Complex Analysis

Shilpa G.

15 June 2022

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 Singular points
Recall: A point z0 is called a singular point of a function f if f fails
to be analytic at z0 but is analytic at some point in the every
neighbourhood of z0 .
z +1
1. For f (z) = 3 2 , z = 0 and z = ±ı̇ are singular
z (z + 1)
points.

2. For Log z = ln r + ı̇✓, (r > 0, ⇡ < ✓ < ⇡), z = 0 and

1
3. For f (z) = , has singular points at z = 0 and
sin(⇡/z)
z = 1/n (n = ±1, ±2, · · · )

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Definition
1. A singular point z0 is said to be isolated singular point if there
exists a deleted neighbourhood of z0 throughout which f is
analytic in 0 < |z z0 | < ✏.

2. If a singular point z0 is not an isolated singularity, then we

Remark: If there is a positive number R1 such that f is analytic for

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 Fact
When a point z0 is an isolated singular point of f (z), then there
exists a positive number R2 such that we can extend f (z) in a
Laurent series about z0 which is given by
1
X 1
X
n bn
f (z) = an (z z0 ) + (0 < |z–z0 | < R2 )
(z z0 )n
n=0 n=0

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 Residues
Definition
If z0 is an isolated singular point of function f (z), such that f is
analytic at each point z for 0 < |z z0 | < R2 , then there is
Laurent series representation of f (z) in in this domain given by
1
X
n b1 b2 b3
f (z) = an (z z0 ) + + 2
+ 3
+ ···
(z z0 ) (z z0 ) (z z0 )
n=0

1
The complex number b1 , which is coefficient of (z z0 ) , is called the
residue of f at the isolated singular point z0 .

We write, b1 = Res f (z)

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 Examples

sin z z2 z4 z6
1. f (z) = z =1 3! + 5! 7! ··· (0 < |z| < 1)

1 1 1
2. f (z) = z 2 (1+z)
= z2 z +1 z + z 2 · · · (0 < |z| < 1)

1 1 z z3
3. f (z) = z cos z = z 2! + 4! ··· (0 < |z| < 1)

1 z 1 z 2 z 3
4. f (z) = z exp z = z +1+ 2! 3! + 4! · · · (0 < |z| < 1)

1 2 z 4 z 6
5. f (z) = exp z2
=1+z + 2! + 3! + · · · (0 < |z| < 1)

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Recall that, Z
1 f (z)dz
bn =
2⇡ı̇ C (z z0 ) n+1
then Z
1
b1 = f (z) dz
2⇡ı̇ C
this implies, Z
f (z) dz = 2⇡ı̇b1
C

Z
f (z) dz = 2⇡ı̇ Res f (z)
C z=z0

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Example Z
1/z 2
Evaluate the contour integral e dz, where C : |z| = 1.
C

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Example Z
Evaluate the contour integral z 2 sin(1/z)dz, where C : |z| = 1.
C

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Example Z
dz
Evaluate the contour integral , where C : |z 2| = 1.
C z(z 2)4

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 Cauchy’s Residue Theorem
Theorem (Cauchy’s Residue Theorem)
Let C be a simple closed contour described in the positive sense. If
a function f is analytic inside and on C except for a finite number
of singular points zk (k = 1, 2, 3, · · · , n) inside C then
Z n
X
f (z)dz = 2⇡ı̇ Res f (z)
C z=zk
k=1

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Example Z
5z 2
Evaluate the contour integral dz, where C : |z| = 2.
C z(z 1)

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