and misery, would be
avoided, which now runs riot over the world.
But, alas! there is an old adage which will come sneaking into the
corner of my brain, as I continue to trace my way up toward the old
garret—some cynic philosopher must have given it birth; “too much
of a good thing is good for nothing.” Rather harsh, friend
philosopher, but the rough shell may be found to contain a kernel of
truth.
And here I am much disposed to fall into some deep reflections,
and give utterance to some very profound remarks, and even go into
some winding digressions about the philosophy of ultraism, and
show how there is no one truth, or good principle, which, if
emphasized too strongly and exclusively, may not result in a falsity
and an evil. Virtue may become vice, truth error, if we persist in
riding our favorite hobby forever in the same way, and on the same
road. Let us not dwell forever in the parts and particles of good, but
in the whole. Let us not breathe the gasses, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, or carbonic acid, but air.
Having taken my patient reader this long step upward, we come
to a landing and a breathing place on the stairs. Let us have a little
more patience yet, and we shall finally come to the garret. I already,
in fancy, begin to inhale its musty fragrance.
Acting uniformly on this principle of throwing away or destroying
nothing that might, at some future time, be turned to account in
some of the departments of the household economy, my good uncle
and aunt had gradually accumulated around them a little of every
thing that was ever known or thought of in the memorandum-book
of a housekeeper. It so happened that they had gone through
several removals from one house to another, in their forty years of
housekeeping, (they always had an aversion to boarding,) and all
their effects from the greatest to the least, from looking-glasses and
bedsteads down to broken saucers and barrel-hoops, were always
taken along with them. Not a scrap of any kind, were it nothing
more than an old newspaper, or a dozen of old broken corks, was
ever suffered to be thrown away.
“Mother,” said my aunt’s youngest daughter, Jemima, once, on
the eve of one of their removals, “I shall throw away these old bits
of rusty iron—they cannot possibly be of any use to us; they have
been lying in this corner for years, and the spiders have made a
grand nest among them.”
“You shan’t throw them away, child!” said my aunt, “they’ll all
come into use. Waste not, want not, my dear. When you live to be
as old as I am, you will be cured of these extravagant whims.”
“But, mother, what use can possibly be made of them?” said
Jemima.
“Use enough, my dear,” said my aunt. “Stop up rat holes, made
into hinges—plenty of use for them; at any rate the blacksmith will
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