PFM300

Web Interface User Manual

DIgSILENT Monitoring Systems

PFM300
Web Interface User Manual

Online Edition

DIgSILENT GmbH

Gomaringen, Germany

November 29, 2021

 Publisher:
DIgSILENT GmbH
Heinrich-Hertz-Straße 9
72810 Gomaringen / Germany
Tel.: +49 (0) 7072-9168-0
Fax: +49 (0) 7072-9168-88

Please visit our homepage at:

https://www.digsilent.de

Copyright DIgSILENT GmbH

All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or
distributed in any form without written
permission of the publisher.

November 29, 2021

Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 User Access 3

2.1 Connection to device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.2 Log in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 Administrator User Settings 5

3.1 Setting IP Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.2 Create/Modify User & User Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.2.1 User Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.2.2 Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.2.3 Adding new Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.2.4 Modifying existing Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.3 Time and Date settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.4 PFM300 System Restart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.5 Firmware Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.6 Calibration File Upload/Download . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.6.1 Calibration file download . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.6.2 Calibration file upload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.7 Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.7.1 Licence Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.7.2 Uploading a licence when licence container is empty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.7.3 Renewing an expired Licence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.7.4 Download Licence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4 Web Interface Surface 13

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CONTENTS

4.1 Main menu bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4.2 Action bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4.3 Status bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.4 Alarm Status View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4.5 Monitoring Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.5.1 Action bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.6 Machine Configuration Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4.6.1 Upload, download, activate, delete and edit configuration files . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4.6.2 Uploading and downloading calibration files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4.6.3 Activating a configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4.6.4 Editing a configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4.7 CMU - Machine configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4.7.1 System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4.7.2 System Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.7.3 Triggering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.7.4 Data Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4.7.5 Web Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4.7.6 Power Quality - IEC 610000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

4.8 Input Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

4.8.1 Smart Signal Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

4.8.2 PMUs (Phasor Measurement Unit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

4.8.3 Modbus Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

4.9 Signal Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

4.9.1 Main (SSU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

4.9.2 Custom Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

4.9.3 Modbus Input Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

4.9.4 Quick Selector Table - Signal Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

4.10 Digital Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

4.10.1 Digital Output Bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

4.11 Output devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

4.12 Trigger settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

4.12.1 General Handling of Trigger Configuration Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

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CONTENTS CONTENTS

4.12.2 Specific Trigger Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

4.12.3 Quick Selector Table - Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

4.13 External Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

4.14 Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

4.14.1 Monitor Up- and Download . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

4.14.2 Export or Import Monitor Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

4.14.3 Module Templates and Module Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

4.14.4 Create a monitor instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

4.14.5 Delete a Monitor Instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

4.14.6 Parameter of a Monitor Instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

4.15 Fault Locator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

4.15.1 Functional description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

4.15.2 Fault Locator Parameter and Variable Bindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

4.16 Online Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

4.16.1 Create manually, a new customised View with text signal displays . . . . . . . . . 83

4.16.2 Linking View Displays with Measurement Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

4.16.3 Creating a new View via template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

4.16.4 Creating a new View (automated) text signal display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

4.16.5 Creating own view Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

4.16.6 Customising “View Display” settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

4.16.7 Creating line chart Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

5 Contact 97

5.1 Direct Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

5.2 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

iii
CONTENTS CONTENTS

iv
Chapter 1

Introduction

The PowerFactory monitoring system was developed to measure electrical quantities of power networks.
It can be used to acquire data, calculate RMS values and save data to ComTrade files. In addition,
trigger conditions can be set. This allows continuous monitoring with event driven data acquisition.

Note: This user manual describes only the Web Interface Control Function of the PFM300. In order to
learn more about the hardware for operation and connection of the PFM300, please refer to the
hardware manual.

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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

2 DIgSILENT PFM300, Web Interface Software Manual

Chapter 2

User Access

2.1 Connection to device

The Web Interface can be reached from a laptop connected to the front LAN port of the SSU (see figure
2.1.1), by entering the path http://33.72.0.1:7282/pfm/ into a web browser.

Figure 2.1.1: Front LAN connection

Figure 2.1.2: IPC LAN Connections

It is also possible via back LAN sockets from the SSU - LAN 1 or LAN 2, which can be found on the IPC
card (see figure 2.1.2), by using the web access http://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:7282/pfm/.

xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx must be replaced by the corresponding IP address which may have been previously
set. The default of LAN 1 (top) is set to DHCP; the default IP of LAN 2 (bottom) is 33.72.0.11.

Note: To access the SSU via a local laptop or PC connection using either the front Lan port or the rear
IPC Lan (port 2), one must change the local Laptop or PC IP address environment to fit with that
from the connected port of the SSU. One can always change the local IP address to 33.72.0.99,
remembering to use the sub net mask 255.0.0.0, because this address is always available. Once
the settings have been made on laptop or PC, both rear and front Lan ports can be used for
connecting to the Web Interface.

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CHAPTER 2. USER ACCESS

2.2 Log in

There are four different user access group names with which one can log in to the web interface. These
are, Administrators, Operators, PowerUsers and Viewers.

The Administrator account can change the user configuration and critical parts of the system configura-
tion. The Administrator account username is Administrator and has the default password Administrator.

The PowerUser account (PFMAdmin) can change non-critical parts of the configuration. The PowerUser
account is a default account. The username PFMAdmin has the default password PFMAdmin.

The Operator account is a standard user that can only see monitoring views. The username Operator
has the default password Operator.

The Viewer account can only see monitoring views. The default Viewer account has the username
Default, which is, by default, not secured with a password but instead accessed by just pressing enter.

Users and the associated User Groups can be added and modified by logging on to the SSU system
as an Administrator. Making modifications is described in Chapter 3.

Figure 2.2.1: Login window

4 DIgSILENT PFM300, Web Interface Software Manual

Chapter 3

Administrator User Settings

Logging on to the SSU32 system as Administrator allows the user to modify critical system-specific
settings, perform firmware updates, upload or download calibration files, create user groups and set
passwords.

3.1 Setting IP Address

There are a variety of socket connections available on the SSU. Three Ethernet connections are always
available and then there is the possibility to add an Interface Card (IF-Card) in the given slot, which will
result in another two Ethernet sockets connections being activated. (IF-Card option 1 in figure 3.1.2).

Of the three fixed Ethernet connections, one is found in the front panel and the other two are on the
back of the SSU’s industrial PC, see section 2.1. The IP-Addresses from the "top back (LAN 1)" and
"bottom back (LAN 2)" sockets are configurable. The Front LAN has a static IP address 33.72.0.1 with
subnet 255.0.0.0; that cannot be changed. A control check box "Connected" shows whether the LAN
sockets are connected and are communicating. See fig. 3.1.2

In order to modify the settings, the monitoring measurement must first be stopped. Only then will the IP
settings window will become available, allowing the user to modify one of the port IP addresses. This is
also the case for any other system-relevant changes. See fig. 3.1.1. To accept the changes, the commit
button becomes active and can then be pressed.

Figure 3.1.1: Start/Stop/Commit buttons found in the action bar

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CHAPTER 3. ADMINISTRATOR USER SETTINGS

Figure 3.1.2: IP address edit

3.2 Create/Modify User & User Groups

3.2.1 User Groups

Four different user groups are available to select from, providing different levels of access, which include
a modification level and an authorisation level. See figure 3.2.1 1 .

- The Administrator group member has the rights to change the user configuration and critical parts of
the system configuration, but views and displays for on-line measurement readings won’t be available.

- PowerUser group members are Power users, who can change non-critical parts of the configuration.
Views of on-line measurement can be created and edited, but also will be displayed.

- Operator group members can initiate writing a manual monitor file and/or execute a manual trigger.

- Viewer group members are standard users, who only can view the monitoring display views.

6 DIgSILENT PFM300, Web Interface Software Manual

 3.2. CREATE/MODIFY USER & USER GROUPS

Figure 3.2.1: User and User Group configuration menu

3.2.2 Users

Four users are available by system default. These are: Administrator, PFMAdmin, Operator and Default.
All users except for Administrator are modifiable, as in changing the name or user group. Additional
users can be added, but they cannot be given Administrator group rights. The PFMAdmin user has the
rights from the Power User group, the Operator has the rights from the Operator group and the Default
user has the rights from the Viewer group.

3.2.3 Adding new Users

Select User Configuration from the Users folder. When the Users folder is selected, an Add button
found under the Edit action bar will appear. A new user can be created by selecting the Add button.
A pop-up will appear, as shown in figure 3.2.2. Enter the new user name. Select the appropriate user
group. Finally add a password to secure the user access if security is necessary or leave blank for no
password. The new user name will appear in the Users folder after being confirmed. Open the new user
to make the settings for enabling, set Auto logout, set multi sessions and permit password changes.

Figure 3.2.2: Creating a new User

3.2.4 Modifying existing Users

From the menu, select the User to be modified. The User Name and the User Group can then be
changed. Selecting ’enable user’ allows the user to log on. Select or unselect Auto Logout. In
an activated state the system will log off automatically after 24 hours of inactivity, which is highly
recommended. Multi Session selection allows more than one person at a time to view using the same
User, with the exception of user group Power User users. After modifications, use the Commit button
in the edit action bar to apply modifications made to the user. A user can also be completely removed
by clicking on the Remove button in the edit action bar, see 1 in figure 3.2.3.

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CHAPTER 3. ADMINISTRATOR USER SETTINGS

Figure 3.2.3: Removing a User

3.3 Time and Date settings

Before changing any settings, the system must first stop measuring; this is done by clicking on the Stop
button 7 .

Time and date settings can be adjusted in the Service menu 1 - Time Settings 2 . Time 3 , Date
4 and Time Zone 5 can be modified. The Time 3 and the Date 4 can only be changed if no time

synchronization card has been installed. If required, the daylight savings time setting can be also
activated 6 . A system reboot will take place as soon as the user clicks on the commit button.

6
1

4
2

Figure 3.3.1: Time and Date Settings

8 DIgSILENT PFM300, Web Interface Software Manual

 3.4. PFM300 SYSTEM RESTART

3.4 PFM300 System Restart

At some point in time it may be necessary to make a system restart because the measurement may not
be running or somehow the measurement has become frozen. There are two different machine types
1 available in the system menu 2 . The CMU is in charge of the windows software part and the SSU is

more for the hardware side.

3 6 4

Figure 3.4.1: PFM300 System restart

It is recommended to try to reboot the SSU first. If this doesn’t help, then try rebooting the CMU and
then reboot the SSU once more if the system has not already started working properly. To select the
machine type which should be rebooted, click and highlight in blue the SSU for instance, 2 , as shown
in figure 3.4.1. The active measurement must be first stopped 3 , then it will be possible to click on the
Reset button 4 . The system will internally reboot and the Web Interface will log itself out automatically.
After about a minute, it will be possible to log on to the system again.

3.5 Firmware Update

There are firmware updates available at regular intervals, which contain bug fixes and improved operat-
ing features. Therefore it is recommended to keep the firmware as current as possible by uploading the
latest updates.

In order to carry out an update, referring to figure 3.4.1, select menu Service, then System 2 . Once
the System window has been opened, the actual firmware version that’s installed on the PFM300 can
be seen here 5 . A firmware update can only be done when the measurement is not running. So the
measurement has to be stopped 3 . Select the Firmware update button 6 in the menu bar and select
the update file by browsing to the location where it has been saved. If there is a PfmShellUpdate, always
carry out this update first; the PFM300VersionUpdate will be done after the shell has successfully been
installed.

Important: Refresh browser and wait 30 seconds after confirming the update process, then log back on
to the system as Administrator.

Now it is possible to perform the second update - (the PFM300VersionUpdate) via the same process
described above. After completing this, log on to the system. The system should now be showing the
actual installed Firmware and Shell versions.

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CHAPTER 3. ADMINISTRATOR USER SETTINGS

3.6 Calibration File Upload/Download

In conjunction with the measurement cards used in a PFM measurement system, calibration files are
needed in order to display the precise readings. These cal files are saved on the CMU operating system,
using a file name consisting of the card’s serial number in an (.ini) file, e.g. UA-1131.ini.

Calibration files can be both uploaded and downloaded, but only the Administrator user has the rights
to upload.

3.6.1 Calibration file download

Referring to figure 3.6.1, in the Service / System menu 1 , the calibration download button 2 in the
action bar is available. Clicking on this button will bring up a dialog asking for the location to which the
zip files shall be saved. Select the location and then click on the Save button.

3.6.2 Calibration file upload

Referring again to figure 3.6.1, go to the Service / System 1 menu bar to open up the calibration upload
page. The measurement must be stopped 4 for the Upload button 3 to become available for selection.
Select the Upload button 3 in the action bar. In the dialog which comes up, browse for the location
of the calibration file ending with (.ini) or a Zip file containing more than one .ini files, then select for
uploading. A system reboot will take place, in order to load the new calibration files.

4 3 2

Figure 3.6.1: Calibration files Up and Download

Note: If the user is logged on as a PFMAdmin user, only downloads will be possible. Uploads can only
be carried out by the Administrator user.

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 3.7. LICENSING

3.7 Licensing

A licence feature has been added to the PFM300 software, implemented from Firmware Version 1.1.18.1
onwards. This means that the PFM300 system needs a licence in order to be able to run future firmware
updates. Also, the new GCC Grid Code Compliance feature implemented in the PFM300 software will
need a licence to validate Modules that can be added to the system. Customers under a maintenance
contract have a licence that can be upgraded at regular intervals. New systems generally have a licence
which supports one year of updates. For systems that may not have a licence or the licence has expired,
a licence renewal can be requested from DIgSILENT. This section covers the steps needed in order to
add or renew a licence on a PFM300 system.

3.7.1 Licence Menu

To get to the licence section and to be able to upload a licence, log on to the PFM300 System as an
Administrator. As shown in figure 3.7.1, go to the Service menu 1 , select the Licensing menu 2 . The
Licensing page will open. If there is no licence, then the Licensed Features window 3 will be empty.

1 3

5 4

Figure 3.7.1: Licensing Window

3.7.2 Uploading a licence when licence container is empty

Click on the Download Machine Ids button 4 (see figure 3.7.1). A pop-up window will appear asking to
“ Save As” the ID file on your local PC for example. This file has to be sent to DIgSILENT via email in
order for DIgSILENT to generate a licence file using the system data.

Once a reply email with the licence file has arrived, it can be uploaded into the system by clicking on
the Upload License button 5 seen in figure 3.7.1. A pop-up window will appear where the licence must
be selected out of the storage location, to execute and complete the upload.

Once the upload has taken place, restart the PFM300 system, preferably by switching the device off
and back on again. When opening the licensing window this time, the uploaded licence will be as seen,
as shown in figure 3.7.2 1 .

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CHAPTER 3. ADMINISTRATOR USER SETTINGS

4 5

2 3

6 7

Figure 3.7.2: Installed Licence

In figure 3.7.2 the licence seen is defined as follows:

• 2 Firmware licence
• 3 Firmware licence expiry date
• 4 Property - in the case of the Firmware Property, this allows a max. version update (See Value)
• 5
Value - this is the value to which the Version can be updated to, using this licence.

• 6 GCC Module licence

• 7 GCC Module licence expiry date

3.7.3 Renewing an expired Licence

Follow the same steps described in section 3.7.2 with the exception of having to download the Machine
ID.

3.7.4 Download Licence

The Download License button 8 seen in figure 3.7.2 is only needed if DIgSILENT Support requests
the licence file for problem investigation.

Note: The licence is hardware-bound and cannot be downloaded to upload and install it on a different
device. The machine ID is generated using ID information from components like the IPC or DAQ.

12 DIgSILENT PFM300, Web Interface Software Manual

Chapter 4

Web Interface Surface

Each SSU is installed with a web interface tool where all system configurations can be made for
displaying and recording realtime analog and digital signals.

4.1 Main menu bar

Figure 4.1.1: Main menu bar

When logged on as PFMAdmin user, the Main menu bar contains the Monitoring menu, where displays
and actual readings of analog and digital signals can be viewed, the Machine Configuration menu,
where configuration settings for measurement of the SSU device can be set, and the Service menu,
where critical settings can be viewed and alarms displayed.

When logged on as an Administrator user, the Monitoring menu is not available, therefore the User
Configuration menu appears.

4.2 Action bar

Figure 4.2.1: Action bar

The action bar contains different commands depending on the menu context selected from the Main
menu bar.

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CHAPTER 4. WEB INTERFACE SURFACE

4.3 Status bar

1 2 3 4 5

Figure 4.3.1: Status bar

1 2 3 4 5

Figure 4.3.2: Status bar - Edit mode

The status bar at the very bottom of the web tool contains the overall status summary of the system.
The following information as seen in figure 4.3.1 and 4.3.2 is described below.

1 Loaded configuration: There are two different possible configuration modes - Working Mode
1

or Edit Mode. Working Mode is the active configuration. Edit Mode means the configuration is being
edited and so its name is shown in red.
2 Communication status
3 Operation status: Idle, trigger and recording statuses are possible.
4 4 Alarms status icon: When there are no alarms active, this icon is grey. It turns red when there is

a fault. By clicking the icon, the user can navigate to the alarms view directly.
5 5
Recording status icon: When the system is not recording, this icon is grey. In recording state, it
is green.

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 4.4. ALARM STATUS VIEW

4.4 Alarm Status View

The alarm status view as shown in figure 4.4.1 is a summary table of the status of all alarms (shown
events are type Error or Critical Error ). Since events can be defined by configuration, the number of
alarms shown in the alarms view depends on hardware and configuration that is being used.

1 2 3 4 5

Figure 4.4.1: Alarm status view

The alarm table contains five columns:

1 Alarm Status: The icon is green when there are no fault events of the corresponding type. It turns
red when a fault has occurred
2 Event Text: A short description of the event
3 Machine name: The machine or system name the event belongs to
4 Machine ID: The machine or system ID the event belongs to
5
Event Source: The hardware component which is the source of the event

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4.5 Monitoring Menu

5 6 7

Figure 4.5.1: Monitoring display

As seen in figure 4.5.1, the Monitoring menu folder 1 contains one sub folder - Online Data 2 . This
folder can contain different View pages 3 . Each view page can contain a variety of displays according
to the specified requirements 4 . The measurement readings can be taken from here.

4.5.1 Action bar

The action bar of the Monitoring page contains the following command buttons:

5
Monitoring action bar:

START: The measurement recording that takes place on the SSU is started by clicking on the Start
button.

STOP: The Stop command stops the measurement being recorded by the SSU. A monitoring file will
be written with a recording duration from the last start-up or from midnight, up to when the stop button
was used.

WRITE: The Write command writes an additional monitoring file with a recording duration from the last
start or from midnight, up until the write command was triggered. This file is additional to the ones
which are written for a whole day up to midnight or when the system is stopped. The manually triggered
Monitor file has a different name, of the format Monitor_M.

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6 Trigger action bar:

START: The Start command initiates a manual trigger.

STOP: This command stops the manually-triggered recording. Only active during the duration of the
trigger recording.

ENABLE: If the triggering has been disabled, the Enable button will be active. By clicking on the Enable
button, the pre-set triggers will be reactivated.

DISABLE: The Disable button stops the triggering. If the button is active, it can be used to disable the
triggers.

7 Configuration action bar:

EDIT CONFIG: Starts the edit mode; a configuration has to be selected from the configuration archive.

FINISH EDIT: Ends the edit mode. Only active whilst in edit mode. See figure 4.6.2 1

ACTIVATE: Loads the selected configuration; once fully loaded it will be ready to start measurement.

UPLOAD: With the Upload command a configuration file can be uploaded from the local computer to
the SSU configuration archive.

DOWNLOAD: With the Download command a configuration file can be downloaded from the SSU
configuration archive to the local computer.

SAVE AS: With the Save As command, the configuration can be saved in the configuration archive.
Only active during edit mode. See figure 4.6.2 2

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4.6 Machine Configuration Menu

In order to operate and record information with the PFM300 system, the machine has to be configured
with local parameters for the sites where the system is being used. The configuration can be made
using a existing configuration or by uploading a previously-created default configuration which has the
basic parameter settings already programmed so that only specific parameters have to be added or
changed. These settings can be made in the Machine Configuration menu page 1 seen in figure 4.6.1.

8 2 6 7 3 4 5

Figure 4.6.1: Machine Configuration Menu

4.6.1 Upload, download, activate, delete and edit configuration files

It may be necessary to import and export configuration files. A reason to Export (Download) a file may
be to have a copy as a backup on a USB stick or to save on a local server, or possibly to use the
same configuration for a different system where an import (Upload) must be carried out. Also external
configurations that have been made by the PFM support centre, for example, could be sent via email
and need to be imported into the PFM system.

4.6.1.1 Configuration upload

Uploading configuration files to the PFM300 system is done by clicking the Upload button 3 seen in
figure 4.6.1. A pop-up window will appear. A Browse button to search for the configuration file location
must be selected. After executing the upload, the edit or activate button should be used to check that the
new configuration has been transferred. Uploads can be carried out regardless of whether the system
is measuring or not.

4.6.1.2 Configuration download

Downloading a configuration file is done using the Download button 4 seen in figure 4.6.1, and follows
similar steps as uploading. Downloads are also possible regardless of whether the system is measuring
or not.

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4.6.1.3 Delete configuration

To delete a configuration file, click on the Delete button 5 seen in figure 4.6.1. Multi-file deletion can
be made by additionally pressing the Shift or the CTRL button and selecting the files that need to be
deleted. Activated configuration files cannot be deleted.

4.6.2 Uploading and downloading calibration files

When a configuration file upload takes place, it may be necessary to upload the corresponding cali-
bration files so that system measurement uses correct values. It most cases the same measurement
cards are used and therefore a cal file upload is not essential. If a new configuration with different
measurement cards is being used, a cal file upload has to be carried out. This process is described in
section 3.6.

4.6.3 Activating a configuration

Once a configuration has been uploaded or a new one created and the calibration files have been
uploaded to the PFM300 system, the configuration has to be activated in order for the measurement to
go online. The measurement of the previously loaded configuration must first be brought to a stop, then
activation is started by clicking on the Activate button 7 seen in figure 4.6.1. Once the configuration has
been fully activated on the internal system, the Start button 8 will appear in bold text and measurement
can begin once being clicked.

4.6.4 Editing a configuration

An existing or recently uploaded configuration may need to be edited before activation in order to set
the right parameters for measurement at site. A small change like setting a trigger or changing a ratio
is also a reason for editing the config. In order to configure the setup, click the Edit button 6 seen in
figure 4.6.1. A pop-up window appears where the file to be edited must be selected. In Edit mode (see
figure 4.6.2), two additional buttons appear in the Configuration action bar : the Finish Edit button 1 ,
which replaces the Edit button, and the Save As button 2 . When Edit config mode is active, the name
of the relevant configuration is shown in red: see 1 in figure 4.3.2. It is now possible to configure online
views as described in section 4.16 or also make modifications to the other parameters as described in
section 4.7.

When the editing is complete, the file must be saved, using the Save As button 2 shown in figure 4.6.2.
It is not possible to save a configuration using the name of an activated configuration, so in that case
the name should be modified (e.g. with a version number) and then it can be saved. Non activated
configurations will be overwritten if the same name is used. Once the configuration has been saved, the
editing mode can be closed by pressing the Finish Edit button 1 . Activate the new configuration to test
changes that have been made and start the measurement.

1 2

Figure 4.6.2: Finish Edit and Save As buttons appear

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4.7 CMU - Machine configuration

Figure 4.7.1 shows the folder CMU 1 , found in the main menu bar is where programming of the
measurement system takes place. Clicking on the folder will bring up the page where the configuration
name 2 can be seen. If a different configuration is activated, this field will update automatically.

Figure 4.7.1: CMU menu

4.7.1 System

5
1
6

Figure 4.7.2: System communication settings

The System folder 1 in figure 4.7.2 displays the general settings for the CPU communication.
2 STATION NAME: Enter name of station where measuring system is being used.
3 IDENTIFICATION CODE: CMU identification code. Default setting, not to be changed.
4 NOMINAL FREQUENCY: Nominal grid frequency used locally.
5
ALIVE MESSAGE TIME: This will send a message to the event viewer as a signal to indicate whether
the system is running at the moment, or when it last was running. By default set to 900 seconds (15
min).
6 DATA PATH: must be kept empty.
7 AUTO-START MEASUREMENT: When selected, the system will start measurement as soon as the

PC has booted, provided that there are no system-relevant faults preventing Auto-start.

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4.7.2 System Monitoring

Figure 4.7.3: System storage settings

The System folder in figure 4.7.3 has a sub menu called System Monitoring 1 where storage settings
relevant to monitoring data collection can be made. The values set here are default values and in very
few cases need to be modified.
2 HARD DISK CAPACITY - CRITICAL: An error will appear when the hard disk reaches the set limit,

to tell the user that capacity of the hard disk has gone critical. If the critical limit is reached, old data is
automatically deleted to keep some free space for new data.
3 HARD DISK CAPACITY - WARNING: A warning will appear when the hard disk reaches the set
limit, to tell the user that capacity is running out.
4 DATA FILES RETENTION TIME: If enabled, monitoring files are saved only for a limited period of

time, before being deleted.

• ENABLE: Activates the retention time function.

• DATA FILES RETENTION TIME: Enter the number of days for which data should be stored before
they are deleted.
5
MASTER STATION CONNECTION: If enabled, the network connection to the master station is
checked every minute. The result of the connection check is shown as an alarm in the "Alarm Status
View" (see section 4.4) which switches to ’Error’ when the connection is lost.

• ENABLE: Activates the Master Station Connection check function.

• TCPIP ADDRESS: Enter the IP address of the Master Station for the connection to be checked
successfully.

4.7.3 Triggering

A trigger is an impulse which is activated by reaching a limit or value of a pre set configured monitoring
state of the measuring system. A trigger will activate a precise time measurement in the form of a
high resolution RMS and Instantaneous file that is written to the same storage location as the daily
monitoring file.

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3
4
5
1 6
8 7

9
10

Figure 4.7.4: General trigger settings

General triggering parameters can be configured under Machine Configuration / CMU / System / Trig-
gering, as shown in figure 4.7.4 2 . The available parameters are:
2 CLOSING TIME OF DO AFTER TRIGGER EVENT: This value states how long the trigger contact
signal (relay contact “DO” (Digital Output)) is closed for, after a trigger event occurs.
3 MASSIVE TRIGGERING: The Prevent Massive Triggering option serves as a safeguard against

wrongly configured signal triggers which would otherwise be permanently activated and thus lead to a
quick consumption of hard disk / storage space. The option works as follows: If the number of trigger
events within the given time slice from one particular signal trigger reaches the trigger limit, this signal
trigger is set into a Massive Triggering state where trigger events are ignored. All other signal triggers
remain unaffected. The signal trigger is reset to the normal state when the number of trigger events
within the given time slice falls below the reset trigger limit.

When enabling the PREVENT MASSIVE TRIGGERING 3 option, the following parameters must also
be adjusted:

• 4 TIME SLICE: (set in minutes) is the moving time interval used for activating the Massive
Triggering state.
• 5
TRIGGER LIMIT: (set value) is the number of occurring trigger events within the Time Slice
when reached will activate the Massive Triggering State.

• 6 RESET TIME SLICE: (in percent of Time Slice, set value, Min: 10%, Max: 100%) is the moving
time interval used for deactivating the Massive Triggering State.
• 7 RESET TRIGGER LIMIT: (in percent of Trigger Limit, set value, Min: 0%, Max: 100%) is the
number of occurred trigger events within the Reset Time Slice which will deactivate the Massive
Triggering State when the trigger limit stays under the set percentage.

To explain massive triggering in a little more detail, here is an example:

If Time Slice = 60 min, Trigger Limit = 10, Reset Time Slice = 50% and Reset Trigger Limit = 20%, the
result of this setting will mean it is necessary to have 10 or more triggers in the period of 60 min for
the triggering of this one signal to be deactivated (no more further triggers will be recorded). If fewer
than 6 triggers (20% of 30 triggers = 6 triggers) occur within 30 min (50% of 60 min = 30 min), then
this trigger is reactivated and system records trigger files as usual.

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4.7.3.1 Triggered Data Files - (RMS and Instantaneous)

The length of triggered Instantaneous and RMS recording times can be modified under menu Ma-
chine/CMU/System/Triggering/Triggered Data Files 8 , Triggered Instantaneous File 9 or Triggered
RMS File 10 . These setting values are there to define how long a recording should run before and after
a trigger takes place, as well as setting a maximum recording time per file. See figure 4.7.4.

Triggered Instantaneous file - set values 9 figure 4.7.4

Figure 4.7.5: Instantaneous file setting

Triggered RMS file - set values 10 figure 4.7.4

Figure 4.7.6: RMS file setting

This is a general description of triggering as seen in the figure 4.7.7:

• Pretrigger is the time of the recording, in seconds, which is recorded before the trigger was
initiated. (Instantaneous file: Commonly used set value = 1 sec. 1 figure 4.7.5), (RMS file:
Commonly used set value = 60 sec. 1 figure 4.7.6).

• Posttrigger is the time of the recording, in seconds, the period as to how long the recording runs
after a trigger was initiated. (Instantaneous file: Commonly used set value = 5 sec. 2 figure
4.7.5), (RMS file: Commonly used set value = 600 sec. 2 figure 4.7.6).
• Total Trigger time is the maximum trigger time of recording. (Instantaneous file: Commonly used
set value = 15 sec. 3 figure 4.7.5), (RMS file: Commonly used set value = 1000 sec. 3 figure
4.7.6). If due to multiple triggering, the Total Trigger time is exceeded, multiple Trigger files will be
created, as can be seen in the example - figure 4.7.7 (“three triggers saved in two files”).

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Figure 4.7.7: The three time variations of recorded trigger files

4.7.4 Data Frames

8
9
1

Figure 4.7.8: Data frame setting

2 SLOW FRAME RATE: Settings for the Monitoring file, which is generally a full day (24h) recording,

are adjusted in this window.

• 3 FRAME RATE: The frame rate can be adjusted via the drop-down menu to select a low or
a more detailed measurement resolution. It is recommended to leave settings at 1 frame per
second. An increased value will just fill up the storage with unnecessary data.
• 4 SLOWSTREAM FRAME RATE UNIT: The unit Frames Per Second or Time (s) is selected via
the drop-down menu. For a Framerate 3 value of N, selecting Frames per second equates to N
frames per second, whereas selecting Time (s) equates to 1 frame every N seconds.
5
FAST FRAME RATE: The RMS files are created using Fast Frame Rate sampling.

• 6 FRAME RATE: Generally the local network Hz frequency is used as the sampling rate. If
the frame rate is set to 50 Hz, then 50 samples will be collected per second as a fast stream
measurement.
7 ACCEPTED REDUCTION OF TIME ACCURACY: This is a setting which is relevant for systems

using GPS and NTP time servers. If the GPS or NTP connection is lost, however briefly, the measuring
system normally stops and automatically restarts its measurement, so as to resynchronise the GPS and

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measurement systems. If this happens frequently at a particular site, it can be a nuisance and result in
a failure to collect important data. With this setting, which can be between 1 ms and 50 ms, restarts will
only occur if the accumulated time error between the measuring system and the time server exceeds
the setting, thereby reducing the overall number of restarts.

• 8 ENABLE: Switch on the accepted reduction of time accuracy setting parameter

• 9 REDUCED TIME ACCURACY: Enter here the max. time inaccuracy between the measure-
ment system time and GPS or NTP time that is allowed before a measurement restart will take
place. The following settings are available: 1 ms, 5 ms, 10 ms, 20 ms and 50 ms.

4.7.5 Web Interface

The settings shown in figure 4.7.9 allow communication between the IPC and the Web Interface, making
it possible to use the PFM300 software via a web browser. In order to guarantee the communication
between the two interfaces, the default values should not be changed.

Figure 4.7.9: Web Interface Settings

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4.7.6 Power Quality - IEC 610000

Electric power quality refers to the characteristics of voltage, frequency and waveform of electric power
being generated, transmitted or distributed. The measure of quality may for example be determined
by demanding that the variation of supply voltage must stay within a given range, or that its harmonic
content does not exceed a given margin. These requirements must typically be met by a specified
fraction of the measured data that is collected over the course of a prolonged time of observation.

The Power Quality feature has been designed to perform analyses conforming to the German/European
standard DIN EN 50160:2010 and IEC 61000-4-30 (3rd edition). Default settings are included for the
low, medium and high voltage-level domains. Measurement settings must be made according to the
above standards.

1
2
3
4
5
6

1 7
8
9

10
11
12

Figure 4.7.10: Power Quality Settings

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To edit the Power Quality page, select the folder Machine Configuration / CMU / System / Power Quality
IEC61000 1 from main menu bar, as shown in figure 4.7.10. Below are the settings description as
seen in the same figure.

• 2 ENABLE: To activate and collect power quality measurement data, the Enabled option must be
checked. This is a global Enable function which allows all Power Quality activities to be activated
and is found in the General window.
• 3 HIGH VOLTAGE , 4 MIDDLE VOLTAGE and 5 LOW VOLTAGE settings: The definition of the
three groups is a customised setting which is made in the Input signal configuration page Machine
Configuration / CMU / System / Power Quality IEC610000. Trigger settings for all three groups
have the same function listed below.

- Voltage reference 1 : A drop down menu allows Voltage Nominal Value or Sliding Reference Voltage
to be selected. When Voltage Nominal Value is selected, the threshold settings such as dips and swells
will always take the nominal voltage as reference.

If Sliding Reference Voltage is selected, it will use the actual “average” nominal voltage (recalculated
every 200 ms) that has been measured in the last minute, as a reference to which the threshold settings
are applied. For more information about the sliding voltage, refer to the document DIN EN 61000-4-
30:2015, Ch 5.11.2.

- Dip Threshold 2 and Hysteresis 3

: Value settings in % for a drop in voltage level.

- Swell Threshold 4 and Hysteresis 5

: Value settings in % for a rise in voltage level.

- Interuption Threshold 6
and Hysteresis 7 : Value settings in % for an interruption in voltage level.

- Rapid Voltage Change Threshold 2 and Hysteresis 3

: Value settings in % for a rapid change in
voltage level.

• 6 TRIGGERED PQ1 (Half Cycle) FILE: A separate PQ1 comtrade trigger file is created measur-
ing nominal frequency when Power Quality has been activated. Any event taking place will start
the trigger.

- Pretrigger 10 defines the number of seconds before the trigger initiation time recorded in the file.
Default setting value = 60 sec.

- Posttrigger 11 defines the number of seconds after the trigger initiation time recorded in the file.
Default setting value = 600 sec.

- Total Trigger Time 12 is the maximum trigger time of the file recording. Default setting value =
700 sec. If, due to multiple triggering, the Total Trigger Time is exceeded, multiple Trigger files will be
created.

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4.8 Input Device

4.8.1 Smart Signal Unit

The Smart Signal Unit is the main device which controls all system monitoring and measurement
processes. In this section of the web interface, all relevant hardware configurations are made to the
system. Hardware modification means adding, changing or removing digital input and measurement
cards as well as enabling/disabling additional Signal Units, depending on the system pre-configuration
done initially.

4.8.1.1 General Settings

To reach this section in the web, go to Main (SSU); see figure 4.8.1 1 . The name “Main” is modifiable,
so it may be possible that the system may be named differently. The option to rename is obtained by
right-clicking on Main (SSU), and a name-change will have an effect at points 1 , 2 and 3 . When
the Main (SSU) folder is selected, a window showing the General 2 and Communication 3 settings
will open; these settings should not be modified because these are pre configured settings that may
cause communication errors if modified. The only thing that can be modified without causing any fault
or problems is 3 the name of the SSU. The overall measuring system can be enabled and disabled by
making the appropriate selection at 4 .

1 1

Figure 4.8.1: Main SSU menu tree

4.8.1.2 Hardware system configuration

There are two types of PFM300 Smart Signal Units, SSU32 and the SSU15. Depending on the initial
configuration of the PFM300 SSU32, the system can use up to 5 Signal Units (i.e. 5 Devices, with the
Signal Unit itself is classified as Device 1). In the example shown in figure 4.8.2 below, there are just 4
Signal units: 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 , with the SSU being Dev1 2 ). Each device (SSU32 as well as the SU32)
has 32 channels that can be used for measurement of voltage, current and so on, of which 3 channels
per card/slot are allocated. The card or slot No. 11 has only 2 channels that is used, even though the
card itself has 3 channels available. Slots 12 and 13 are used for the digital input signal cards.

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As for the SSU15, this is basically a standalone system without any Signal Unit extensions. In the pre
configured selection menu, one will only see Device 1 (Dev1). The SSU15 has 15 channels, 3 channels
per measurement card/slot making that a maximum configuration of 5 measurement cards. Slots 6 and
7 are used for the digital input signal cards.

10

8 9

Figure 4.8.2: Adding hardware, general overview menu

By selecting a device 2 in figure 4.8.2 from the Signal Units folder, a general overview page 1 of the
card configuration for this device opens up. In the General section of the web page, the Type 6 is
entered here, being a 15 or 32 channel measurement unit e.g. SU32. Clicking on Enable 7 will activate
and deactivate individual Signal Units. Important: Because Dev1 is the master device, it does not make
sense to deactivate only this device: If Dev1 is deactivated, no measurements can take place at all.

Column Card 8 - this is to identify which card or at the same time which slot is being used for the
hardware configuration. In column 9 the card Type is defined and in column 10 the corresponding
Serial Number from the card is entered.

As an example: to make changes to Card 1 (Slot 1) one first of all needs to physically remove the old
or possibly defective card. The serial number of the new card should first be noted, then the card is
inserted into the slot. If the card type has changed, click on the Type box from the card and select the
appropriate card type from the drop-down menu (see figure 4.8.3). Finally, the serial number of the new
card is entered in the Serial Number column 10 .

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Figure 4.8.3: Card selection, drop-down menu

As well as the overall view of SU Device settings, it is also possible to open the device folder of individual
cards that are listed in the menu tree and view a specific card, as shown in figure 4.8.4. The Type and
Serial Number fields can also be accessed here.

Figure 4.8.4: Single card configuration parameter window

4.8.1.3 Digital Input cards

Slots 6 and 7 on an SSU15 and slots 12 and 13 on a SSU32/SU32 are there for Digital Input Signal
cards only. There are two card types, 8-bit and a 16-bit. Both types of card can be used in an SSU32,
giving a maximum total of 32 bits of digital input, but only the 8-bit cards can be used in an SSU15
system, making a total of 16 bits of digital input.

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4.8.2 PMUs (Phasor Measurement Unit)

A phasor measurement unit (PMU) is a device used to measure the magnitude and phase angle of an
electrical phasor quantity such as voltage or current in the electricity grid using a common time source
for synchronisation. The PMU can also be used to measure the frequency in the power grid. The
synchrophasor measurements are defined according to one of two protocols: IEEE Standard C37118-
2005 or IEEE Standard C37118.1-2011.

4.8.2.1 Adding a PMU measurement

A PMU measurement can be added by clicking though the menu tree Machine Configuration / CMU /
Input Devices/PMUs, then using the right-click, Add, on the folder PMUs see figure 4.8.5. A sub menu
“1 Pmu_1” will be created. Multiple measurements can be added.

Figure 4.8.5: Adding a PMU measurement

Once the sub menu has been created, it can be selected in order to modify the necessary settings for
communication to take place. A window will open up displaying the General 3 settings and Communi-
cation 4 settings as shown in figure 4.8.6.

1
2

6
7
1
2

Figure 4.8.6: PMU measurement settings

• GENERAL 3

- 1 ENABLE: Enables the PMU_1 measurement when selected.

- 2 NAME: To rename make changes to this field.
- 3 IDENTIFICATION CODE: Enter a individual ID code specific to this PMU signal.
- 4 PROTOCOL TYPE: Select between the two protocol types, C37118.1-2011 or C37118-2005.

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• COMMUNICATION 4

- 5 TCPIP ADDRESS: Enter the IP address which the system will communicate with for data
collection.
- 6 PORT: Enter communicating port no.
- 7ESTABLISH TCP SERVER: by enabling this, the SSU will act as the server for the purpose
of communication.

4.8.3 Modbus Input

Since the Modbus protocol is frequently used in the electrical power industry, we offer the possibility to
read data from external devices via the Modbus protocol.

There are three widely used Modbus protocol implementations that differ in data encoding format and
transport layer: Modbus ASCII, Modbus RTU, and Modbus TCP/IP. Of these variants, the PFM300
system only supports the Modbus TCP/IP implementation.

The Modbus TCP/IP protocol is used to establish client/server (master/slave) communication between
two devices. Every transaction starts with the client (master) making a request to a server (slave),
which answers this request. With the PFM300 system it is possible to connect to multiple Modbus
TCP/IP servers. For each connection a Modbus Input instance must be created.

Modbus data access: Modbus data is generally stored in one of four address ranges known as Coils,
Discrete Inputs, Holding Registers, and Input Registers. All four address ranges can be read by the
PFM300 system.

4.8.3.1 Create a Modbus Input Instance

The user can create a Modbus Input instance by right-clicking on the menu entry Machine Configuration
/ CMU / Input Devices / Modbus Input. A context menu appears with the Add entry and after executing
this command the user is prompted to enter the instance name.

By creating a Modbus Input instance, a menu entry with the instance name is created under the entry
Machine Configuration / CMU / Input Devices/Modbus Input. By clicking on this menu entry, the general
parameters are displayed on the right side of the view.

In addition, a further menu entry under Machine Configuration / CMU / Signal Inputs with the instance
name is added. This entry contains a subentry for each Modbus address range as shown in figure 4.8.7.

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Figure 4.8.7: Modbus Input instance menu entries

4.8.3.2 Delete a Modbus Input Instance

By right-clicking on the instance name in the main menu, see figure 4.8.7 1 , a context menu with the
entry Delete appears. Click on this menu item to delete this instance.

4.8.3.3 Rename a Modbus Input Instance

By right-clicking on the instance name in the main menu, see figure 4.8.7 1 , a context menu with the
entry Rename appears. Select this menu entry and you will be prompted to change the name.

4.8.3.4 Edit Modbus Input General Parameter

If the instance name is selected in the main menu, see figure 4.8.7 1 , the general parameters are
displayed in the right view as shown in 4.8.8.

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Figure 4.8.8: Modbus Input General Parameter

The parameters have the following meaning:

1 Enable/disable the Modbus Input instance.
2 The Modbus instance name.
3 The identification code is required internally to identify communication participants.
4 The TCP/IP server address.
5
The TCP/IP server port, the default Modbus TCP/IP port is 502.
6 The Modbus “Slave ID”. This Modbus parameter is used to identify the Modbus slave device when a
Modbus gateway connects the PFM300 system to a Modbus serial bus.

4.8.3.5 Licensing

To use the Modbus protocol, a license is required which enables the number of analog and digital
Modbus channels. All register variables are counted to the analog channels and all configured single-
bit variables are counted to the digital channels. If the number of licensed channels is exceeded, the
block for which the excess is detected is switched off.

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4.9 Signal Inputs

This is where hardware (Input Devices) is combined with the software. For the correct measurement
values to take place together with the correct measurement card, various settings need to be made for
each signal input.

4.9.1 Main (SSU)

To make modifications or to add signal inputs, click through the menu tree Machine Configuration / CMU
/ Signal Inputs / Main (SSU) 1 as shown in figure 4.9.1, to get to the appropriate area. In the Main
folder, one can find the pre configured signal inputs such as voltage (BUSBAR), voltage and current
(FEEDER) settings. If there is nothing in the menu tree, then signals have to be added. Whether
signals are available or not, there are six types of signals that can be added to the measurement; these
are found in the drop-down menu of the pop-up window Add signal 3 which appears when the Add
button 2 is clicked on. The signals types the user can choose from are 4 CT (just Current), 5 VT (just
Voltage as for a BUSBAR), 6 VT and CT for (Feeders), 7 CT Ref VT (Current with a reference made
to Voltage as for a BUSBAR), 8 Small Signals (which can be an input signal e.g. a 4-20 mA signal) and
9 Bitsets (which are digital inputs e.g. Breaker on / Breaker off inputs). Choose the appropriate signal

type and name it. This signal will then be added to the Main (SSU) folder 1 .

Signal Names can be modified or deleted in two ways. One option is to double click the signal name
using the right mouse button. A pop-up will appear where either rename or delete can be selected. The
other option is to click on the Remove or Rename button, once it becomes available, that can be found
in the Edit action bar 10 .

Important: Renaming signals in the Signal Input Menu will change all connected name links that have
been created, which includes the Online Displays.

4
5
6
7
8
9

2 10

Figure 4.9.1: Signal Input selection

4.9.1.1 Signal Type CT & VT Configuration

The four different signal types 4 CT (just Current), 5 VT (just Voltage as for a BUSBAR), 6 VT and
CT for (Feeders) including power calculations, 7 CT Reference VT (Current with a reference made to
Voltage as for instance a BUSBAR) as seen in figure 4.9.1, are all configured virtually the same way.
Bitset and Small Signals are explained in later subsections.

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The Signal Input page is divided in up to 10 subcategories 1 - 10 (depending on the signal Input
Type) where modifications can be made, as shown in figure 4.9.2. The CT Input Type 4 found in figure
4.9.1 has only seven subcategories, as the Power Quality, Voltage Reference and Combined Power
subcategories are not relevant in this case. All other Input Types have an additional Power Quality 10
subcategory and, in case they have VT and CT channels, also a Combined Power 8 subcategory. The
CT Reference VT Input Type ( 7 in figure 4.9.1), has ten subcategories with the additional subcategory
being VOLTAGE REFERENCE which is when a CT signal refers to a Voltage Signal as for a Busbar,
where power calculations are linked to both signals as a feeder. To open one of the submenus (if not
already open), click on the arrow tab to the right of the subcategory.

10

Figure 4.9.2: Signal Input general settings page overview

• GENERAL settings 1

1
2

Figure 4.9.3: Signal input - general settings

1 TYPE: The general signal input type is defined when adding a new signal; see 4.9.1. Once a
signal type has been selected and the page has been created, the type cannot be modified. In
the above example, a signal input type VT and CT has been configured.

2 ENABLE: Flag to enable/disable the whole signal measurement.

3 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER CONNECTION TYPE: Available only for voltage signals (i.e. Sig-

nal Type VT 5 and also Signal Type VT and CT 6 ) seen in figure 4.9.1, a voltage transformer
connection type must be selected. The available options are STAR (3 phases), DELTA (2 or 3
phases Aron), DELTA (1 phase) and STAR (1 or 2 phase Aron). The selected Voltage Transformer
Connection Type determines what derived values can be calculated from the voltage signal and
how these are calculated. The derived values are phase-to-neutral voltage, phase-to-phase
voltage, single and total power (used by a Signal Type VT and CT or for a corresponding Signal
Type CT Reference VT), symmetrical components, and voltage unbalance.

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One of the STAR connection types must be used when the corresponding phases are connected
via Star connection (Y), i.e. Line-To-Neutral. One of the DELTA connection types must be used
when the corresponding phases are connected via Delta connection (∆), i.e. Line-To-Line. The
exact connection type must be chosen according to the number of phases connected.

Note: Always disable the channels that are not used in the case of a 1 or 2 phase voltage signal

The following table gives an overview of the derived values calculated for each connection type:

STAR STAR DELTA DELTA

(3 phase) (1 or 2 phase) (2 or 3 phase) (1 phase)
x
Phase-To-
x (only enabled - -
Neutral
channels)
x
Phase-To-
x - x (only enabled
Phase
channels)
x
x
(only enabled
Single Power x (only enabled -
channels, balanced
channels)
system assumed)
x x
x
Total Power x (balanced system (balanced system
(Aron method)
assumed) assumed)
Symmetrical
x - x -
Components

Voltage
x - x -
Unbalance
x
Combined
x (only enabled - -
Single Power
channels)
Combined x
x - -
Total Power (only for 3 phase)

Table 4.9.1: Signal input - Voltage connection type

• CHANNEL SETTINGS 2

The settings found in Subcategory Channel are treated the same for all measurement cards,
whether CT, VT, Digital In or Small Signal.

Figure 4.9.4: Signal channel settings

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CHANNEL ID: There are 32 channels available in an SSU32 (channel 0-31) and 15 channels
2

are available in an SSU15 (channel 0-14). The value entered here defines which card, slot and
channel is being used for a measurement and interacts with the hardware setting found in input
devices; see section 4.8.1.2. For example a VT Card which has 3 channels (a,b,c) has been
physically inserted in slot 1 of an SU. In this case the Channel ID for VT(a) 1 would have the
Channel ID 0, VT(b) 5 would have the Channel ID 1 and VT(c) 6 would have the Channel ID 2.

3 SIGNAL UNIT ID: This states in which signal unit the signal is going to be measured. A value

from 1 to 5 is possible. A cabinet can operate up to 5 signal units and a SSU (Smart Signal Unit)
is considered to be a SU (Signal Unit).

ENABLE: The individual channels can be enabled and disabled. This is especially useful when
4

using a one or two phase measurement.

• SCALING 3

On the scaling input page, the actual measured local values that are meant to be displayed on-line
and in comtrade files have to be adjusted according to primary and secondary input values and in
order to do so, a ratio has to be calculated using these.

10

Figure 4.9.5: CT and VT scaling settings

The example seen in figure 4.9.5 uses the general settings Type CT and VT . The handling stays
in general the same for CT , VT or CT ref VT .

1 VOLTAGE NOMINAL VALUE: Here we enter the nominal value of the voltage for this signal.

With this input, the voltage unit prefix of this signal is not taken into account. So the nominal value
must always be entered in the basic unit. Note: Since the nominal value is often present as a
Line-To-Line value, one must convert this value √ when using a STAR Transformer. To do this, we
divide the Line-To-Line nominal value by the 3 value. For example, if we have a 380kV Line-To-
Line nominal value and use a STAR Transformer, we enter a nominal value of 219393V. If, on the

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 4.9. SIGNAL INPUTS

other hand, we use a DELTA Transformer, we enter the Line-To-Line nominal value as 380000V
without further conversion.

2VT SCALING UNIT PREFIX: The voltage prefix is selectable via a drop-down menu. A selection
between Atto and Peta is possible.

3CT SCALING UNIT PREFIX: The current prefix is selectable via a drop-down menu. A selection
between Atto and Peta is possible.

4RATED ACTIVE POWER: Only relevant for grid code evaluation. The value must be given in
watts.

5
RATED REACTIVE POWER: Only relevant for grid code evaluation. The value must be given
in vars.

6 POWER UNIT PREFIX: The power prefix is selectable via a drop-down menu. A selection
between Atto and Peta is possible.

The scaling offset and ratio entries for VT(a) 1 , VT(b) 2 , VT(c) 3 and CT(a) 4 , CT(b) 5
, CT(c)
6 are modified in the same way.

7 SCALING OFFSET: If necessary, an offset can be added.

8 SCALING RATIO: Enter the calculated ratio in order for the correct reading to be displayed.

• RAWDATA STREAM 4

Raw data streams are signals recorded in the triggered Instantaneous files. Each signal that
is enabled will have a recording stored on the selected storage drive when triggered. Make
appropriate selections in the table.

Figure 4.9.6: Raw Data Stream selection table

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• FAST STREAM 5

Fast streams are signals recorded in triggered RMS files. Each signal that is enabled will have a
recording stored on the storage drive when triggered.

Figure 4.9.7: Fast Stream selection table

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 4.9. SIGNAL INPUTS

• MONITOR STREAM 6

Monitor Streams are signals recorded in the Monitor files. Each signal that is enabled will have a
recording stored on the drive at a 24 h recording interval.

Figure 4.9.8: Monitor Stream selection table

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• VISUALIZATION STREAM 7

Visualization streams are signals which can be selected to be visualized on the web interface
display. If nothing is selected, one can not display information on the on-line data monitoring web
page.

Figure 4.9.9: Visualization Stream selection table

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 4.9. SIGNAL INPUTS

• COMBINED POWER IEEE1459 8

Here, the number of cycles (of the fundamental component) used to calculate the integrals in
IEEE Std 1459-2010 can be specified. This value is needed to calculate the Combined Single
Powers and Combined Summary Power if enabled in one of the streams. The combined powers
deliver the following values: Apparent (Sc), Active (Pc), Non-active (Nc) power and Line utilization
(PFc). These represent the respective Combined Single phase and Three-phase power values for
nonsinusodial waveforms according to tables 1 and 2 in the standard, calculated by their defining
equations.

• VOLTAGE REFERENCE 9

This subcategory is active when a CT signal is connected with a VT reference value.

Figure 4.9.10: Voltage Reference settings table

1 DEFAULT VOLTAGE REFERENCE: The name of the reference value to which the signal
relates.

2 BACKUP VOLTAGE REFERENCE: This is the name of the reference value to which the signal

relates, which is used as a backup in the case of a missing default voltage reference value or a if
the configured limit has been reached.

3 VOLTAGE REFERENCE SWITCH TYPE: There are three switch types to select from a drop-

down menu, plus an option to disable. Disabled means there will never be a switch-over to the
backup voltage reference. The selected switch type determines when the reference value switches
from Default Voltage Reference to Backup Voltage Reference, and the three options are:

1. VOLTAGE THRESHOLD - when selected, the value in % must be set in the window of
VOLTAGE REFERENCE VALUE 4 . The switch-over takes place once voltage drops under
the % value entered.

2. DIGITAL IN AKTIV HIGH / DIGITAL IN AKTIV LOW - when selected, the switch-over takes
place upon a defined digital input signal. For the system to know which digital input signal is
being used, SIGNAL UNIT ID 5 , CHANNEL ID 6 and DIGITAL INPUT BIT 7 must also be
configured.

- SIGNAL UNIT ID 5
: The ID value refers to the signal unit where the Digital In signal card
is located.

- CHANNEL ID 6 : The Input value refers to the channel used for the Digital In card as
programed in the signal input configuration.

- DIGITAL INPUT BIT 7 : Select the Digital Input bit which has been configured to activate
the switch-over from Default Voltage Reference to Backup Voltage Reference.

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• POWER QUALITY file writing 10

Additional Power quality evaluation files can be written and stored for reference on the system. In order
to store the files, the appropriate flags and selections must be made in the menu page as shown in
figure 4.9.11.

Figure 4.9.11: Power Quality selection table

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4.9.1.2 Small Signals

Small Signals are measurements containing all other signal types which are not covered under the AC -
VT and CT measurement range. These are signals such as DC voltage inputs or 4-20 mA input signals,
etc. For full details of available measurement cards, refer to the hardware brochure.

To add a Small Signal, refer to section 4.9.1 (see 8 in figure 4.9.1 ).

Once a signal has been added, the name of the signal will appear in the menu tree 1 as can be seen
in figure 4.9.12.

2
1
2
3

4
4

6
7

10 11

1 12

Figure 4.9.12: Small Signals

To configure the small signals, click on the small signals folder that has been added or that already
may exist. Then right-clicking on the folder will bring up the options Add, Rename or Delete. The same
buttons also become available in the Edit action bar once a small signal folder has been selected.

• GENERAL 2

1 TYPE: The general signal input type is defined when adding a new signal, see section 4.9.1.
Once a signal type has been selected and the page has been created, the type cannot be
modified. In the above figure 4.9.12, a signal input type Small Signal has been preconfigured.

2 ENABLE: Flag to enable/disable the small signal from the measurement.

• CHANNEL 3

3 SIGNAL UNIT ID: This defines in which Signal Unit the signal is to be measured. A value from
1 to 5 is possible. A cabinet can operate with up to 5 Signal Units and a Smart Signal Unit (SSU)
is considered as an Signal Unit (SU).

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4 CHANNEL ID: There are 32 channels available in an SSU32 (channel 0-31) and 15 channels
are available in an SSU15 (channel 0-14). The value entered here defines which card, slot and
channel is to be used for a measurement and interacts with the hardware setting found in input
devices, see section 4.8.1.2.

• SCALING 4

(General)
5
NOMINAL: Enter nominal value for this signal.
6 PRIMARY UNIT: Unit used for the on-line data displays and the Comtrade files.
7 PRIMARY UNIT PREFIX: The appropriate unit prefix can be selected via a drop-down menu.
8 SECONDARY UNIT: Unit used for the input value. This field is not editable and will be
automatically filled in by the system according to the type of measurement card used, (e.g. PFMU
or PFMI), which is specified by the Signal Unit and Channel ID configured in the hardware settings
area.

(Input Mode) 9

10 OFFSET / RATIO: The value of the Small Signal in primary unit, shown in Online Data Displays
and Comtrade files, is calculated from the actually measured value in secondary unit via a linear
conversion, for which an offset and a ratio must be specified.
11 2 POINTS: Instead of providing an offset and ratio, one can also specify two points of the
linear conversion. These are then used to calculate the corresponding values for offset and ratio,
which will update automatically once the two points have been entered and the user exits the
input fields. The primary value is the actual range which can be visualized in the views and also
readings taken from the plots. The secondary value is the incoming external signal, which is then
converted internally to show as the primary reading online.

• RAWDATA STREAM 5

12 ENABLE RAWDATA: Flag to enable/disable the Rawdata Stream for this Signal.

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4.9.1.3 Pre-Calculation Functions for Small Signals

To supplement the small signals, there are additional pre-defined functions which can be added. By
right-clicking on a Small Signal node or folder 1 , a pop-up will appear with an Add button 2 . When
the Add button 2 is selected, another pop-up window (Add SS signal) 3 will appear. By opening the
drop-down menu Function Type, additional pre-calculation functions will be offered, which can be added
for this specific Small Signal. Currently, five function types are supported, these being: Amplitude 1 ,
True RMS 2 , Moving Average 3 , Peak Max 4 and Peak Min 5 as seen in figure 4.9.13.

1
4
1
2
2

Figure 4.9.13: Small Signal function

• FUNCTION TYPE DESCRIPTION

- AMPLITUDE: The Amplitude function calculates the frequency component of the specified
frequency and higher orders, as selected. Each of those amplitudes is calculated via a DFT
over 4 periods of the frequency, e.g. a frequency of 20 Hz means a calculation length of 0.2 s.

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Figure 4.9.14: Funtion - Amplitude

The function in general as well as Fast, Monitor and Visualization Stream for every order can be
enable/disabled using the corresponding flags. The name of the function is created automatically
according to the provided frequency parameter.

Each True RMS, Moving Average and Peak Min/Max as seen in figure 4.9.15 has the same
settings input window.
- TRUE RMS :- The True RMS function calculates the True RMS value of the Small Signal over
one period of the specified frequency, e.g. a frequency of 20 Hz means a calculation length of
0.05 s. The function in general 4 as well as each of Fast 6 , Monitor 7 and Visualization Stream
8 can be enabled/disabled using the corresponding flags. The name of the function is created

automatically, incorporating the specified frequency.

- MOVING AVERAGE :- The Moving Average function calculates the Moving Average value of
the Small Signal over one period of the specified frequency, e.g. a frequency of 20 Hz means a
calculation length of 0.05 s. The function in general 4 as well as each of Fast 6 , Monitor 7 and
Visualization Stream 8 can be enable/disabled using the corresponding flags. The name of the
function is created automatically, incorporating the specified frequency.
- PEAK MAX / PEAK MIN :- The Peak Max and Peak Min functions detect the maximum or
minimum value of the Small Signal during the last period of the respective stream. That means,
within the Fast Stream with a specified Fast Frame Rate of e.g. 100 Hz the function returns the
max/min value during the last 0.01 s every 0.01 s. Within the Monitor or Visualization Stream with
a Slow Frame Rate of e.g. 1 Hz the function returns the max/min value during the last 1 s every
1 s. Again, the function in general 4 as well as each of Fast 6 , Monitor 7 and Visualization
Stream 8 can be enable/disabled using the corresponding flags.

Figure 4.9.15: Functions input window True RMS, Moving Average and Peak Min/Max

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4.9.1.4 Bitset Signals

Bitset Signals are signals coming from the Digital Input Cards which can be placed in Slots 12 and 13
of an SSU32 and Slots 6 and 7 of an SSU15. There are also two types of “DI” cards, an 8 Bit and a 16
Bit card.

To add a Bitset, refer to section 4.9.1 (see 9 in figure 4.9.1 ).

1
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Figure 4.9.16: Bitset Signals

1 ENABLE: General “Enable Bitset” seletion box can Enable/Disable all bitsets at once.
2 DEBOUNCE TIME: Time period a specific Bit has to hold its value after a change happened so it is

interpreted as a value change by the trigger. This way, bouncing of Digital Inputs will not successively
activate the trigger several times one after another. Just an example for this feature... If Bit 1 (with
configured Rising Edge trigger (with Debounce Time set to 10 ms) changes from 0 (Low) to 1 (High)
and after 9 ms it changes back to 0 (Low), this change is ignored by the trigger and no trigger event
is given. If Bit 1 changes to 1 (high) and then back to 0 (Low) after 11 ms instead, the trigger will be
activated.

The Bitset properties of each bit can be specified within a table. New bit rows can be created by pressing
the right mouse button anywhere on the table 3 and a pop-up will appear. The following properties are
available:
1 ENABLE: Enable/disable this specific Bit signal value.
2 NAME: A user-defined name for the Bit signal value; has to be unique within this Bitset table.
3 INVERTED: Selecting this will invert the signal.
4 DEVICE ID: ID of the Signal Unit in which the signal value is measured and where the Digital Input
Card has been placed.
5
SLOT ID: ID of the Slot where the Digital Input Card is mounted.
6 BIT POSITION: Bit number of the input bit from “DI” Card.

07 - 10 RAWDATA, FAST, MONITOR, VISUALIZATION STREAM: Activates the respective data stream.

11 SOE ENABLE: Enables sequence of events. Every data change will be logged in the sequence of
events file.
12 SOE LOCATION: A user-defined SoE location value.

13 SOE ID: A user-defined SoE ID value.

14 SOE CLASS: Type of the SoE; Alarm, Breaker or Miscellaneous can be selected.

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4.9.2 Custom Signals

When creating a Custom Signal, one takes values of measured signals and calculates a result based
on a script statement which the calculation is customised too.

For modifications to be made in this section, navigate to the Custom Signals folder which is located in
Machine Configuration / CMU / Signal Inputs / Custom Signals 1 as shown in figure 4.9.17. To add
a signal, right-click on the Custom Signal folder in the menu tree. An Add pop-up button will appear
which then must be selected.

1 10

11

12

Figure 4.9.17: Custom signal configuration page

The signal settings page is divided in two setting groups, General 2 and Signal Definition 10 . The
general settings contains the signal type and the settings:

• GENERAL 2

3 ENABLE: Enable/disable this specific custom signal.

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 4.9. SIGNAL INPUTS

5
- 7 ENABLE FAST, ENABLE MONITOR, ENABLE VISUALIZATION:- Enables / disables the
respective data stream and the writing of associated files.

8 UNIT: Enter desired unit A-Amps, V-Volts, W-Watts, etc. and unit prefix of the signal value.

9 UNIT PREFIX: Enter desired unit prefix from the drop-down list e.g. kilo.
Please note that the output stream settings constrain the set of suitable input signals. When
only the fast stream is enabled, the suitable measured value signals are those which have also
the fast stream enabled - the slow stream does not matter in this case. If only the monitor or
visualization stream is enabled, the suitable measured value signals are those which have the
slow stream enabled. But when the fast stream and at least one slow stream is enabled, the
suitable measured value signals also have to have the fast and at least one slow stream enabled.
When one of the stream settings are changed, the changes are committed immediately and the
ranges of the signal and signal value names in the input mapping table are updated, to reflect the
available suitable measured value signals.

Note: If one or more measured signal / value specified in the signal definitions block is either not
available or disabled, the custom signal is disabled and it is not possible to enable it again
until all referenced signals / values are suitable and/or enabled.

The entries in the Available Signals subtree of the navigation tree which reflect custom signals
are organised by nodes with names like the custom signal. Each custom signal node has a single
signal value using the name Custom Signal.

• SIGNAL DEFINITION 10

The signal definition block contains the signal Input Mapping table 11 and the Script Source 12 .
The input mapping table maps up to ten signal values to entries of an input array, which can be
referenced in the script via expressions in[0]....in[9].
The syntax of the script statement in short is shown on the next page. Non-terminal symbols are
printed in lower case, terminal symbols in UPPER CASE. Keywords, operators, function names
and constants are highlighted.

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The operator precedence (higher number means higher precedence) are:

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 4.9. SIGNAL INPUTS

Expressions such as in[0] or in[1] and in[2] are evaluated as in[0] or (in[1] and in[2]). Please note
also that the power-of-operator ˆ is right-associative, so expressions like 2ˆ3ˆ4 are evaluated as 2ˆ(3ˆ4).
All other operators are left-associative.

Examples of valid custom signal PfmScript statements are:

The script contents can always be committed, even if they contain errors. If the script is invalid, the
corresponding custom signal yields NaN (short for "Not a Number") value, which will also be displayed
as (- - -) when measurement is running on the online data displays. Custom signals also yield NaNs
until any input has been validated.

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4.9.3 Modbus Input Signals

Under the menu item Signal Inputs there are entries for the configuration of Modbus variables. For each
Modbus input there is a menu item with the instance name. Each of these entries contains menu items
for selecting the variable configuration views, as shown in the figure 4.8.7.

The variable configuration view for Holding Register and Input Register only differ in the address ranges.
The same applies to the variable views of Coils and Discrete Inputs.

Each variable configuration view consists of three parts, the addressing mode, the block table and the
Modbus variable table.

Addressing Mode:

Since there are different ways of addressing Modbus variables, the desired addressing mode for each
address range is set by the Addressing-Mode drop-down list as shown in 4.9.18 1 . The following table
lists the available addressing modes and the corresponding address ranges.

Name Protocol Based Device Based Device Based Extended

Coil 0 - 65535 00001 - 09999 000001 - 065536
Discrete Input 0 - 65535 10001 - 19999 100001 - 165536
Input Register 0 - 65535 30001 - 39999 300001 - 365536
Holding Register 0 - 65535 40001 - 49999 400001 - 465536

Table 4.9.3: Modbus Addressing Modes

Block Configuration:

Queries of several addresses within an address range are combined to a block query. A block query
can have address-gaps as long as the maximum number of addresses per block is not exceeded. For
registers the maximum number of addresses per block is limited to 125 and for single-bits to 2000. A
block configuration entry consists of the parameters ID and Scan Interval. The Scan Interval is specified
in the unit milliseconds and determines the time interval at which a block request is sent to the Modbus
server. Via the ID the register or single-bit variable is linked to a block.For each address range several
blocks can be configured as shown in figure 4.9.18. Blocks can be added or deleted via the context
menu of the block table.

Figure 4.9.18: Modbus Input Addressing Mode and Block Table

Register Conversion Types:

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All register variables are added as double values to the PFM300 data streams. How Modbus register
values are interpreted is determined by the conversion type. Several registers can be combined to one
variable. How many registers are needed for a conversion type is given in table 4.9.5.

Conversion Type Register Count Scaling Parameter

Int 16 1 unused
Uint 16 1 unused
Int16 Scaled 1 used
Uint16 Scaled 1 used
Int32 Big-Endian 2 unused
Int32 Big-Endian Byte-Swap 2 unused
Int32 Little-Endian 2 unused
Int32 Little-Endian Byte-Swap 2 unused
Uint32 Big-Endian 2 unused
Uint32 Big-Endian Byte-Swap 2 unused
Uint32 Little-Endian 2 unused
Uint32 Little-Endian Byte-Swap 2 unused
Int64 Big-Endian 2 unused
Int64 Big-Endian Byte-Swap 4 unused
Int64 Little-Endian 4 unused
Int64 Little-Endian Byte-Swap 4 unused
Uint64 Big-Endian 4 unused
Uint64 Big-Endian Byte-Swap 4 unused
Uint64 Little-Endian 4 unused
Uint64 Little-Endian Byte-Swap 4 unused
Float Big-Endian 2 unused
Float Big-Endian Byte-Swap 2 unused
Float Little-Endian 2 unused
Float Little-Endian Byte-Swap 2 unused
Double Big-Endian 4 unused
Double Big-Endian Byte-Swap 4 unused
Double Little-Endian 4 unused
Double Little-Endian Byte-Swap 4 unused

Table 4.9.5: Modbus Register Conversion Types

The conversion types Int16 and Uint16 are converted into a double value without further interpretation.

The variables with the conversion type Int16 Scaled and Uint16 Scaled are scaled with the parameters
Scaling Ratio and Scaling Offset.

It is expected, that for a variable with conversion type Big Endian, the most significant byte is at the

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lowest address. For a variable with conversion type Little Endian, it is expected that the least significant
byte is at the lowest address. For a variable with a conversion type Byte-Swap the byte-order in the
register is additionally reversed. For example, take the decimal number ’123456789’, which is ’07 5B
CD 15’ in hexadecimal representation. Then the expected byte order in a Modbus message with the
conversion type:
• Uint32 Big-Endian is ’07 5B CD 15’
• Uint32 Big-Endian Byte Swap is ’5B 07 15 CD’

• Uint32 Little Endian is ’15 CD 5B 07’

• Uint32 Little Endian Byte Swap is ’CD 15 07 5B’

4.9.3.1 Edit Input- and Holding-Register Variables

If a Modbus register view is active you can create, edit or delete the register variables. In figure 4.9.19
a register configuration view is shown.

1
2

Figure 4.9.19: Modbus Input Register Configuration View

In the upper part of this view you can set the Addressing Mode 1 and the Block parameter 2 .

In the table 3 you can enter the register configuration. Using the context menu of the table 3 you can
add or delete variables.

The columns of the register table have the following meaning:

• Enable: Enable/disable this variable.
• Name: The variable name.

• Unit: Variable unit.

• Address: Start register address.
• Block: The block ID links the variable configuration with a block configuration.

• Conversion: Conversion type.

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• Scaling Offset: Offset for scaling the register value. Only used if the conversion types Int16
Scaled or Uint16 Scaled is selected.
• Scaling Ratio: Factor for scaling the register value. Only used if the conversion type Int16 Scaled
or Uint16 Scaled is selected.
• Fast Stream: Enable/disable the binding of the variable to the Fast Stream.
• Monitor Stream: Enable/disable the binding of the variable to the Monitor Stream.
• Visualization Stream: Enable/disable the binding of the variable to the Visualization Stream.

4.9.3.2 Edit Coil and Discret Input Variables

Figure 4.9.19 shows the view to add, edit and delete single-bit variables (Coil or Discrete Input Vari-
ables).

Figure 4.9.20: Modbus Input Single Bit Configuration View

In the upper part of this view you can set the Addressing Mode 1 and the Block parameter 2 . With the
table 3 you can configure the single bit variables. Using the context menu of the table 3 you can add
or delete variables.

The columns of single-bit table have the following meanings:

• Enable: Enable/disable this variable.

• Name: The variable name.

• Address: Single-bit address.
• Block: The block ID links the variable configuration with a block configuration.

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• Fast Stream: Enable/disable the binding of the variable to the Fast Stream.
• Monitor Stream: Enable/disable the binding of the variable to the Monitor Stream.

• Visualization Stream: Enable/disable the binding of the variable to the Visualization Stream.

4.9.4 Quick Selector Table - Signal Input

As seen in figure 4.9.21, a quick selector table gives a general overview of all group settings available to
make fast parameter modifications; by clicking in the header column 1 it is possible to sort for specific
values and names. It is also possible to copy and paste selections and values from the table for editing
purposes which simplifies duplicating a feeder setting for example. The tables use copy and paste
functions similar to Excel, making it easy to clone settings, e.g. from one signal to another. Signal
Inputs 2 and Triggers 3 each have a quick selector table. By selecting a sub folder 4 as seen here in
the triggers folder, the quick selector table appears for that specific signal type.

Figure 4.9.21: Example of a quick selector table (Trigger)

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4.10 Digital Outputs

We can add one digital output card to each SSU device. One card consists of 7 fully isolated outputs.
The outputs Bit 1 to Bit 6 are configurable. The output Bit 0 is hard wired. A technical description of
this card can be found in the PFM300 Hardware Manual. In this chapter we describe how to configure
these outputs.

Since we can use a digital output card for each SSU device, we find a menu entry for each card
under Machine Configuration/CMU/Digital Outputs with the name of the SSU device 1 . By clicking
on this menu entry, the general parameters are displayed on the right side of the view 2 . We can
enable/disable the configuration of this card in the general section using the enable checkbox 3 . Via
the menu entries Bit 1 to Bit 6 we can select the configurable digital outputs individually.

Figure 4.10.1: Digital Output

4.10.1 Digital Output Bit

If we select an output bit in the menu, the bit parameters are displayed on the right side, see figure
4.10.2.

Parameter Section: The parameter Name 1 is used to describe the bit and has no other meaning. We
can enable/disable an output bit individually by the Enable check-box 2 . We can invert the output of

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this bit via the Inverted check-box 3 . To control the digital output bit via a trigger state, we can specify a
trigger via the Trigger Name selection box 4 . If the Trigger Name is set, the configuration of the runtime
events in the Inputs section 5 below has no effect.

Since a trigger consists of one or more trigger monitors, the trigger state is activated when at least one
trigger monitor state is set to TRUE.

Input Section: A digital output bit can be controlled by one or more runtime events if the Trigger Name
parameter 4 is empty. The runtime events used for this are listed in the Inputs section 5 . These
parameters are not editable.

Figure 4.10.2: Digital Output Bit Parameter

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4.11 Output devices

Output Devices is actually better called "Output Protocols". There are five various protocol types to se-
lect from. The protocol data types available are IEEE C37118-2005, IEEE C37118.1-2011, IEC60870-
5-101, IEC60870-5-104 and IEC60850. Each data protocol has its own type of configuration, which can
be applied as required by the user’s infrastructure.

4
5

1
2

Figure 4.11.1: Adding an output device

To add a new protocol as seen in figure 4.11.1, right-click on the menu folder Output Devices 1 and
select the Add 2 pop up button. A new window will appear 3 , where the protocol to be used must
be defined. Select via the drop-down menu Protocol Type 4 , give it a Station Name 5 and last of all
define a Identification Code 6 , which must be unique. After confirming the settings in the Add window,
the new station folder with its protocol will be added to the menu tree 7 .

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4.12 Trigger settings

There are various possible signal trigger settings that can be made. The system will create a trigger file
when the specified limits have been reached or exceeded. To get to the Trigger menu, click through the
folders Machine Configuration / CMU / Trigger. See 1 , figure 4.12.1.

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Figure 4.12.1: Trigger Menu - folder tree

4.12.1 General Handling of Trigger Configuration Pages

The operation of the trigger settings windows are all based on the same principle. The process for
adding or deleting a trigger signal, as an example, is described in this section of the manual. Further
on in the manual, the description of the individual triggers setting windows are also highlighted.

4.12.1.1 General process for adding a Signal Trigger Page

There may not be any trigger setting folders that have been created in the configuration up until this
stage. See figure 4.12.1 2 , which shows a trigger folder containing a trigger page that has been
configured. In this figure, 6 Custom Signals Trigger, is an empty folder where a trigger page still has
to be created. If this is the case, the first step will be to create a new trigger page and link this to a
signal. Right-click on the Voltage Trigger folder as in figure 4.12.2 1 for example, then click on the Add

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2 button, and a pop-up window will open where the new Trigger can be created, figure 4.12.3. In this
window, name the trigger in the free-text field 3 and select one of the available signal names 4 from
the drop-down menu. Once confirmed with OK, the trigger will appear in the menu tree 5 as shown in
figure 4.12.2.

Note: If a signal has not been created in Signal Input see section 4.9.1, for instance a signal using
current, then the Add button to create a trigger page for this specific type of signal will not be
available.

5 2

Figure 4.12.2: Adding trigger

Figure 4.12.3: Trigger signal drop-down menu

4.12.1.2 Deleting and Renaming a Trigger

Right-click on the trigger signal to be deleted or renamed, as shown in figure 4.12.4 1 , and select the
required option 2 .

1
2

Figure 4.12.4: Rename and Delete pop-up button

Selecting DELETE will eliminate the trigger and remove it from the trigger menu bar.

Selecting RENAME allow the user to change the trigger name.

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4.12.2 Specific Trigger Settings

The handling of the General settings window 1 seen in figure 4.12.5 is much the same for the various
trigger signal options listed in the trigger folder tree seen in figure 4.12.1, 02 to 19 .

D
E

Figure 4.12.5: "General" trigger settings input window

A NAME: User’s individually specified name.

B TRIGGER CLASS: Defined in order to group events. This is intended to be used by the PFM Event
Viewer (future development).
C SIGNAL NAME: This is the signal name, which is automatically made available by the system’s
pre-configuration settings.
D ENABLE: The trigger setting can be enabled or disabled directly in the signal trigger window. This
setting can also be viewed and modified in Trigger Enable window of the group and wherever all triggers
can be seen.
E ENABLE TRIGGERED INST FILE WRITE: Activates / deactivates Instantaneous recording for this

specific trigger.
F ENABLE TRIGGERED RMS FILE WRITE: Activates / deactivates RMS recording for this specific
trigger.

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4.12.2.1 Voltage, Current, Frequency, Power & TrueRMS Trigger Settings Page

The settings pages of Voltage Trigger 2 , Current Trigger 3 , Frequency Trigger 4 , Summery Power
Trigger 15 , Single Power Trigger 16 , Voltage TrueRMS Trigger 13 and Current TrueRMSTrigger 14 ,
which are listed in figure 4.12.1, all have the same settings layout and can be treated in the same way.
To open one of the trigger folders go to Machine Configuration / CMU / Trigger / (trigger type) to see the
settings page.

G
H
I
J

G
H
I
J

G
M

P
Q

P
Q

G
R
S
T

G
R
S
T

Figure 4.12.6: General settings page of voltage, current, frequency and power triggers

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The following parameter descriptions refer from figure 4.12.6.

G ENABLE: As well as the “General Signal Trigger” enable selection (shown as D in figure 4.12.5),

individual trigger parameters can be separately enabled and disabled for more customised and detailed
triggering. This allows the user to set up specific triggers to be able to use the same signal but to
differentiate between a min and a max trigger setting, for instance.

• Maximum 1 and Minimum 2 Trigger Settings:

H ENABLE USE RELATIVE THRESHOLD: Only available for Voltage and Frequency Triggers.

If enabled, Threshold and Hysteresis input values are in percent of the corresponding nominal
value, i.e. “Nominal Frequency” found under Machine Configuration / Cmu / System or “Voltage
Nominal Value” under Machine Configuration / Cmu / Input Signals / “name of VT Signal”.
I THRESHOLD: The value when exceeded or dropped below, will activate the trigger. If Enable

Use Relative Threshold is enabled, the value is calculated in percent of the corresponding nominal
value.
J HYSTERESIS: The amount by which the measured value must rise (MIN) or drop (MAX) from

the threshold value so the trigger will be available for another activation. If the measured value
reached the threshold so the trigger was activated, and later on it reaches the threshold again
without having been risen or dropped by the specified amount in the meantime, the trigger will
not be activated again. This prevents from permanent trigger activation when the measured value
jitters around the threshold. If Enable Use Relative Threshold is enabled, the input value is in
percent of the corresponding nominal value and the actual hysteresis is calculated as a % of
nominal value.
Example of Threshold and Hysteresis Trigger behaviour: A busbar has 50 Hz, the Threshold MAX
value of a frequency trigger is set to 52 Hz and the Hysteresis value is set to 1 Hz. If the busbar
reaches 52 Hz, the trigger will be activated. If the busbar then reaches 52 Hz again after dropping
to 51.5 Hz the trigger will not be activated again. The trigger will be activated a second time if the
busbar drops to 51 Hz followed by another increase to 52 Hz.
By enabling Enable Use Relative Threshold, the same Trigger behaviour can be created with the
following settings: Nominal Frequency in Machine Configuration / Cmu / System is set to 50 Hz,
Threshold MAX value is set to 104% and Hysteresis is set to 2%.
K SET AFTER: The number of consecutive measured values which must be higher (MAX) or
lower (MIN) than the threshold value so the trigger is activated. This prevents from permanent
trigger activation when the measured value jitters around the threshold.
L RESET AFTER: The number of consecutive measured values which must be lower (MAX) or
higher (MIN) than the threshold (plus/minus hysteresis) value so the trigger is available for another
activation. This prevents from permanent trigger activation when the measured value jitters around
the threshold.
Example of Set and Reset After Trigger behaviour: The Set After of a Frequency Maximum Trigger
is set to 4 and Reset After is set to 3. If the measured value exceeds the threshold value 4 times
in a row the trigger is activated. If the measured value then drops below the threshold including
hysteresis 3 times in a row, the trigger will be available for activation again.

• Negative 3
and Positive 4 Gradient Trigger settings:
Gradient Triggers give the user the possibility to trigger on steady changes in the signal value.
The gradient of the signal value change is obtained via a linear regression using the ordinary least
squares estimation method. If it exceeds a specified threshold, the trigger is activated.
M ENABLE USE RELATIVE THRESHOLD: Similar to MIN/MAX Triggers. If enabled, Threshold
and Hysteresis input values are in percent of the corresponding nominal values, per second.
N THRESHOLD: The calculated measured value change per second above (POSITIVE) or below
(NEGATIVE) which the trigger will be activated. For NEGATIVE GRADIENT the negative of the
input value is taken as threshold below which the measured value change per second has to fall.

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O HYSTERESIS: Similar to MIN/MAX Triggers. The amount by which the measured value change
per second must drop (POSITIVE) or rise (NEGATIVE) from the threshold value so the trigger will
be available for another activation.
P SET AFTER: Similar to MIN/MAX Triggers. The number of subsequent calculation results for
the measured value change which must be higher (POSITIVE) or lower (NEGATIVE) than the
threshold value so the trigger is activated.
L RESET AFTER: Similar to MIN/MAX Triggers. The number of subsequent calculation results

for the measured value change which must be lower (POSITIVE) or higher (NEGATIVE) than the
threshold minus hysteresis value so the trigger is available for another activation.
Q GRADIENT POINTS: To calculate the measured value change per second (gradient) at least

two measure points are needed. The gradient is then the difference of those two values divided by
the time period between them (which is the reciprocal of the frame rate of the used data stream,
for example 10ms for a Fast Frame Rate of 100Hz). Here, a different number of points can be
specified to calculate the gradient. For example, specifying a number of five points means the
value and time difference between the first and the fifth point are used for gradient calculation.

• Negative 5
and Positive 6
Step:
Step Triggers give the possibility to trigger on steps of a specified minimum height in the Signal
Value. Those steps are detected by calculating the means and variances of two consecutive sets
of samples and performing Student’s independent two-sample t-test. By that, the difference in the
means is examined and compared to the minimum height. Statistical significance of the t-test is
assumed at a p-value of 95%.
R Threshold (𝜔 ): The minimum height of the step for the trigger to be activated. For Negative
0
Step Triggers, the positive input 𝜔0 is the minimum height of the negative step.
S Mean Points: The number of samples within each set over which the mean and variance is
calculated.
T Omitted Step Points: The number of samples between the two consecutive sets which are
not used for mean and variance calculation, thus being omitted. If the time measurement value
takes to rise or drop when a step occurs is known, it can be set here to increase the certainty of
detection.

4.12.2.2 Small Signal and Custom Signal Trigger

Refer to 4.12.2.1 for making the trigger settings in Small Signal Trigger 5
and Custom Signal Trigger
6 , as the handling is the same.

When adding a Small Signal Trigger, in addition to the Signal Name, the name of the pre-calculation
Function Name must also be specified. Any of the configured functions can be selected, providing it
has been enabled and one of either Fast, Monitor or Visualization Stream also has been enabled.

When adding a Small Signal Trigger for an Amplitude Function, any order for which one of Fast, Monitor
or Visualization Stream is enabled, appears in the configuration page and can be used for triggering.

4.12.2.3 Digital Input Trigger

From Power Factory Monitoring Firmware version 1.1.12.0 and onwards, the Bit Set Trigger replaces
the function of Digital Input Trigger. Please refer to Bit Set Trigger for the new configuration settings if
your Firmware version has changed to 1.1.12.0 or above.

4.12.2.4 Bitset Triggers

Triggering can be invoked using inputs via "Bitset Triggers" 8 on a digital rising or falling edge.

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Figure 4.12.7: Bitset Triggers

1 GENERAL: See figure 4.12.5 for settings description.

2 BITSET: When Bitset has been enabled in Signal Input, all available bit signals show up in the table

within the Bitset Trigger page. The user can specify which bits will activate the trigger and whether they
will be activated on rising or falling edge. Bitset table entries which are disabled under Bitset Signal
Input are not editable (greyed out) and do not have any effect, as seen for Bit 4 Demo in the table in
figure 4.12.7.

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4.12.2.5 (IEC61000) Voltage and Current Harmonics, Interharmonics & Unbalanced Triggers

The settings pages of Voltage Harmonic Trigger 9 , Current Harmonic Trigger 11 , Voltage Interhar-
monic Trigger 10 , Current Interharmonics Trigger 12 and Voltage Unbalanced Trigger 17 which are
listed in figure 4.12.1, all have the same settings layout and can be treated in the same way. To open
one of the trigger folders go to Machine Configuration / CMU / Trigger / (trigger type) to see the settings
page.

Note: In order to make setting adjustments and add triggers, they must be enabled in the Input Signal
area and the type of harmonic group also must be selected for each measured signal which is
available.

Figure 4.12.8: Demo configuration page of a Voltage Harmonic Trigger

1 GENERAL: See figure 4.12.5 for settings description.

2 ENABLE: Enable triggering for one or more individual harmonic subgroups.

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3 THRESHOLD: Configurable from 0 to 100%.

4 HYSTERESIS: Measured in %, value difference of threshold to activate the net trigger.
5
SET AFTER: It is possible to minimise constant triggering which can happen when signals may jitter.
The user can set a value in this text box to state how many times the limit has to be reached in order for
the trigger to take place.
6 RESET AFTER: Similar to Set After, only that the trigger is reset so that a new trigger can be
executed.

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4.12.2.6 Logical Trigger

Logical triggers 18 combine up to ten non-logical, measured value triggers based on a logical expres-
sion (PfmScript expression). See figure 4.12.9 for a logical trigger configuration view.

Figure 4.12.9: Logical trigger settings

1 GENERAL: See figure 4.12.5 for settings description.

2 TRIGGER DEFINITION: The Trigger Definition settings consist of two input tables, Input Mapping
and Trigger Expression.

• 3 Input Mapping: This is where the user maps measured Trigger Values from selected Trigger
Names into a script input array by an Input Index, these being between in[0] ... in[9]. To be able
make a selection of a Trigger Value, the trigger (specified Trigger Name) has to be enabled and
active.
• 4 Trigger Expression: User input of a PfmScript statement that returns a Boolean result. The
information which is entered in the expression window will activate the trigger accordingly. Such
triggers can be combined with expressions like:

• In[0] or in[1]
• Return in[0] or in[1]
• If in[0] = true then
return in[1] or in[2]
else
return in[1] and in[2]
end

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4.12.2.7 Timer Trigger

Timer triggers 19 are timers which fire periodically and can be configured to fire at intervals ranging
from one minute up to one month. Settings are located under Machine Configuration / CMU / Trigger /
Timer Triggers of the navigation tree. The figure 4.12.10 below shows the configuration view of a timer
trigger.

Figure 4.12.10: Timer Trigger

1 GENERAL: See figure 4.12.5 for settings description.

2 PERIOD: Trigger Settings group, the time period and offset can be adjusted. Valid periods are Month,

Week, Day, Hour and Minute.

3 OFFSET: The available (enabled) offset settings depend on the selected period. Timer triggers are
checked once a minute. The minute selection is in 5 minute steps. As an example, if the period Hour
has been selected and the offset is set to 45 minutes as in 4.12.10, the trigger will fire every 45 minutes
after the full hour.

4.12.3 Quick Selector Table - Triggers

See chapter 4.9.4 for a description on how to use the quick selector.

4.13 External Supervision

Note: Not available for users at this stage

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4.14 Modules

To meet the various requirements of online grid code monitoring modules or monitors, respectively, were
introduced. Via a monitor, the functionality of the PFM300 device can be extended by the customer not
only by parameterizing existing functionality, but also by programming a monitor.

For the creation and testing of the monitors and for the validation of the grid codes or additional
calculations or trigger functionalities, the application PFM GCC Emulator is available to support the
customer during the design process, so that they can develop the monitors at their desk.

The monitors created by the customer are uploaded and downloaded via file sharing without the need
for a firmware update. The operator can then use the web interface to create an instance of a monitor
and parameterize it. A monitor is provided in a Java ARchive file. These files usually have the extension
.jar.

To create and configure a custom monitor instance on the PFM300 device, the feature USER_DE-
FINED_MONITOR must be licensed on the PFM300 device.

A monitor instance can be assigned to a fast / slow RMS data-stream but not to the instantaneous
data-stream.

During the measurement, a monitor instance is supplied with the input data linked to the monitor inputs
via the configured data stream. The algorithm of the monitor calculates for each new data set the output
values for this point in time, generates an event if necessary and makes the calculated values available
at its outputs. The output values are then inserted into the data stream and are available for display or
serialization in a COMTRADE file.

In the web interface you will find all monitor templates and monitor instances in the main menu under
the entry Machine Configuration / Modules.

4.14.1 Monitor Up- and Download

A shared directory on the device allows the user to provide monitors. The share is "\\<ip-address>\modules"
(e.g. \\33.72.0.1\modules). The user must then authenticate himself. The default user account PFMAd-
min can be used for this.

4.14.2 Export or Import Monitor Configurations

To export or import monitor configurations from or to a PFM300 configuration, two buttons are available
on the web interface. The Download button is enabled in each operating mode, while the Upload button
is enabled only when the device is in Edit operation mode. These buttons are displayed on the right
side when the Machine Configuration / Modules item of the main menu is selected as shown in figure
4.14.1.

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Figure 4.14.1: Module configuration up- and download

4.14.3 Module Templates and Module Instances

The modules entry in the main menu contains the existing categories. The entries of each category
contain the available monitor templates and each template entry contains the configured instances of
that monitor. A description of the monitor template is displayed when the monitor template is selected
from the main menu, as can be seen in figure 4.14.2.

Figure 4.14.2: Example of a monitor template parameter view

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4.14.4 Create a monitor instance

The user can create a monitor instance via the main menu entry by right-clicking on a monitor template.
A context menu with the entry "Add" 1 appears, as shown in figure 4.14.3.

Figure 4.14.3: Example of adding a monitor instance

When this menu item 1 is clicked, an instance of the selected monitor template is created. The
parameters of this monitor instance are then displayed on the right side as shown in figure 4.14.5

Figure 4.14.4: Example of a monitor instance parameter view

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4.14.5 Delete a Monitor Instance

By right-clicking on a monitor instance in the main menu, a context menu with the entry "Delete"
appears. If this menu entry is selected, the monitor instance is deleted.

4.14.6 Parameter of a Monitor Instance

If a monitor instance is selected in the main menu, the entries configured for this monitor instance
appear on the right side. The right view is divided into 4 sections:
• General

• Input Variable Binding

• Output Variable Binding
• Parameter Values

Figure 4.14.5: Monitor instance parameter view example

4.14.6.1 General Parameter

The Enable checkbox can be used to enable or disable the monitor instance. The option Operation on
is used to select the data stream on which the monitoring instance is to work. The Trigger checkboxes
TriggerInstantaneous and Trigger RMS decide whether an event from this monitor instance creates a
snapshot of the "Triggered RMS data" and / or the "Instantaneous data".

4.14.6.2 Input Variable Binding

In the Input Variable Binding section, the bindings of the monitor inputs are displayed and can be
changed by the user. A double-click on an input variable opens the "Bind Input Variable" dialog. Via this
dialog 4.14.6 the user can then decide whether this input should be unbound, bound to a value from the
input data stream or bound to a constant value.

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Figure 4.14.6: Binding Input Variable Dialog

4.14.6.3 Output Variable Binding

In this section the output variables are listed. A double click on an output variable opens the "Bind
Output Variable" dialog.

Figure 4.14.7: Binding Output Variable Dialog

If the option "Create New Signal" is selected in this dialog, an output variable is created and is listed
in the main menu below the monitor instance. By selecting this output variable in the main menu its
parameters are displayed on the right side. The unit of the output variable and the link to the data
streams can be set here as shown in figure 4.14.8.

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Figure 4.14.8: Parameter of the Monitor Output Variable

4.14.6.4 Parameter Values

The monitor specific parameter values are displayed in this section. The user can change these
parameters by double clicking a parameter to activate the Set Parameter Value dialog.

Figure 4.14.9: Set Parameter Value dialog example

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 4.15. FAULT LOCATOR

In the dialog Set Parameter Value users can choose between three options. They can accept the default
value 1 , enter a value 2 or accept nominal values from the signal configuration. To use nominal values,
the user must select a signal 3 . The nominal values of this signal are then displayed in the text field 5 .

4.15 Fault Locator

The Fault Locator is supplied as a built-in monitor. If the FAULTLOCATOR feature is licensed for the
PFM300 device in use, an instance of this monitor can be created on this device and used for monitoring.
The configuration of the Fault Locator can be found in the main menu under Machine Configuration /
Modules / Standard / Fault Locator . More about the basic concept of the monitors is described in
chapter 4.14.

4.15.1 Functional description

With this monitor, a three-phase power line can be monitored for over-current. If the Fault Locator
detects an overcurrent on at least one conductor, the monitor starts the fault evaluation and generates
an event with the fault type and distance to the fault when the fault ends. The fault detection is based
on the algorithm of the single ended impedance measurement.

4.15.1.1 Sequence of a Fault Case

An increase of the mains current of at least one conductor by the factor th_ref_ratio, which can be
parameterized, is taken as fault trigger. A sliding reference of each line current is required for this
purpose, since the line current consumption can fluctuate even in the absence of a fault. To determine
the floating current reference value of the respective phase, an average value over a period of time
is used. The time span of the moving average can be set via a parameter limit_moving_average_-
window_time. If the ratio of the present current value to the moving average reference value is greater
than the parameter th_ref_ratio, the fault locator starts the evaluation one cycle later. This delay of
one period duration of the fundamental frequency is necessary, because inaccurate RMS values are
obtained during the transition from the pre-fault to the fault state. If the relay reacts quickly, the power
lines are switched off 2 to 3 cycles later. The Fault Locator Monitor stops the evaluation when the RMS
current of one of the fault conductors falls below half the maximum RMS value. The maximum RMS
value is determined for each fault conductor during this fault event. The abbreviation of the fault type
and the calculated relative and absolute fault location are posted as a FAULTLOCATOR event.

Abbreviation Fault Type

AG Phase A - Ground
BG Phase B - Ground
CG Phase C - Ground
AB Phase A - Phase B or Phase A - Phase B - Ground
BC Phase B - Phase C or Phase B - Phase C - Ground
CA Phase C - Phase A or Phase C - Phase A - Ground
ABC Phase A - Phase B - Phase C

Table 4.15.2: Different Fault Types

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4.15.2 Fault Locator Parameter and Variable Bindings

4.15.2.1 General Parameter

The parameter "Operate On" in the General section must be set to "Fast stream", because these fault
events are usually very short with only a few cycles of the fundamental frequency. Furthermore, the fast
stream should be set at least to the frame rate of 50 Hz at a nominal frequency of 50 Hz and to 60 Hz at
a nominal frequency of 60 Hz. This can be done in the main menu under Machine Configuration / Cmu
/ Data Frames.

4.15.2.2 Input Variable Binding

All input variables of the monitor must be connected to one measured value. A connection of a variable
to a constant value is not allowed and leads to malfunction. An example configuration is shown in figure
4.15.1.

• rms_i_a: The conductor A current RMS value of the power line to be monitored.

• rms_i_b: The conductor B current RMS value of the power line to be monitored.
• rms_i_c: The conductor C current RMS value of the power line to be monitored.
• phase_i_a: The conductor A current Phase value of the power line to be monitored.
• phase_i_b: The conductor B current Phase value of the power line to be monitored.

• phase_i_c: The conductor C current Phase value of the power line to be monitored.
• rms_u_a: The conductor A voltage RMS value of the power line to be monitored.
• rms_u_b: The conductor B voltage RMS value of the power line to be monitored.

• rms_u_c: The conductor C voltage RMS value of the power line to be monitored.
• phase_u_a: The conductor A voltage Phase value of the power line to be monitored.
• phase_u_b: The conductor B voltage Phase value of the power line to be monitored.
• phase_u_c: The conductor C voltage Phase value of the power line to be monitored.

• rms_i_0: The zero sequence current RMS value of the power line to be monitored.
• phase_i_0: The zero sequence current Phase value of the power line to be monitored.

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Figure 4.15.1: Fault Locator Input Variable Binding Example

4.15.2.3 Output Variable Binding

The Fault Locator Monitor provides the relative distance to the fault as the only output value. This output
value is only for test purposes and does not necessarily have to be bound.

4.15.2.4 Parameter Values

The parameters of the Fault Locator must be entered by the user. The default values should be
overwritten.

• re_z0: The real part of the zero-sequence line impedance of the power line to be monitored. The
unit of this value is Ohm.

• im_z0: The imaginary part of the zero-sequence line impedance of the power line to be monitored.
The unit of this value is Ohm.
• re_z1: The real part of the positive-sequence line impedance of the power line to be monitored.
The unit of this value is Ohm.

• im_z1: The imaginary part of the positive-sequence line impedance of the power line to be
monitored. The unit of this value is Ohm.
• limit_moving_average_window_time: The period of time over which the mean value for the
input current monitoring is calculated to determine the floating reference for a conductor. The unit
of this value is seconds.

• total_length: The cable length of the power line to be monitored. The unit of this value is metres.

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• th_ref_ratio: The factor th_ref_ratio is multiplied by the sliding reference value of one line
conductor. This value is then used as the threshold value. If one current phase exceeds its
threshold value, the Fault Locator Monitor starts evaluating the fault case.

• i_lower_limit: This threshold value is used to enable/disable current monitoring. All current
phases must exceed this value to enable monitoring of the current value for overload. This is
used to avoid false triggering of the evaluation when the line changes from the switched-off state
to the switched-on state.

Figure 4.15.2: Fault-Locator Parameter Values

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4.16 Online Data

The display readings (text and line chart displays) are generally configured under the menu Views. Here
one can define what readings shall be viewed, linked with the associated measuring signal cards which
are sorted in display pages or folders.

Figure 4.16.1: Example of a Text and Line chart display

4.16.1 Create manually, a new customised View with text signal displays

Individual text displays can be created manually, then populated with text signals. This section describes
how to manage these customised views.

• There are two ways to create a new view. As seen in figure 4.16.2, the first option is to right-click
on Machine Configuration / Online Data / Views 1 . Then click on the Add button 2 so that the
window 3 New View appears. The alternative is to select Views Folder 1 and then use the New
button 4 .
• In the New View pop-up window 3 , leave the Template field empty and enter a name (in this
example “TEST”). Click OK, and the new window will be added to the Views Folder 1 .

1
2

Figure 4.16.2: Manual display creation

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• If a View naming mistake has been made or the name of a feeder has changed and needs to be
modified, see figure 4.16.3 as to how to make modifications, first by selecting the View Page 1
that has to be changed, then right-clicking in the free display area 2 . A pop-up will appear where
Edit title 3 can be selected for the name modification. As an alternative, it is also possible to go
to the view name 1 as seen in figure 4.16.4 and by clicking it with the left mouse button, a similar
pop-up will appear from which to select out of. Important: Renaming a View will only change
the view name folder and not the individual signals! Go to section 4.9.1, which describes how to
change signal name and view folder simultaneously.

2 3

1 1

Figure 4.16.3: View editing

Figure 4.16.4: Popup - Delete and Rename

• It is also possible to delete a View Window completely by following the “View Editing” steps just
described above, but using the button Delete instead. See figure 4.16.3 and 4.16.4.
There is another option for deleting a view window, which is by selecting the signal View Window
1 as seen in figure 4.16.5 and clicking on the Delete button 2 which will be activated at that

point. Confirm the pop-up 3 to complete the delete task. The signal should then disappear from
the Views folder.

Figure 4.16.5: Deleting a view

• Adding displays to the newly created View can be made by keeping the view selected 1 and then

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 4.16. ONLINE DATA

clicking the New text display button 2 seen in figure 4.16.6. Repeat this for as many signals as
are needed on the view page.

3 2

Figure 4.16.6: Adding and dragging a display

• Displays can be shifted and positioned as required by clicking on a display field and, holding the
left mouse button down, dragging the display to where it should be. The display has a certain grid
pattern which it will follow when positioning.
• Deleting a display box: Right-click on a display box and select delete.

Note: Do not forget to use Save As 3 regularly while working, so as not to lose any changes
that have been made. See figure 4.16.6.

4.16.2 Linking View Displays with Measurement Signals

Once the View Displays have been established, a connection between each signal and view has to be
implemented so that the correct measurement signals are seen. This is only the case if views have not
been created using the automated option, but for example when single individual signals have been
selected and added in a general View display page.

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3 3

4
1

Figure 4.16.7: Linking signal with display

• The folder Machine Configuration / Online Data / Available Signals 1 contains all the available
signals. In order to link the signals with the display boxes in a “View” page, the “View” page must
be selected (as shown in figure 4.16.7 4 ) and the “Available Signals” folders ( 1 2 ) must also be
opened. Then, by clicking and holding the left mouse-button, the signals can be dragged into the
relevant empty display boxes ( 3 ). If a display box is already connected with a different signal, this
link will be overwritten with the new one.
• Repeat these steps till signals have been added to all the empty displays. Save As the configu-
ration set-up before continuing, Finish Edit and then Activate your newly created set-up to test
your measurement signals, which should now display values when measuring.

4.16.3 Creating a new View via template

• You can find preconfigured display views (templates) under Machine Configuration 1 / Online
Data 2 / View Template 3 folder, as shown in figure 4.16.8 below. In this example, there is one
folder 4 with preconfigured displays 5 for a Feeder. This is the fastest way of creating view
pages.

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1
2
3
4

Figure 4.16.8: Using a template

• To create the new text View using a Template see figure 4.16.9, right-click on Views 1 , then click
Add 2 . This will bring up the New View window 3 . Select Template, Feeder and then enter the
View Name (TEST FEEDER LINE 3 in our example), and confirm with ok.
The page TEST FEEDER LINE 3 will be created and appear in the Views menu 1 as shown in
figure 4.16.10. All displays that have been created in the template Feeder , whether text or line
chart, will be added to the new display page 2 .

1
2

Figure 4.16.9: Creating a display view page

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1 2

Figure 4.16.10: Display page has been created

• The single signals itself now have to be dragged into the individual displays from the Available
Signals folder.

4.16.4 Creating a new View (automated) text signal display

• As shown in figure 4.16.11 below, single or multiple (using the CTRL key) signals are selected
from Machine Configuration / Online Data / Available Signals 1 and dragged into the appropriate
template folder in Machine Configuration / Online Data / View Templates Feeder 3 . A display
view with the same name as the signal folder will be created and automatically populated with
signals as “programmed” in the template.

The end result can then be seen in the Views folder 4 where the new displays will be automatically
generated and added.

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 4.16. ONLINE DATA

Figure 4.16.11: Automatic display creation

4.16.5 Creating own view Templates

To simplify configurations, especially if there are many signals that use the same page format, it
is possible for the user create his or her own view template. To do this, open the folder Machine
Configuration / Online Data / View Templates and add a template page. The same procedure as
described in chapter 4.16.1 for creating a new view page, is used to set up the template.

4.16.6 Customising “View Display” settings

Signal values can be customised in order to optimise the display format. Normally this is only necessary
when a template has not been used and where only single signal displays need to be modified, or the
template itself has to be altered due to a change in user options. Figure 4.16.10 shows an example of
a customised page.

• To modify a particular View Display, select the folder Machine Configuration / Online Data / Views
and then the Views name which has to be modified, such as 4 in figure 4.16.7.
• Right-click on the display to be modified and select Customize, as shown here in figure 4.16.12:

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Figure 4.16.12: Select customise display

• A window appears where the settings for the display can be modified. See figure 4.16.13

10

11

12

Figure 4.16.13: Customize display pop-up window

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Customize display window function description: (refer to figure 4.16.13)

General section:

1 TITLE: The name at the top of the display can be edited, as shown in figure 4.16.12, where
“Power” has been used.
2 FRAME COLOUR: The frame colour can be changed to one of a range of colours.
3 DEFAULT SIGNAL DISPLAY NAME: Enabled by default - this will show the pre-configured
default signal name 4 (not modifiable). Deactivating this will allow the user to modify the signal
name seen in 4 .
4 SIGNAL DISPLAY NAME: When 3 is disabled, it is possible to the modify signal name.
5
DEFAULT SIGNAL VALUE DISPLAY NAME: Enabled by default - this will show the pre
configured default signal value name 6 (not modifiable). Deactivating this will allow the user
to modify signal value name seen in 6 .
6 SIGNAL VALUE DISPLAY NAME: When 5
disabled, it is possible to modify the signal value
display name.

Signal section:

7 SIGNAL: The originally inserted signal is displayed here. It is possible to change the displayed
measurement signal to another by opening the drop-down menu, which shows all available
signals. See figure 4.16.14 for an example of the drop down menu.
8 SIGNAL VALUE: The originally inserted signal value is displayed here. It is possible to change

the displayed measurement signal value to another by opening the drop down menu, which
shows all available signals. See figure 4.16.15 for an example of the drop-down menu.
9 UNIT : Automatically uses pre-configured unit from the signal - not modifiable.
10 DISP. UNIT PREFIX : The prefix is automatically set to a configured value when a signal

is dragged into the display, but can be modified for specific display preferences through the
selection in the drop-down menu.
11 ACCURACY : Set accuracy of displayed value after the decimal point (0-6 digits) via drop

down menu.
12DISPLAY BOOLEAN: A drop down menu can be opened to select displayed boolean values.
This is only useful for settings using digital input signals. See figure 4.16.16 for the different
options available.

Figure 4.16.14: Signal drop-down menu

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Figure 4.16.15: Signal value drop-down menu

Figure 4.16.16: Boolean drop-down menu

• Once settings have been modified, confirm with the OK button.

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4.16.7 Creating line chart Views

Line charts can be created to display voltage, current, power, frequency and many other values, as the
user requires. Figure 4.16.17 shows an example of a line chart which has been customised to user
preferences.

Figure 4.16.17: Line chart display

• To create a new line chart view, right-click on the Views folder 1 as shown in figure 4.16.18 and
click on Add 2 . In the window New View 3 which appears, leave the Template field empty, name
the view e.g. “Line chart XY” and click OK.

1
2

Figure 4.16.18: Line chart naming

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• Click on the Line Chart XY view 1 , as shown in figure 4.16.19. It is now possible to select from
the Edit action bar a drop-down menu called New line chart 2 . A line chart display will appear as
seen in figure 4.16.20.

Figure 4.16.19: Insert display

• In as shown in figure 4.16.20, select the signal 1 to be displayed as a line chart display from the
Available Signals folder and keeping the left mouse button pressed, drag and drop the signal
into the new display 2 . It is possible to put multiple signals into a line chart, to view them
simultaneously. All the signals that are dragged into the display will be listed underneath the
line chart.

Figure 4.16.20: Creating line chart - dragging signal

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Figure 4.16.21: Open customisation

• Clicking inside the display 1 will open a window where one can select to customise or delete the
display; see figure 4.16.21.

• To meet requirements, customise the displayed line chart by clicking Customize. A new window
will open; see figure 4.16.22.

2 3

6
4 5 7 8

10

Figure 4.16.22: Customising line chart

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Customize display window function description: (refer to figure 4.16.22)

General section 1 :

TITLE: Display can be named, this being shown at the top of the line chart, as shown in figure
4.16.21 2
DURATION: The time range of line chart (X-Axis)
COLOR: Window frame colour can be changed to one of a range of colours
SIZE: Modifies size of line chart display box

Sections 2 Y1-Axis and 3

Y2-Axis:

ENABLED: Activate or deactivate visualization of signal line chart for selected axis settings
UNIT : Unit of measured line chart signal that is being shown
MIN/MAX : Manual line chart range setting

Signals section:

4 SIGNAL NAME: Name of added signal

5
VALUE NAME: Measured signal value
6 Y AXIS: Sets the preferred axis value that will be displayed, either as Y1 or Y2
7 COLOR: Each signal colour can be set individually
8 DESCRIPTION: Contains a signal description which is then shown in the line chart

• If a signal has to be deleted, right-click on the appropriate signal, see figure 4.16.22 9 and select
appropriate button 10 .

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Chapter 5

Contact

For further information about the company DIgSILENT, our products and services please visit our web
site, or contact us at:

DIgSILENT GmbH

Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 9

72810 Gomaringen / Germany

www.digsilent.de

5.1 Direct Technical Support

DIgSILENT experts offer direct assistance to PowerFactory and PFM300 users with valid maintenance
agreements via telephone or online via support queries raised on the customer portal.

To register for the on-line portal, select Help → Online User Registration. . . or go to directly to the
registration page (link below). Log-in details will be provided by email shortly thereafter.

To log-in to the portal, enter the email (or Login) and Password provided. The customer portal is shown
in Figure 5.1.1.

Phone: +49-(0)7072-9168-50 (German)

+49-(0)7072-9168-51 (English)
Portal log-in and Registration: https://www.digsilent.de/en/user-registration.html

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CHAPTER 5. CONTACT

Figure 5.1.1: DIgSILENT customer portal

5.2 General Information

For general information about DIgSILENT or your PFM300 licence, please contact us via:

Phone: +49-(0)7072-9168-0

Fax: +49-(0)7072-9168-88
E-mail: [email protected]

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 ABOUT DIGSILENT
DIgSILENT was founded in 1985 and is a fully
­independent and privately owned company located in
Gomaringen close to Stuttgart, Germany. DIgSILENT Our Power System Monitoring PFM300 p­ roduct
continued expansion by establishing offices in Australia, line features grid and plant super­vision, fault ­
South Africa, Italy, Chile, Spain, France, the USA and recording, and power quality and grid charac-
Oman, thereby facilitating improved service following the teristics analysis. The Grid Code ­Compliance
world-wide increase in usage of its software products ­Monitoring PFM300-GCC system also offers
and services. DIgSILENT has established a strong partner compliance auditing of power plants with
network in many countries such as Mexico, Malaysia, respect to grid code requirements. This monitor-
UK, Switzerland, Colombia, Brazil, Peru, China and India. ing and non-compliance detection provides the
DIgSILENT services and software installations are used in complete transparency and assurance required
more than 150 countries. by both plant operators and utilities.

The DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025 accredited DIgSILENT

Test Laboratory for NAR Conformity carries
DIgSILENT produces the leading integrated out measurements in accordance with FGW
power system analysis software PowerFactory, TR3 on the operational type 1 generation plant
which covers the full range of functionality from (directly coupled synchronous machines). These
standard features to highly sophisticated and meas¬urements are carried out in accordance
advanced applications including wind power, with the “individual verification procedure” as
distributed generation, real-time simulation required by the German grid connection guide-
and performance monitoring for system test- lines VDE-AR-N 4110/20/30. DIgSILENT has
ing and supervision. For various applications, many years of international expertise in the field
­PowerFactory has become the power industry’s of generation-and consumption/load systems
de-facto standard tool, due to PowerFactory testing. The in-house developed and produced
models and algorithms providing unrivalled measuring systems enable the testing laboratory
accuracy and p­ erformance. to offer customised measuring solutions for a
wide range of power plants and applications.

StationWare is a central asset management

system for primary and secondary equipment. DIgSILENT GmbH is staffed with experts of
In addition to handling locations and devices in ­various disciplines relevant for performing
a user-definable hierarchy, the system allows ­consulting services, research activities, user
­manufacturer-independent protection settings training, educational programs and software
to be stored and managed in line with customer-­ development. Highly specialised expertise is
specific workflows. It facilitates the management available in many fields of electrical engine­er-
of a wide variety of business processes within a ing applicable to liberalised power markets and
company and centralises the storage of docu- to the latest developments in power ­generation
ments. StationWare can be integrated seamlessly technologies such as wind power and distribut-
into an existing IT environment and the inter- ed generation. DIgSILENT has provided expert
face with PowerFactory enables the transfer of consulting services to several prominent PV and
­calculation-relevant data for p­ rotection studies. wind grid integration studies.

27
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For more information, visit

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to the ISO 9001:2015 standard.
T: +49 7072 9168-0 More information is available at
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