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Lect 7 Controller Implementation 22 Jan 2025

The document outlines the implementation of feedback controllers in control systems, detailing various types such as analog, electronic, pneumatic, and their respective components and functionalities. It covers modes of operation including proportional, integral, derivative, and combinations thereof, highlighting the mechanisms involved in each type of controller. Additionally, it provides insights into the design and operation of pneumatic controllers and their applications in process control.

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Bharani chandra Prabhu
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5 views

Lect 7 Controller Implementation 22 Jan 2025

The document outlines the implementation of feedback controllers in control systems, detailing various types such as analog, electronic, pneumatic, and their respective components and functionalities. It covers modes of operation including proportional, integral, derivative, and combinations thereof, highlighting the mechanisms involved in each type of controller. Additionally, it provides insights into the design and operation of pneumatic controllers and their applications in process control.

Uploaded by

Bharani chandra Prabhu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ICPC25 – Logic And Distributed Control Systems

Jan 2025 Session – VI Sem. B.Tech (ICE)

Lecture-7: Feedback Controller Implementation

22-Jan-2025
Dr. Sri Ram Shankar R.
Assistant Professor, Dept. of ICE,
Chamber No. 204-A, First Floor, Dept. Main Building
NIT-Tiruchirappalli.
E-mail: [email protected], +91-431-250 3366
Analog Controller Front Panel
• Displays information for operators
and allows adjustment of the
setpoint.
• Setpoint knob moves a sliding
scale measurement-value
indicator.
• Display: percentage of span (4 to
20 mA or 3 to 15 psi) controller
output,
• Manual/ Automatic Mode

• Adjust operation of the controller modes: the proportional, integral


Side Panel
(reset), and derivative (rate) gains can be adjusted.
• Filtering action and reverse/direct operation can often be selected.
22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 2
Electronic Controller
Error Detection using a Floating
Power Supply

Error Detection using a Ground-based current


and Differential Amplifier

Ve = Vsp - IR
Vm = IRL
22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 3
2-Position Control with Neutral Zone
VH = Vsp

The width of the neutral zone between VH and VL can be


adjusted by variation of R2
22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 4
Proportional Mode Controller

Proportional band: PB = 100/KP


22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 5
Integral Mode Controller

22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 6


Derivative Mode Controller

Derivative action is ensured provided the condition 2πfR1C << 1

22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 7


PI Controller
Proportional Band

Integration Gain

22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 8


PD Controller

Proportional Gain

Derivative Gain

22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 9


PID Controller

22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 10


Pneumatic Controllers
The pneumatic controller is based on the nozzle/flapper

22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 11


Pneumatic Amplifier
A pneumatic amplifier, also called a booster or relay, raises the pressure and/or air
flow volume by some linearly proportional amount from the input signal.

(30-150psi)

Pressure Gain = 10
Plug

Diaphragm

(3-15 psi)
22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 12
Flapper Nozzle Mechanism

22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 13


Current to Pressure Converter

22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 14


Pneumatic Proportional Controller
• If the input pressure increases, the input bellows forces the
flapper to rotate to close off the nozzle.
• The output pressure increases so that the feedback bellows
exerts a force to balance that of the input bellows.
• Balance condition then occurs when torques exerted by each
about the pivot are equal
Torque Balance:

22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 15


Pneumatic Controller

https://www.technocrazed.com/29-11-pneumatic-pid-controllers
22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 16
Pneumatic Controller…

Foxboro model 43AP pneumatic controller –


manual/auto transfer switch and balance indicator

22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 17


Pneumatic Proportional-Integral Controller
• An extra bellow with a variable restriction is
added to the proportional system.
• Input pressure increase → drives the flapper
toward the nozzle, increasing output pressure
until the proportional bellows balances the
input.
• The integral bellows is still at the original
output pressure, because the restriction
prevents pressure changes from being
transmitted immediately.
• As the increased pressure on the output bleeds
through the restriction, the integral bellows
slowly moves the flapper closer to the nozzle,
thereby causing a steady increase in output
pressure.
• The variable restriction allows for variation of
the leakage rate, and hence the integration
22-Jan-2025 time.
Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 18
Pneumatic Proportional – Derivative Controller
• A variable restriction is placed on the line leading to
the balance bellows.

• Thus, as the input pressure increases, the flapper is


moved toward the nozzle with no impedance,
because the restrictions prevent an immediate
response of the balance bellows.

• Thus, the output pressure rises very fast and then,


as the increased pressure leaks into the balance
bellows, decreases as the balance bellows moves
the flapper back away from the nozzle.

• Adjustment of the variable restriction allows for


changing the derivative time constraint.

22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 19


Pneumatic PID Controller
• By opening or closing
restrictions, the three-
mode controller can be
used to implement the
other composite modes

• Proportional gain, reset


time, and rate are set by
adjustment of bellows
separation and restriction
size.

22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 20


Two Position Temperature Controller

22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 21


Thank you !

Refer: C. D. Johnson, Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8th ed. Chapter 10.

22-Jan-2025 Lect-7: Feedback Controller Implementation 22

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